diff --git a/txt/10years.txt b/txt/10years.txt
index d3fbac0c6774dd2df1fd8bd9c0aec07f8b5e2175..b685930f2d51740fa3ecfe1826f7895fdc8675e9 100644
--- a/txt/10years.txt
+++ b/txt/10years.txt
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
2. http://www.infoshop.org/
3. http://www.anarkismo.net/
4. http://anarchism.ws/writers/anarcho.html
diff --git a/txt/alinks.txt b/txt/alinks.txt
index b3908a50e04a675d476701530aa58d551ccb44ea..e23d8b9cfe0bc3da9b07092fe9b261008ef0a129 100644
--- a/txt/alinks.txt
+++ b/txt/alinks.txt
@@ -8,31 +8,34 @@
Anarchist News
Webpages for breaking news of anarchist and radical actions and ideas.
+ All the links marked like this are not available anymore, they're still
+ here for historic purposes, also some of them are availabe through
+ [2]Archive.org WayBack Machine
- [2]A-infos: Anarchist News Service
- [3]A-Infos: Anarchist News Service
+ [3]A-infos: Anarchist News Service
+ [4]A-Infos: Anarchist News Service
An anarchist alternative news service (in many languages).
- [4]Infoshop News - Your source for news that really matters
+ [5]Infoshop News - Your source for news that really matters
Excellent source for anarchist and radical news.
- [5]Anarkismo.net
+ [6]Anarkismo.net
For all your communist-anarchist news and reviews!
- [6]Solidarity Newswire - anarchosyndicalism.org news
+ [7]Solidarity Newswire - anarchosyndicalism.org news
For labour and revolutionary unionism news.
- [7]Independent Media Center
+ [8]Independent Media Center
Essential source for independent reporting on demos and the news (plus
extensive discussions) from many perspectives. Has links to indymedia
sites for individual countries and North American regions and cities.
Some Indymedia sites are better than others, so be warned!
- [8]anarchoMEDIA - Anarchist/Anti-Authoritarian News and Resources for
+ [9]anarchoMEDIA - Anarchist/Anti-Authoritarian News and Resources for
Ireland
Name says it all!
- [9]Anarchist news dot org | News for anarchists and their friends
+ [10]Anarchist news dot org | News for anarchists and their friends
Yet another anarchist news service.
Anarchist Web-pages
@@ -40,491 +43,491 @@
English language web-pages by either individual anarchists and
libertarian socialists or by groups not part of a bigger organisation.
- [10]Defining Anarchism
+ [11]Defining Anarchism
Excellent short introduction to anarchism and anarchist theory and
history.
- [11]An Introduction to Anarchism
+ [12]An Introduction to Anarchism
Short but well done introduction to what anarchism is and what it is
not.
- [12]Libertarian Socialism
+ [13]Libertarian Socialism
Articles on libertarian socialism and anarchism, including a short but
excellent FAQ on those subjects. Site includes papers on both Guild
Socialism and market syndicalism, among other things.
- [13]Spunk Press Home
+ [14]Spunk Press Home
One of the largest archive of anarchist texts on the net. Recommended.
- Also check out the [14]Spunk Library General Subject Index which has a
- really cool subject and author index and this address, [15]Spunk Press
+ Also check out the [15]Spunk Library General Subject Index which has a
+ really cool subject and author index and this address, [16]Spunk Press
Home, for the old archive.
- [16]Anarchistes sur le web/Anarchist on the web
+ [17]Anarchistes sur le web/Anarchist on the web
Excellent collection of anarchist links (in France and English).
- [17]A People's Libertarian Index.
+ [18]A People's Libertarian Index.
Index page for many excellent anarchist webpages.
- [18]Anarchy - Mid Atlantic Infoshop
+ [19]Anarchy - Mid Atlantic Infoshop
Great resource for all things anarchist. Recommended. Has mirror
- [19]here.
+ [20]here.
- [20]Anarchist People of Color Website: The Revolution Will Not Be
+ [21]Anarchist People of Color Website: The Revolution Will Not Be
Mayo-nized
Excellent webpage.
- [21]Anarchy for Anybody
+ [22]Anarchy for Anybody
Excellent web-site on basic anarchist ideas and recent news. Fine use
of humour to attack the enemies of freedom.
- [22]Liberty For the People
+ [23]Liberty For the People
E-texts relevent to anarchist/libertarian socialist theory, philosophy
and history. Excellent resource.
- [23]Seattle Anarchism and Revolution Page
+ [24]Seattle Anarchism and Revolution Page
The nice anarchist webpage based in Seattle, USA.
- [24]Anarchism
+ [25]Anarchism
Good academic introduction and description of anarchism and anarchist
ideas.
- [25]The Seed home page
+ [26]The Seed home page
Uk Alternative Information page. Links to many UK based anarchist
resources.
- [26]An Anarchy Home Page
+ [27]An Anarchy Home Page
Links to anarchist and anarchist (and non-anarchist) related sites.
- [27]ANOTHER GODLESS ANARCHIST
+ [28]ANOTHER GODLESS ANARCHIST
Excellent webpage containing an extensive series of links on anarchism,
anarcho-syndicalism and much more!
- [28]The Memory Hole
+ [29]The Memory Hole
Individualist Anarchist web-page. Useful resource on the minority trend
within the anarchist movement.
- [29]Anarchy Punk !!!REVOLUTION NOW!!! Ska Anti-Facism
+ [30]Anarchy Punk !!!REVOLUTION NOW!!! Ska Anti-Facism
Anarcho-punk web-site.
- [30]Andrew's Course in Anarchy
+ [31]Andrew's Course in Anarchy
Introduction to anarchism. Basic, but generally good.
- [31]BURN! Nothing ever burns down by itself.
+ [32]BURN! Nothing ever burns down by itself.
Excellent site on anarchist art. Has anarchist posters from the Spanish
Revolution and Paris '68 among other things. Recommended.
- [32]Anarchist Sampler
+ [33]Anarchist Sampler
Excellent collection of anarchist quotes on a wide range of subjects.
- Includes the excellent essay [33]Between Anarchism and Libertarianism.
+ Includes the excellent essay [34]Between Anarchism and Libertarianism.
- [34]Mark/Space: Anachron City: Library: Keywords: anarchy
+ [35]Mark/Space: Anachron City: Library: Keywords: anarchy
List of anarchist books and links with a chronology of anarchism.
- [35]The Platform and the International anarchist movement
+ [36]The Platform and the International anarchist movement
Introduction to the ideas of The Platform, the Platformist tradition
and the anarchist groups which apply it today.
- [36]Anarchist Information - Australia
+ [37]Anarchist Information - Australia
Australian anarchist web-page.
- [37]cat@lyst Main Menu
+ [38]cat@lyst Main Menu
A Temporary Autonomous Zone based in Sydney, Australia. Low tech grass
- roots net access for real people. Also to be found [38]here
+ roots net access for real people. Also to be found [39]here
- [39]The Resistance Page
+ [40]The Resistance Page
Has extensive and well organised links to various anarchist topics.
- [40]@net
+ [41]@net
Anarchist computer network based in Australia.
