From 76753eb303ea40498e037709e695073049177ff1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Silvio Rhatto <rhatto@riseup.net> Date: Fri, 2 Dec 2016 19:17:48 -0200 Subject: [PATCH] Books: adds Post-Scarcity Anarchism --- books/sociedade/post-scarcity.mdwn | 111 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 books/sociedade/post-scarcity.mdwn diff --git a/books/sociedade/post-scarcity.mdwn b/books/sociedade/post-scarcity.mdwn new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b1a1b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/books/sociedade/post-scarcity.mdwn @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +[[!meta title="Post-Scarcity Anarchism"]] + +* Murray Bookchin. +* Working Classic Series. +* AK Press - 2004. + +## Towards a Liberatory Technology + + The year 1848 stands out as a turning point in the history of modern revolutions. + This was the year when Marxism made its debut as a distinct ideology in the pages + of de Communist Manifesto, and when the proletariat, represented by the Parisian + workers, made its debut as a distinct political force on the barricades of June. + It could also be said that 1948, a year close to the halfway mark of the nineteenth + century, represents the culmination of the traditional steam-powered technology + initiated by the Newcomen engine a century and a half earlier. + + -- 43 + + I have reviewed these technological developments because both their promise and + their limitations excercised a profound influence on nineteenth century revolutionary + thought. The innovations in textile and iron-making technology provided a new sense + of promise, indeed a new stimulus, to socialist and utopian thought. It seemed to the + revolutionary theorist that for the first time in history he could anchor his dream + of a liberatory society in the visible prospect of material abundance and increased + leisure for the mass of humanity. Socialism, the theorists argued, could be based + on self-interest rather than on man's dubious nobility of mind and spirit. Technological + innovation had transmuted the socialist ideal from a vague humanitarian hope into a + practical program. + + The newly acquired practicality compelled many socialist theorists, particularly Marx + and Engels, to grapple with the technological limitations of their time. They were faced + with a strategic issue: in all previous revolutions, technology had not yet developed to + a level where men could be freed from material want, toil and the struggle over the + necessities of life. However glowing and lofty were the revolutionary ideals of the past, + the vas majority of the people, burdened by material want, had to leave the stage + of history after the revolution, return to work, and deliver the management of society + to a new leisured class of exploiters. Indeed, any attempt to equalize the wealth of + society at a low level of technological development would not have eliminated want, but + would have merely made it into a general feature of society as a whole, thereby recreating + all the conditions for a new struggle over the material things of life, for new forms of + property, and eventually for a new system of class domination. + + [...] + + Virtually all the utopias, theories and revolutionary programs of the early nineteenth + century were faced with problems of necessity -- of how to allocate labor and material + goods at a relatively low level of technological development. + + [...] + + The fact that men would have to devote a substantial portion of their time to toil, + for which they would get scant returns, formed a major premise of all socialist ideology + -- authoritarian and liberarian, utopian and scientific, Marxist and anarchist. + Implicit in the Marxist notion of a planned economy was the fact, incontestably clear + in the Marx's day, that socialism would still be burdened by relatively scarce resources. + Men would have to plan -- in effect -- to restrict -- the distribution of goods and would + have to rationalize -- in effect, to intensify -- the use of labor. + + -- 44-45 + + The problem of dealing with want and work -- and age-old problem perpetuated by the early + Industrial Revolution -- produced the great divergence in revolutionary ideas between + socialism and anarchism. Freedom would still be circunscribed by necessity in the event + of a revolution. How was this world of necessity to be "administered"? How could the + allocation of goods and duties be decided? Marx left this decision to a state power, + a transitional "proletarian" state power, to be sure, but nevertheless a coercive body, + established above society. According to Marx, the state "wither away" as technology + developed and enlarged the domain of freedom, granting humanity material plenty and the + leisure to control its affairs directly. This strange calculus, in which necessity + and freedom were mediated by the state, differed very little politically from the common + run of bourgeois democratic radical opinion in the last century. The anarchist hope for + the abolition of the state, on the other hand, rested largely on a belief in the viability + of man's social instincts. Bakunin, for example, thought custom would compel any individuals + with antisocial proclivities to abide by collectivist values and nedds without obliging + society to use coercion. Kropotkin, who exercised more influence among anachists in this + area of speculation, invoked man's propensity for mutual aid -- essentially a social instinct + -- as the guarantor of solidarity in an anarchist community (a concept which he derived from + his study of animal and social evolution). + + The fact remains, however, that in both cases -- the Marxist and anarchist -- the answer + to the problem of want and work was shot through with ambiguity. [...] but given the + limited technological development of the last century, [...] both schools depended on + an act of faith to cope with the problem of want and work. Anarchists could argue against + the Marxists that any transitional state, however revolutionary its rethoric and democratic + its structure, would be self-perpetuating; it would tend to become an end in itself and + to preserve the very material and social conditions it had been created to remove. For + such a state to "wither away" (that is, to promote its own dissolution) would require + its leaders and bureaucracy to be people of superhuman moral qualities. The Marxists, + in turn, could invoke history to show that custom and mutualistic propensities were never + effective barriers to the pressures of material need, or to the onslaught of property, + or to the development of exploitation and class domination. Accordingly, they dismissed + anarchism as an ethical doctrine which revived the mystique of the natural man and his + inborn social virtues. + + -- 46-47 + + That the socialist notions of the last generation now seem to be anachronisms is not + due to any superior insights that prevail today. The last three decades, particularly + the years of the late 1950's, mark a turning point in the techological development, + a technological revolution that negates all the values, political schemes and social + perspectives held by mankind throughout all previous recorded history. [...] As we shall + see, a new technology has developed that could largely replace the realm of necessity + by the realm of freedom. + + -- 48 + + Almost every account of applied automation today must be regarded as + provisional: as soon as one describes a partially automated industry, + technological advances make the description obsolete. + + -- 56 -- GitLab