Updates books/philosophy/stasis-before-the-state

books/philosophy/stasis-before-the-state.md

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
   * https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xhr6vd
   * https://www.academia.edu/35908382/Vardoulakis_Stasis_Before_the_State_--_Introduction
   * https://www.fordhampress.com/9780823277414/stasis-before-the-state/
+* Topics:
+  * Ruse of sovereignty.
+  * Diference between justification and judgement.
 
 ## Excerpts
 
@@ -284,3 +287,52 @@ Democracia:
     determination of democracy.
 
     -- 53
+
+> The first ever democracy was instituted through the Solonian reforms that were
+> introduced to counteract a chronical political no less than social crisis in
+> Athens. The crisis was the result of a protracted animosity between the rich
+> and the poor parties. The confrontation was largely because of material
+> inequalities, such as the requirement to hold property in order to be a
+> citizen, and the economic inequalities that were threatening to turn into
+> slaves a large portion of the poor population who had defaulted on their
+> payments. Unsurprisingly, given the sensitivity of these issues, tensions
+> ran high, and the city often found itself in conflict or stasis, with the two
+> sides taking arms against each other. The situation had reached an acute
+> crisis, at which point the Athenians re­ solved that they had to take decisive
+> action. They turned to Solon, who was largely viewed as impartial and wise, to
+> write a new constitution for the city. He responded by compiling the first ever
+> democratic constitution.
+>
+> [...]
+>
+> The crisis is the condition of citizenship and residency within
+> Athens and even of the possibility of the operation of the state. Solon's law
+> does not describe mea­sures whereby the crisis can be avoided. Instead, it
+> describes how everyone is required to participate in it -- as if the aim is to
+> accentuate the crisis. Those who avoid conflict will be punished. The
+> democratic overcoming of crisis consists in the institutionalization of
+> crisis within the constitution. According to Solon, his fellow Athenians need
+> to recognize the illusion that the implementation of measures can always
+> prevent crisis. According to Solon, democracy consists in the dispelling of
+> that illusion. This does not mean that certain measures or policies cannot and
+> should not be devised to ameliorate or evade predictable crises. Rather, it
+> highlights that such mea­sures are never adequate. Or, to put it the other
+> way around, Solon sees crisis as a way of being, as a condition of existence,
+> and he is determined that his democratic constitution aknowledges this.
+>
+> -- 57-58
+
+> Democracy does not seek to be charitable to the other but instead affords the
+> other the respect to give them a voice to express their opinions as well as to
+> debate and rebuke these opinions.
+>
+> -- 73
+
+> These insights amount to saying that a democratic being is conflictual
+> -- which is to say that it cannot find certainty in any political regime
+> promising unity or in a state characterized by order, peace, and stability.
+> Rather, democracy in this sense is a regime that is inherently open to the
+> possibility of conflict without any underlying structure to regulate this
+> conflict or to resolve it to some­ thing posited as higher.
+>
+> -- 76