- [41]On Gogol Boulevard
+ [42]On Gogol Boulevard
New York based anarchist information bulletin for networking East and
West alternatice oppositions.
- [42]AERO Home Page
+ [43]AERO Home Page
Anarchist Education Resource Organisation Home page. has links to
introductory texts on anarchism.
- [43]Anarchy Now!
+ [44]Anarchy Now!
Good resource for anarchist links and articles.
- [44]Collectivist Libertarianism
+ [45]Collectivist Libertarianism
List of anarchist webpages (shame about the name).
- [45]Emma's Place - Another fun anarchist site
+ [46]Emma's Place - Another fun anarchist site
Yet another site devoted to online anarchy. Includes a page on
- [46]anarchist humour. Just proving that anarchists are not serious
+ [47]anarchist humour. Just proving that anarchists are not serious
revolutionaries all the time. Has the infamous herbal tea joke... Plus
the Anarchist Encyclopedia Project and other useful pages.
- [47]ECOMMUNARD
+ [48]ECOMMUNARD
Eco-anarchist web-page.
- [48]Freedom now
+ [49]Freedom now
Increase your liberty by visiting this site.
- [49]Dave X. Pooh's Area
+ [50]Dave X. Pooh's Area
Nice introduction to anarchism, plus links on other subjects.
- [50]BUNYIP WEBSITE a mutual aid site
+ [51]BUNYIP WEBSITE a mutual aid site
Name says it all. Worth checking out and has links to many important
issues (such as Australian Aboriginal issues).
- [51]Anarchism Study Group
+ [52]Anarchism Study Group
Excellent webpage about finding out about anarchism, based in Quebec,
Canada.
- [52]Anarchist Study Resources
+ [53]Anarchist Study Resources
Contains links to many anarchist articles (plus one by Lenin!). Also
- contains the e-zine [53]Slavery!
+ contains the e-zine [54]Slavery!
- [54]Struggle in Ireland
+ [55]Struggle in Ireland
An anarchist analysis of struggles for freedom going on in Ireland.
- [55]anarchy
+ [56]anarchy
Short and to the point introduction to anarchy and anarchist ideas.
- [56]Information about Anarchism
+ [57]Information about Anarchism
Anarchist articles and links. Contains a chapter of Bob Black's new
book Anarchy after Leftism plus other articles on anarchist theory and
history. Plus really cool anarcho-Simpsons graphic!.
- [57]fnord forever!
+ [58]fnord forever!
Sennaca's Anarcho-Communist Page.
- [58]Feenicks' Anarchist PAGE
+ [59]Feenicks' Anarchist PAGE
Information and links on a range of subjects, such as Bolivian miners!
- [59]Welcome to John's Homepage!
+ [60]Welcome to John's Homepage!
Links to various anarchist pages and articles.
- [60]the Worldwide Cooperative Anarchy Movement
+ [61]the Worldwide Cooperative Anarchy Movement
Name says it all!
- [61]Anarchist Propaganda
+ [62]Anarchist Propaganda
Archive of anarchist articles and information on many subjects useful
for anarchist activists.
- [62]The Libertarian Socialist Navigator
+ [63]The Libertarian Socialist Navigator
Good introduction to anarchism and anarchist ideas. Has a section on
anarcha-feminism.
- [63]World Wide Anarchism
+ [64]World Wide Anarchism
Extensive links to anarchist sites.
- [64]Entrance to Anarchy: the only solution
+ [65]Entrance to Anarchy: the only solution
Information about anarchy and anarchism. Nice (but graphic intensive!)
- [65]What's anarchy?
+ [66]What's anarchy?
Find out what anarchy is and why you should be an anarchist (its
shorter than the FAQ!). Plus links to Calvin and Hobbes!
- [66]Above Suspicion; Stealing from the Store of Pre-Packaged Culture
+ [67]Above Suspicion; Stealing from the Store of Pre-Packaged Culture
Anarchist articles, rants and links.
- [67]Anarchist Web Directory -Home
+ [68]Anarchist Web Directory -Home
Articles and images about anarchism, plus an extensive links page
- [68]Home page for Proudhon
+ [69]Home page for Proudhon
The Pierre J. Proudhon Memorial Computer! Has extensive links and
- articles, including the [69]Anarchist Library
+ articles, including the [70]Anarchist Library
- [70]Index to the Revolt Collection of struggles in Ireland
+ [71]Index to the Revolt Collection of struggles in Ireland
Excellent collection of anarchist webpages (individuals and groups).
- [71]Creationist Anarcho-Socialism
+ [72]Creationist Anarcho-Socialism
Religious anarchist webpage. Jesus as anarchist-socialist!
- [72]An Eco-Anarchists Page (Environmental Anarchism)
+ [73]An Eco-Anarchists Page (Environmental Anarchism)
Name says it all. Find out about eco-anarchism.
- [73]Home of the Watermelon Poet
+ [74]Home of the Watermelon Poet
Eco-anarchist look at poetry, politics, our environments and more.
- [74]Song of the March Hare
+ [75]Song of the March Hare
Good anarchist webpage with a slight Alice in Wonderland feel about it.
Excellent link pages.
- [75]Index to the Revolt Collection
+ [76]Index to the Revolt Collection
A collection of webpages for a variety of Irish struggles, from an
anarchist perspective.
- [76]mutualaid.org
+ [77]mutualaid.org
Mutual Aid website!
- [77]Bellatria and Pucks Home Page
+ [78]Bellatria and Pucks Home Page
Yet another anarchist webpage at geocities! Good links.
- [78]Anarchist Action Network
+ [79]Anarchist Action Network
Sick and tired of anarchists and anarchism being misrepresented in the
media? Then visit this webpage -- time to secure justice and fair
treatment for anarchy! Excellent site.
- [79]The Sieve: Steve K's Home Pages
+ [80]The Sieve: Steve K's Home Pages
Anarchist texts and links to anarchist and other sites
- [80]Anarchocommie's Home Page
+ [81]Anarchocommie's Home Page
A Communist-Anarchist's home page, strangely enough! Links and essays.
- [81]Rebels Home Page
+ [82]Rebels Home Page
Sheffield (England) based anarchist webpage.
- [82]So many porcupines, so little time...
+ [83]So many porcupines, so little time...
A webpage with more than a dash of anarchism about it.
- [83]Social Anarchists International
+ [84]Social Anarchists International
Webpage about social anarchism. Includes a mirror of the FAQ.
- [84]Spiritual Anarchy
+ [85]Spiritual Anarchy
Interesting selection of links to anarchist and non-anarchist webpages.
- [85]mobtown.org
+ [86]mobtown.org
This is a resource of activists, anarchists and anti-authoritarians
(among others) in the Baltimore metropolitan area in the USA.
- [86]The Veganarchy HomePages!
+ [87]The Veganarchy HomePages!
Find out about anarchism and veganism.
- [87]Anarchism in Canada
+ [88]Anarchism in Canada
Find out about anarchism in Canada. Site also has a mirror of the
anarchist FAQ.
- [88]xchange
+ [89]xchange
Find out about anarchism in Australia. The Melbourne node of the
Australian @Net anarchist computer network. Excellent site!
- [89]New Tolpuddle Anarchist
+ [90]New Tolpuddle Anarchist
Australian based anarchist page. Has information on anarchism, law,
religion and other strange Associations.
- [90]Anarchos
+ [91]Anarchos
Nice looking webpage on anarchism. Seems to be mainly Social Ecologist
in nature.
- [91]Anarchist and other perspectives
+ [92]Anarchist and other perspectives
Collection of interesting articles and essays on anarchism and other
subjects.
- [92]Libertarian Communist Scrapbook
+ [93]Libertarian Communist Scrapbook
Contains interesting articles on Libertarian Communism.
- [93]That Funky Poetic Anarchist
+ [94]That Funky Poetic Anarchist
Anarchism, poetry and other stuff.
- [94]lazosubverto's Home Page
+ [95]lazosubverto's Home Page
Situationist-anarchist webpage. Looks impressive!
- [95]nothingness.org
+ [96]nothingness.org
Very impressive anarchist webpage. Contains a Situationist
International Archive, "Mr. Block" cartoons and much much more.
- [96]Anarchism
+ [97]Anarchism
Excellent selection of links to various anarchist authors. Very well
laid out.
- [97]Real Anarchy
+ [98]Real Anarchy
Anarchist webpage with a short definition of anarchism.
- [98]Action through Anarchy
+ [99]Action through Anarchy
Very nice looking social anarchist webpage.
- [99]Anarchism and nationalism
+ [100]Anarchism and nationalism
Anarchist perspectives on nationalism and ethnic conflict. Includes the
work of such people as Rudolf Rocker.
- [100]The Light of Anarchy
+ [101]The Light of Anarchy
Webpage dedicated to flag burning. Contains flag burning posters.
- [101]Libertarian Socialism (Anarchism)
+ [102]Libertarian Socialism (Anarchism)
US based anarchist webpage.
- [102]A Queer/Homopage at equi.iww.org
+ [103]A Queer/Homopage at equi.iww.org
A Radical Queer Labor Page from the IWW.
- [103]ANARCHY.ORG
+ [104]ANARCHY.ORG
Collection of articles and links about anarchism
- [104](An) Anarchy Home Page
+ [105](An) Anarchy Home Page
Webpage with a useful series of links and articles.
- [105]Anarchism and Freedom
+ [106]Anarchism and Freedom
Nice looking webpage with links to other anarchist sites.
- [106]Welcome to Rebel's home
+ [107]Welcome to Rebel's home
Excellent looking webpage with links and articles on anarchist
subjects.
- [107]Anarchism: What is it?
+ [108]Anarchism: What is it?
An anarcho-pacifist webpage with an impressive selection of quotes and
articles.
- [108]The Libertarian Communist Home Page
+ [109]The Libertarian Communist Home Page
Excellent libertarian communist (i.e. anarchist) webpage. Extensive
links to articles, pamphlets, posters, etc.
- [109]The Resistance Page
+ [110]The Resistance Page
Nice page with links to other sites and articles.
- [110]Center for Anarchist Propaganda "Errico Malatesta"
+ [111]Center for Anarchist Propaganda "Errico Malatesta"
Impressive anarcho-situationist webpage.
- [111]Anarchism and Punk
+ [112]Anarchism and Punk
An Anarcho-Punk webpage.
- [112]Anarchism
+ [113]Anarchism
Links and articles on anarchism and punk.
- [113](I)An-ok's Homepage of devious subversion and ultimate rebellion
+ [114](I)An-ok's Homepage of devious subversion and ultimate rebellion
Impressive webpage with links and articles.
- [114]Ozanarchy
+ [115]Ozanarchy
Great site listing whats happening on-line in the Australian anarchist
scene.
- [115]Poetry in Revolt
+ [116]Poetry in Revolt
A collection of anarchist poetry
- [116]a libertarian labyrinth - front page
+ [117]a libertarian labyrinth - front page
An open-ended site for gathering, archiving, organizing and
interpreting historical material related to anarchism in its various
forms.
- [117]Anarchist-Communist Theory and Practice
+ [118]Anarchist-Communist Theory and Practice
An excellent anarcho-communist page with many essays and links.
- [118]Professing: Dennis Fox's Home Page
+ [119]Professing: Dennis Fox's Home Page
Webpage of a Critical/Humanistic Psychologist which includes articles
about anarchism and psychology.
- [119]Paolo Chiocchetti's Homepage
+ [120]Paolo Chiocchetti's Homepage
Excellent webpage. Many anarchist links and articles.
- [120]Anarchism from HK
+ [121]Anarchism from HK
Anarchist webpage from Hong Kong. Many articles and links.
- [121]Ken's Temporary Autonomous Zone
+ [122]Ken's Temporary Autonomous Zone
Excellent collection of anarchist writings and links. Nice looking
pages.
- [122]Anarchist Resources Online
+ [123]Anarchist Resources Online
An excellent collection of anarchist and anarchist related links. Nice
looking pages.
- [123]Mediaucracy Main Page
+ [124]Mediaucracy Main Page
Useful selection of anarchist and related webpages.
- [124]The Corrupt Party
+ [125]The Corrupt Party
An anarchist anti-election webpage from the North of England.
- [125]Freedom!
+ [126]Freedom!
Anarchist webpage with many articles, news and links.
- [126]Anarchist Resistance Network
+ [127]Anarchist Resistance Network
Name says it all.
- [127]Queensland Anarchism creates Happy Anarchy
+ [128]Queensland Anarchism creates Happy Anarchy
Excellent webpage. Includes many articles and essays.
- [128]commie zero zero
+ [129]commie zero zero
Webpage for the exploration of the connecting points between anarchism
and libertarian marxism, the exploration of class struggle and from
these the creation of a theoretical behaviour capable of helping us
move toward libertarian communism (aka real communism, anarchy).
- [129]Killing King Abacus
+ [130]Killing King Abacus
Excellent Anarchist webpage. Lots of links and articles.
- [130]No Control
+ [131]No Control
Links to anarchist sites of interests.
- [131]Peace
+ [132]Peace
Anarchist anti-war page.
- [132]Third Eye
+ [133]Third Eye
News and analysis from a group of anarcho-marxists in New Zealand
- [133]Alaskanarchy - Your guide to anarchy in Alaska
+ [134]Alaskanarchy - Your guide to anarchy in Alaska
Name says it all.
- [134]New Jersey Anarchist Workers
+ [135]New Jersey Anarchist Workers
Name says it all.
- [135]Empowerment
+ [136]Empowerment
Excellent collection of anarchist, ecological, etc. links useful for
activists.
- [136]Situationism
+ [137]Situationism
Excellent webpage introduction to Situationist ideas.
- [137]Anarchist Archives Project
+ [138]Anarchist Archives Project
The Anarchist Archives Project was set up in 1982 for the purpose of
collecting and preserving materials documenting the history of
anarchism and, in turn, making them available to historians and
interested individuals.
- [138]Anarchist Hompage - Don't beg for the right to live, take it.
+ [139]Anarchist Hompage - Don't beg for the right to live, take it.
Very good anarchist webpage.
- [139]Anarchism and Revolution in The Big Easy
+ [140]Anarchism and Revolution in The Big Easy
Find out about Anarchism in New Orleans, USA.
- [140]ACN- The Anarchist Communitarian Network
+ [141]ACN- The Anarchist Communitarian Network
Webpage for anarchists interested in "intentional communities" (i.e.
forming anarchist communes in capitalist society).
- [141]The Resistance Page
+ [142]The Resistance Page
Web page which provides information about anarchism and other groups
opposed to exploitation.
- [142]The Anarchist Encyclopedia
+ [143]The Anarchist Encyclopedia
Name says it all!
- [143]Stan Iverson Memorial Library
+ [144]Stan Iverson Memorial Library
Name says it all!
- [144]Generation Terrorists
+ [145]Generation Terrorists
Good webpage from the USA.
- [145]Baseman's site for Education and Liberty
+ [146]Baseman's site for Education and Liberty
Includes essays on anarchism.
- [146]Free Earth - Independant libertarian website
+ [147]Free Earth - Independant libertarian website
Excellent collection of anarchist essays.
- [147]no war but the class war
+ [148]no war but the class war
UK based anarchist/libertarian communist anti-war group.
- [148]Nestor McNab's Anarcho-Communist Page
+ [149]Nestor McNab's Anarcho-Communist Page
Name says it all!
- [149]Anarchist writings from Anarcho
+ [150]Anarchist writings from Anarcho
Collection of articles on many subjects -- anti-globalisation, the
Russian Revolution, Leninism and much, much more.
- [150]Mutualist.Org: Resources and Information on Mutualist Anarchism
+ [151]Mutualist.Org: Resources and Information on Mutualist Anarchism
Useful resource on Mutualist Anarchism. Has an excellent "Mutualist
FAQ."
- [151]Anarchism and the left - articles by anarchists about Leninism,
+ [152]Anarchism and the left - articles by anarchists about Leninism,
Marxism and Social democracy
Name says it all. An excellent collection of anarchist critiques of the
left.
- [152]infoshop.org - Criticizing the authoritarian Left
+ [153]infoshop.org - Criticizing the authoritarian Left
Useful collection of anarchist articles on authoritarian socialism.
- [153]Raise the Fist
+ [154]Raise the Fist
Webpage of Sherman Austin, sentanced to a year in federal prison, three
years of probation and a $2,000 fine for, basically, being the
webmaster of this website. Support free speech on-line!
- [154]An Anti-Authoritarian Webpage
+ [155]An Anti-Authoritarian Webpage
Excellent webpage full of interesting articles and essays.
- [155]anarchy.org.au
+ [156]anarchy.org.au
Your stating place for the Australian anarchist movement
- [156]Radical Glasgow
+ [157]Radical Glasgow
Find out what is happening in the libertarian scene in Glasgow,
Scotland.
@@ -533,236 +536,236 @@
Non-English language web-pages by either individual anarchists and
libertarian socialists or by groups not part of a bigger organisation.
- [157]Anarchist and Related Links in Spanish & Portuguese
+ [158]Anarchist and Related Links in Spanish & Portuguese
Extensive listing of Spanish and Portuguese webpages (as you may have
guessed!)
- [158]Anarchism in Belgium | Anarchisme en Belgique | Anarchisme in
+ [159]Anarchism in Belgium | Anarchisme en Belgique | Anarchisme in
Belgie
For all things anarchist in Belgium!
- [159]Centro de Contrainforma��o e Material Anarquista
+ [160]Centro de Contrainforma��o e Material Anarquista
Brasilian anarchist webpage.
- [160]www.anarchy.gr
+ [161]www.anarchy.gr
Anarchism in Greece.
- [161]Boletim No.18 - Publica��o Peri�dica do Projeto Periferia
+ [162]Boletim No.18 - Publica��o Peri�dica do Projeto Periferia
Excellent looking Portuguese webpage. Includes a Portuguese translation
- of our appendix on the [162]symbols of anarchy!
+ of our appendix on the [163]symbols of anarchy!
- [163]Anarquismo:Abertura
+ [164]Anarquismo:Abertura
Excellent looking anarchist web-site.
- [164]latinos libres - anarquismo en los EEUU
+ [165]latinos libres - anarquismo en los EEUU
Topics in English and Spanish about the theory, history and current
issues of the international anarchist movement.
- [165]El Kiosko Libertario
+ [166]El Kiosko Libertario
Valencia based anarchist web-site (in Spanish)
- [166]Yelah.net Weekly libertarian socialist web-magazine with daily
+ [167]Yelah.net Weekly libertarian socialist web-magazine with daily
news. 1825 articles and 1610 links...and counting.
- [167]!!! P@RaToDoS o e-zine da Revolu��o !!!
+ [168]!!! P@RaToDoS o e-zine da Revolu��o !!!
Excellent looking web-site. Plus a short FAQ on anarchism called
- [168]P@RaToDoS - Anarquismo.
+ [169]P@RaToDoS - Anarquismo.
- [169]DADA
+ [170]DADA
Datenbank des deutschsprachigen Anarchismus. German anarchist webpage.
- [170]ECN
+ [171]ECN
European Counter Network. Great recource if you read Italian, but also
some information in English.
- [171]The Actual Anarchist Homepage
+ [172]The Actual Anarchist Homepage
Lots of essays and contacts, mostly in Swedish but with some English
texts. Has links to anarchistic writings and web-pages.
- [172]Home Page d'en V�ktor Bautista i Roca
+ [173]Home Page d'en V�ktor Bautista i Roca
Links on anarchism and ecology.
- [173]Bienvenida a FEEL
+ [174]Bienvenida a FEEL
Spanish Anarchist web-page.
- [174]NANAR
[175]NANAR
+ [176]NANAR
French anarchist web-site.
- [176]Libert�re Liga Homepage
+ [177]Libert�re Liga Homepage
Austrian Anarchist site.
- [177]Manfred M. B�sings Heimseite
+ [178]Manfred M. B�sings Heimseite
Excellent German anarchist site. Extensive number of links and
articles.
- [178]Anarchismus
+ [179]Anarchismus
German anarchist webpage. Mostly links to other sites.
- [179]Zebulon's Page
+ [180]Zebulon's Page
French anarchist page. Not much there - has links to a few other sites.
- [180]Potatodos
+ [181]Potatodos
A Brazilian anarchist webpage in Portuguese
- [181]Anarquismo Hoje
+ [182]Anarquismo Hoje
An anarchist webpage in Portuguese
- [182]Yahoo! Sverige - Politik och f�rvaltning:Politik:Politisk
+ [183]Yahoo! Sverige - Politik och f�rvaltning:Politik:Politisk
opinion:Anarkism
Yahoo's listing for Swedish anarchist sites.
- [183]Vil�g anarchist�i egyes�ljetek!
+ [184]Vil�g anarchist�i egyes�ljetek!
Anarchist webpage from Hungary.
- [184]Salud Y Anarquia Companero
+ [185]Salud Y Anarquia Companero
Excellent anarchist webpage.
- [185]Info Usurpa
+ [186]Info Usurpa
Spanish anarchist webpage.
- [186]DE NAR - HOMEPAGE
+ [187]DE NAR - HOMEPAGE
Dutch anarchist webpage.
- [187]Exceso
+ [188]Exceso
Spanish anarchist website.
- [188]Loepa Berlin
+ [189]Loepa Berlin
German anarchist webpage.
- [189]Revolutionsbr�uhof/ Anarchistische Buchhandlung
+ [190]Revolutionsbr�uhof/ Anarchistische Buchhandlung
German Anarchist webpage.
- [190]Hemsida f�r den hypnotiserade majoriteten
+ [191]Hemsida f�r den hypnotiserade majoriteten
Very impressive Swedish anarchist webpage.
- [191]TOPRAK'S WEB PAGE / ANARCHISM IN TURKEY
+ [192]TOPRAK'S WEB PAGE / ANARCHISM IN TURKEY
Anarchist webpage based in Turkey.
- [192]Kifla - Svucen's Page
+ [193]Kifla - Svucen's Page
Anarchism in Eastern Europe
- [193]Ateneu Libert�rio Universal
+ [194]Ateneu Libert�rio Universal
Brazilian webpage which owes alot to the Mid-Atlantic Info Shop!
- [194]A��o Direta - Um Site Anarquista
+ [195]A��o Direta - Um Site Anarquista
Anarchist webpage from Brazil.
- [195]| WWW.ANARCHIE.DE | ANARCHIE | FREIHEIT | SELBSTBESTIMMUNG |
+ [196]| WWW.ANARCHIE.DE | ANARCHIE | FREIHEIT | SELBSTBESTIMMUNG |
EVOLUTION |
German anarchist webpage.
- [196]Reko's Page - Anarki
+ [197]Reko's Page - Anarki
Anarchist texts in Indonesian. Plus links to many anarchist and radical
webpages.
- [197]classwar now! homepage
+ [198]classwar now! homepage
The homepage of CLASSWAR NOW! CLASSWAR NOW! is an anarchist-communist
project by various leftwing radicals in Austria/Europe.
- [198]ambi
+ [199]ambi
The Ambi web site includes articles for the zines Spawn of Croatan and
il frenetico, as well as insurrectionary anarchist articles and links
- [199]Anarchive, Russian-language anarchist library on the web
+ [200]Anarchive, Russian-language anarchist library on the web
Russian anarchist webpage. One of the few anarchist web-pages in
Russian. And it is a (potentially big) library/archive
- [200]ACCION DIRECTA KONTRA EL FASCISMO, EL KAPITALISMO Y OTRAS FORMAS
+ [201]ACCION DIRECTA KONTRA EL FASCISMO, EL KAPITALISMO Y OTRAS FORMAS
DE OPRESION
Spanish Anarchist webpage.
- [201]Anarchy in BG
+ [202]Anarchy in BG
Bulgarian Anarchist Webpage.
- [202]Anarquia
+ [203]Anarquia
Anarchist webpage from Puerto Rico.
- [203]ANARCHISME(S) - index
+ [204]ANARCHISME(S) - index
Nicely produced French anarchist webpage.
- [204]Tout pour deplaire ! / Very to displease !
+ [205]Tout pour deplaire ! / Very to displease !
This is a political analyses and criticisms webzine, written by a small
militant core, the Social Circle.
- [205]inicio
+ [206]inicio
Basque anarchist webpage (in Spanish).
- [206]Anarchie/Anarchy
+ [207]Anarchie/Anarchy
Find out about anarchism in Belgium!
- [207]ANARCHY IN JAPAN
+ [208]ANARCHY IN JAPAN
Name says it all. Find out about Japanese anarchism.
- [208]Anarchism - Netherlands
+ [209]Anarchism - Netherlands
Name says it all!
- [209]Apoyo Mutuo
+ [210]Apoyo Mutuo
Very impressive Spanish language webpage.
Anarcha-Feminist Web-pages
Anarchist homepages with a high anarchafeminist content.
- [210]AnarchaFeminism (Anarchist Feminism)
+ [211]AnarchaFeminism (Anarchist Feminism)
Good web-site on anarcha-Feminism. Contains an excellent introductory
essay on the Free Women movement in 1930's Spain.
- [211]LUNA 1997
+ [212]LUNA 1997
Czech Republic based anarcha-eco-feminist group.
- [212]LILITH 14: Inhoud
+ [213]LILITH 14: Inhoud
Anarcha-Feminist magazine from the Netherlands. In Dutch (strangely
enough).
- [213]Anarcha-Feminism
+ [214]Anarcha-Feminism
Anarcha-Feminist links from the Mid-Atlantic Info-Shop.
- [214]ThryWoman's Irrational Rationalist HomePage
+ [215]ThryWoman's Irrational Rationalist HomePage
Essays and links on anarchism, anarcha-feminism and a whole lot more!
- [215]cassandra speaks
+ [216]cassandra speaks
A feminist-anarchist visionary site
- [216]anarchobabe's fempages
+ [217]anarchobabe's fempages
Anarcha-Femininist webpage.
Anarchist Blogs
- [217]Noam Chomsky's blog
+ [218]Noam Chomsky's blog
New bits and pieces from Chomsky, plus lots of arguments between his
supporters and haters.
- [218]Porcupine blog
+ [219]Porcupine blog
Anarchist musings from Canada.
- [219]Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism
+ [220]Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism
Very interesting blog by individualist anarchist Kevin Carson. Worth
reading.
- [220]another blog is possible
- Blog of Chuck0, main person behind the excellent [221]Mid-Atlantic
+ [221]another blog is possible
+ Blog of Chuck0, main person behind the excellent [222]Mid-Atlantic
InfoShop.
- [222]In the Libertarian Labyrinth
+ [223]In the Libertarian Labyrinth
Blog of individualist anarchist Shawn Wilber, full of interesting texts
from the archives of US individualist anarchism.
- [223]LE REVUE GAUCHE - Libertarian Communist Analysis And Comment
+ [224]LE REVUE GAUCHE - Libertarian Communist Analysis And Comment
A bit graphic intensive, but interesting.
- [224]anarcha adventures
+ [225]anarcha adventures
Anarcha-feminist opinion.
- [225]Anarchoblogs
+ [226]Anarchoblogs
Anarchoblogs is a collection of blogs from self-identified anarchists,
autonomists, anarcho-syndicalists, anarchists without adjectives,
libertarian-socalists, and fellow travelers.
- [226]Lorenzo's blog
+ [227]Lorenzo's blog
Webpage of noted black american anarchist Lorenzo Komboa Ervin.
- [227]No Gods, No Masters
+ [228]No Gods, No Masters
Another anarchist blog.
Anarchist and Libertarian Socialist Organisations
@@ -772,215 +775,215 @@
General
- [228]Anarchist Yellow Pages
+ [229]Anarchist Yellow Pages
Webpages, e-mail and snail mail addresses for anarchist and
anarcho-syndicalist groups across the world. Very comprehesive. If you
cannot find an organisation or group here, try the yellow pages!
- [229]International of Anarchist Federations (IFA)
+ [230]International of Anarchist Federations (IFA)
Information on the IFA, including its politics, history and member
federations.
- [230]The INTERNATIONAL LIBERTARIAN Web Page
+ [231]The INTERNATIONAL LIBERTARIAN Web Page
Links for the many anarchist, anarcho-syndicalist and libertarian
socialist groups and organisations across the world.
- [231]Index of anarchists and anarchism around the world
+ [232]Index of anarchists and anarchism around the world
Useful collection of links for anarchist groups across the world.
- [232]The Agitator
+ [233]The Agitator
A directory of autonomous, non-hierarchical groups, centres, bookshops
and other organisations lists contacts throughout the known world, as
well as all the original contacts and more from Britain and Ireland.
- [233]Anarchists
+ [234]Anarchists
Links for many anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist organisations across
- the world. Part of the [234]Leftist Parties of the World Webpage.
+ the world. Part of the [235]Leftist Parties of the World Webpage.
Britain and Ireland
- [235]The Workers Solidarity Movement : Ireland - Anarchist organisation
+ [236]The Workers Solidarity Movement : Ireland - Anarchist organisation
Official Homepage of the Irish anarchist group. Another webpage is
- [236]All about Anarchism which has extensive articles on various
+ [237]All about Anarchism which has extensive articles on various
aspects of anarchist ideas and history as well as anarchist analysis of
current events. Has a large section on Irish politics. Yet another WSM
- site can be found [237]here and
+ site can be found [238]here and
- [238]Anarchist Federation
+ [239]Anarchist Federation
Web site for the British revoluntionary Anarchist organisation.
- [239]Manchester AF
+ [240]Manchester AF
Manchester branch of the UK's Anarchist Federation.
- [240]Anarchist Federation
- [241]Anarchist Federation Ireland
+ [241]Anarchist Federation
+ [242]Anarchist Federation Ireland
Name says it all!
- [242]Class War
- [243]CLASS WAR
- [244]Class War
- Webpages for the UK based anarchist group Class War. Also see [245]This
+ [243]Class War
+ [244]CLASS WAR
+ [245]Class War
+ Webpages for the UK based anarchist group Class War. Also see [246]This
Is Class War - What we believe. The Class War Federation.
- [246]London Class Struggle Gridlock
+ [247]London Class Struggle Gridlock
Webpage of a number of class struggle anarchist, feminist and
libertarian communist hroups in London, England.
- [247]Scottish Anarchist Network
+ [248]Scottish Anarchist Network
Homepage for the SAN. Name says it all.
- [248]Movement against the Monarchy
+ [249]Movement against the Monarchy
Anarchist group aiming to get rid of the British Monarchy and other
parasites.
- [249]SHEFFIELD ANARCHIST GROUP
+ [250]SHEFFIELD ANARCHIST GROUP
Anarchist group based in the North East of England
- [250]ANARCHIST TRADE UNION NETWORK
+ [251]ANARCHIST TRADE UNION NETWORK
A network which aims to co-ordinate the activity of anarchists in Trade
- Unions in the UK. Join their mailing list at [251]ListBot - @TU Home
+ Unions in the UK. Join their mailing list at [252]ListBot - @TU Home
Page.
- [252]Nottingham Association of Subversive Activists
+ [253]Nottingham Association of Subversive Activists
Webpage of the local anarchist group in Nottingham, England.
- [253]Haringey Solidarity Group
+ [254]Haringey Solidarity Group
Libertarian inspired community organisation in London, Britain.
- [254]Glasgow University Anarchists
+ [255]Glasgow University Anarchists
Name says it all!
- [255]WOMBLES: White Overalls Movement Building Libertarian Effective
- Struggles [256]WOMBLES: White Overalls Movement Building Libertarian
+ [256]WOMBLES: White Overalls Movement Building Libertarian Effective
+ Struggles [257]WOMBLES: White Overalls Movement Building Libertarian
Effective Struggles
Group designed to build effective libertarian socialist struggle.
Inspired by the Italian Ya Basta! movement.
- [257]disobedience.org.uk
+ [258]disobedience.org.uk
UK based libertarian direct action group.
- [258]Openly Classist
+ [259]Openly Classist
Project by working class people from the North of England and the North
of Ireland. Their celebratory web site will cover all kinds of areas,
from: strikes, art, music, working class writers, deaths at work, etc
etc. It includes current discussion around class and culture issues.
- [259]Surrey Activist Group
+ [260]Surrey Activist Group
A group of anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, anti-hierarchy direct
action activists in Surrey, England.
- [260]Aberdeen Anarchist Resistance
+ [261]Aberdeen Anarchist Resistance
Scottish Anarchist group.
- [261]Anarchist Youth Network
- [262]Anarchist Youth Network: Britain & Ireland
+ [262]Anarchist Youth Network
+ [263]Anarchist Youth Network: Britain & Ireland
Name says it all. For UK based anarchist youths.
- [263]Anarchist Federation Alba
+ [264]Anarchist Federation Alba
Homepage of the Anarchist Federation in Scotland.
- [264]No War but the Class War (NWBTCW) | Homepage
+ [265]No War but the Class War (NWBTCW) | Homepage
Webpage of anarchists and libertarian Marxists who want to present a
revolutionary opposition to capitalist war.
- [265]Anarchist Communism in Manchester
+ [266]Anarchist Communism in Manchester
Homepage of the AF in the north of England.
- [266]Anarchist Workers' Network
+ [267]Anarchist Workers' Network
Homepage of the AWN, for anarchists active in the British union
- movement. Join their mailing list [267]here
+ movement. Join their mailing list [268]here
- [268]Surrey Anarchist Group
+ [269]Surrey Anarchist Group
Anarchist group based in the south-east of England.
- [269]Home Page of Dublin Anarchist Prisoner Support
+ [270]Home Page of Dublin Anarchist Prisoner Support
Name says it all!
Mainland Europe
- [270]Federation of Communist Anarchists (FdCA)
+ [271]Federation of Communist Anarchists (FdCA)
Italian revoluntionary Anarchist organisation.
- [271]F.A.I. - Federazione Anarchica Italiana
+ [272]F.A.I. - Federazione Anarchica Italiana
Home page of the Italian Anarchist Federation.
- [272]Alternative Libertaire
+ [273]Alternative Libertaire
The Bretagne section of the French Anarchist group.
- [273]Federation Anarchiste -- Le site web de la Federation anarchiste
+ [274]Federation Anarchiste -- Le site web de la Federation anarchiste
francophone
Web-site of the French Anarchist Federation.
- [274]Federation anarchiste - Strasbourg
+ [275]Federation anarchiste - Strasbourg
Homepage of the French Anarchist Federation group in Strasbourg.
- [275]Drapeau Noir
+ [276]Drapeau Noir
An anarchist group based in Neuchatel, Switzerland.
- [276]Budapest Autonom Tarsulas (BAT)
+ [277]Budapest Autonom Tarsulas (BAT)
Anarchist group based in Hungary (texts in Hungarian and English).
- [277]The Polish Anarchist Federation
+ [278]The Polish Anarchist Federation
Homepage of the Polish Anarchists.
- [278]Nie Oficjalna Strona Anarcho-Komunistycznej Organizacji Platform
+ [279]Nie Oficjalna Strona Anarcho-Komunistycznej Organizacji Platform
Unofficial Site of the Anarchist-Communist Organizational Platform of
Poland. A site by a group of Polish anarchists interested in the
Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists. Includes a new
Polish translation of the Platform.
- [279]Loepa Berlin - Homepage english
- German autonomous group. English language pages can be found [280]here.
+ [280]Loepa Berlin - Homepage english
+ German autonomous group. English language pages can be found [281]here.
- [281]Zagrebacki anarhisticki pokret
+ [282]Zagrebacki anarhisticki pokret
Anarchist group based on Zagreb, Croatia.
- [282]AFD: Anarchistische F�deration in Deutschland
+ [283]AFD: Anarchistische F�deration in Deutschland
German Anarchist Federation (member of the IFA).
- [283]Ceskoslovensk� anarchistick� federace
- [284]CSAF - Ceskoslovenska anarchisticka federace
+ [284]Ceskoslovensk� anarchistick� federace
+ [285]CSAF - Ceskoslovenska anarchisticka federace
Homepage of the Czech Anarchist Federation.
- [285]Organizace revolucn�ch anarchistu - Solidarita
+ [286]Organizace revolucn�ch anarchistu - Solidarita
Revolutionary Anarchist Group in the Czech Republic.
- [286]Alternative Libertaire Francophone
+ [287]Alternative Libertaire Francophone
Belgium Libertarian Socialist group.
- [287]Le libertaire
+ [288]Le libertaire
Webpage for the French Anarchist Group (in French, unsurprisingly!)
- [288]Federacion Anarquista Iberica
- [289]Federacion Anarquista Iberica (FAI)
+ [289]Federacion Anarquista Iberica
+ [290]Federacion Anarquista Iberica (FAI)
Webpages of the famous Anarchist Federation of Iberia.
- [290]Federaci�n Iberica de Juventudes Libertarias
+ [291]Federaci�n Iberica de Juventudes Libertarias
Webpage of the Federation of Libertarian Youth, Iberia (Spain and
Portugal).
- [291]FUNDACI�N DE ESTUDIOS LIBERTARIOS "ANSELMO LORENZO"
+ [292]FUNDACI�N DE ESTUDIOS LIBERTARIOS "ANSELMO LORENZO"
Spanish anarchist foundation.
- [292]Groupe Libertaire Francisco Ferrer
+ [293]Groupe Libertaire Francisco Ferrer
Webpage for a French Anarchist group which is affliated to the French
Anarchist Federation.
- [293]Movimento Anarchico Italiano - Dio Gino
+ [294]Movimento Anarchico Italiano - Dio Gino
Webpage for Italian Anarchic Movement (MAI). Has hundreds of texts
about anarchism, mostly available in English and Italian.
- [294]UNIONE ANARCHICA
+ [295]UNIONE ANARCHICA
Webpage for Italian Anarchist Group.
- [295]Coordinadora Libertaria de Madrid
+ [296]Coordinadora Libertaria de Madrid
Federation of anarchist groups based in Madrid, Spain. Nice looking
webpage.
- [296]Anarkistinen Musta Risti
+ [297]Anarkistinen Musta Risti
The Anarchist Black Cross in Finland.
- [297]Ghost of Revolution
+ [298]Ghost of Revolution
Web-page of the Russian Anarchist information group "An-Press". The
main subjects of the site: anarchism, anti-fascism, people's
revolutionary movements in the contemporary world, the history and
@@ -988,424 +991,424 @@
organizations of anarchists in Russia and other countries, and also the
lastest news from the struggle with state and authorities.
- [298]PRIAMA AKCIA - Slovensk� Anarchokomunistick� Organiz�cia Pr�ce
+ [299]PRIAMA AKCIA - Slovensk� Anarchokomunistick� Organiz�cia Pr�ce
Homepage of Direct Action - Anarcho-communist Organisation of Labour
from Slovakia.
- [299]Back to the Streets
+ [300]Back to the Streets
Webpage of the Greek group "Back to the Streets." For more anarchist
- groups in Greece, visit [300]www.anarchy.gr
+ groups in Greece, visit [301]www.anarchy.gr
- [301]Alternative Network for Eastern Europe
+ [302]Alternative Network for Eastern Europe
Contains links to anarchist groups based in Eastern Europe, plus
details of a mailing list to help to coordinate anarchist activities
there.
- [302]Actiunea Anarhista in Romania
+ [303]Actiunea Anarhista in Romania
Webpage of Romanian anarchist group.
Middle east
- [303]About Anarchism in Turkey: Turkiye'de Anarsizm
+ [304]About Anarchism in Turkey: Turkiye'de Anarsizm
Webpage on anarchism in Turkey and North Kurdistan.
- [304]efendiszler
+ [305]efendiszler
Turkish Anarchist webpage.
- [305]Libertarians, the left and the Middle East
+ [306]Libertarians, the left and the Middle East
Notes towrds an alternative history. Summary of anarchist and left-wing
influences in the Middle East. Has links to webpages and articles on
this subject.
- [306]Anarcho-Communism Web Page
+ [307]Anarcho-Communism Web Page
Homepage of the Istanbul Social Ecology Group. Good short introduction
to anarchism.
- [307]Al Badil al Taharouri - Anarchism in the Lebanoen
+ [308]Al Badil al Taharouri - Anarchism in the Lebanoen
This is a 'unoffical' page of information about the Lebonese anarchist
group Al Badil al Taharouri. They are linked with the French group
Alternative Libertaire.
The Americas
- [308]NEFAC North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists
- [309]NEFAC
- [310]NEFAC North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists
- [311]Federation des communistes libertaires du Nord-Est Americain
+ [309]NEFAC North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists
+ [310]NEFAC
+ [311]NEFAC North Eastern Federation of Anarcho-Communists
+ [312]Federation des communistes libertaires du Nord-Est Americain
(Francais)
Class Struggle Anarchist Federation in North East America and Canada.
- [312]AnarchoHood: North America
+ [313]AnarchoHood: North America
A quick guide to anarchy and anarchists in North America.
- [313]Anarchist Groups Of New York
+ [314]Anarchist Groups Of New York
Anarchist Groups around the New York area of the United States.
- [314]FEDERACI�N ANARQUISTA AMOR Y RABIA
+ [315]FEDERACI�N ANARQUISTA AMOR Y RABIA
Website for the (now no more?) revolutionary anarchist group based in
Mexico and the USA.
- [315]RAY Entrance Page
+ [316]RAY Entrance Page
Excellent home page for the Revolutionary Anarchist Youth based in
Northampton, MA, USA.
- [316]CRAYON: Chicago-area Radical Anarchist
+ [317]CRAYON: Chicago-area Radical Anarchist
Homepage of the Chicago-area Radical Anarchist Youth Organizing Network
(CRAYON).
- [317]Homes Not Jails Boston
+ [318]Homes Not Jails Boston
Free the land, squat the world. Home page of the Boston direct action
group which aims to end homelessness by squatting.
- [318]British Columbia Anarchist Association
+ [319]British Columbia Anarchist Association
Very strange Canadian anarchist webpage.
- [319]MichigAnarchists
+ [320]MichigAnarchists
An anarchist collective based in Michigan, USA.
- [320]Heatwave CAF
+ [321]Heatwave CAF
Communist-anarchist group based in and around Dallas/Fort Worth in the
USA. Good, short, introduction to communist-anarchist ideas.
- [321]the institute for social ecology
+ [322]the institute for social ecology
Home page for the ISE, the place where Murray Bookchin teaches (yes,
you can get a degree in anarchism!). Find out about the home of social
ecology, one of the current threads in anarchist thought which has
provoked quite a few discussions.
- [322]Los Angeles Anarchists
+ [323]Los Angeles Anarchists
Name says it all. Home page for anarchists in LA, USA.
- [323]Chicano Anarchists and Left Libertarians
+ [324]Chicano Anarchists and Left Libertarians
Name says it all. Based in LA, USA.
- [324]WE DARE BE FREE
+ [325]WE DARE BE FREE
Anarchist group based in Cambridge, New England, USA. Site includes
articles from their paper, We Dare to be Free.
- [325]CLAUSTROPHOBIA homepage
+ [326]CLAUSTROPHOBIA homepage
An anarchist collective based in Baltimore, MD. The site has samples of
articles from their paper, as well as news and analysis of all sorts of
other issues.
- [326]Organizaci�n Anarquista Libertad
+ [327]Organizaci�n Anarquista Libertad
Anarchist Organisation from Argentina.
- [327]Congreso de Unificaci�n Anarco-Comunista
+ [328]Congreso de Unificaci�n Anarco-Comunista
An unoffical page of material from and about the Unification Congress
of Anarcho-Communists - Chile
- [328]Groupe Anarchiste Emile Henry
+ [329]Groupe Anarchiste Emile Henry
French Speaking Anarchist group from Quebec, Canada.
- [329]Groupe anarchiste Main Noire
+ [330]Groupe anarchiste Main Noire
French Speaking Anarchist group from Montreal, Canada.
- [330]Free Earth
+ [331]Free Earth
US based eco-anarchist group.
- [331]Anarchist Black Cross - Los Angeles
+ [332]Anarchist Black Cross - Los Angeles
Los Angeles based Anarchist Black Cross Group.
- [332]Anarchist Liberty Union
+ [333]Anarchist Liberty Union
US based anarchist group.
- [333]Food Not Bombs!
+ [334]Food Not Bombs!
One of the biggest libertarian groups in the USA. Based on using direct
action to eliminate poverty and hunger and create a free society.
- [334]Anarchy and Activism in New Orleans
+ [335]Anarchy and Activism in New Orleans
Name says it all!
- [335]Dead End Project Fulfilled Collective
+ [336]Dead End Project Fulfilled Collective
Anarchist group based in Eugene, USA.
- [336]Resist Corporate Rule
+ [337]Resist Corporate Rule
A network of people in Victoria, British Columbia who support
alternatives to the reformist/nationalistic agendas that dominate
campaigns against global capitalism.
- [337]Hope Liberty Association
+ [338]Hope Liberty Association
An activist and anarchist collective working in Port Hope, Ontario and
surrounding area.
- [338]Anarchist Student Union
+ [339]Anarchist Student Union
Name says it all!
- [339]Phoenix Anarchist Coalition
+ [340]Phoenix Anarchist Coalition
Excellent looking webpage from the PAC.
- [340]The Connecticut Anti-Nationalist Party
+ [341]The Connecticut Anti-Nationalist Party
Anarchist group in Connecticut, USA.
- [341]The Baltimore Anarchist Resource
+ [342]The Baltimore Anarchist Resource
Name says it all!
- [342]Red & Black Notes Homepage
+ [343]Red & Black Notes Homepage
Libertarian socialist project based in Toronto, Canada.
- [343]Brousse Collective
+ [344]Brousse Collective
Libertarian Communist group.
- [344]Minnesota Anarchists and Anti-authoritarians
+ [345]Minnesota Anarchists and Anti-authoritarians
Name says it all!
- [345]Mile High Resistance
+ [346]Mile High Resistance
Anarchist group from Colorado (USA).
- [346]Northwest Anarchist Prisoner Support Network
+ [347]Northwest Anarchist Prisoner Support Network
Organisation to support anarchist and other class struggle prisoners.
- [347]The Toronto Black Touta Anarchist Collective
+ [348]The Toronto Black Touta Anarchist Collective
Anarchist group based in Toronto.
- [348]Federa��o Anarquista Ga�cha
+ [349]Federa��o Anarquista Ga�cha
Webpage of the Brazilian Platformist anarchist group.
- [349]FRAC
+ [350]FRAC
Homepage of the Federation of Revolutionary Anarchist Collectives.
Based in mid-USA and includes branches in Chicago and Cleveland.
- [350]Baam - The Black Flag Of Boston
+ [351]Baam - The Black Flag Of Boston
Anarchist group based in Boston, USA.
Africa
- [351]African Anarchism, freedom and revolution in Africa
+ [352]African Anarchism, freedom and revolution in Africa
Find out about anarchism and anarchist groups in Africa.
- [352]The Zabalaza Site - A Website of Southern African Anarchism
+ [353]The Zabalaza Site - A Website of Southern African Anarchism
Name says it all! Excellent webpage, full of great resources.
Recommended.
- [353]The Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation's Home Page
+ [354]The Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation's Home Page
Southern Africa based class struggle anarchist federation.
Australia and New Zealand
- [354]Angry People Home Page
+ [355]Angry People Home Page
For a strong, united working class. Australian based revolutionary,
class struggle anarchist group.
- [355]The Wildcat Collective
+ [356]The Wildcat Collective
Anarchist group based in Adelaide, South Australia.
- [356]Committee for the Establishment of Civilisation homepage
+ [357]Committee for the Establishment of Civilisation homepage
The Wellington branch of the Anarchist Alliance of Aotearoa.
- [357]3rdEye homepage
+ [358]3rdEye homepage
A project offering news, views and abuse from Aotearoa, Land of the
Long White Cloud.
- [358]Class War in Auckland, Aotearoa
+ [359]Class War in Auckland, Aotearoa
Excellent anarchist webpage for Auckland based anarchist group.
Asia
- [359]Korean Anarchist Network
+ [360]Korean Anarchist Network
Name says it all!
- [360]Jakarta Anarchist Resistance
+ [361]Jakarta Anarchist Resistance
Name says it all!
Non-geographical
- [361]tao
+ [362]tao
Homepage of The Anarchy Organisation. Contains numerous anarchist
webpages.
- [362]Forever In Struggle: Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War in
+ [363]Forever In Struggle: Political Prisoners and Prisoners of War in
the United States, the Movement for Freedom and the Anarchist Black
Cross Federation.
Home Page of the Anarchist Prisoner Support Network.
- [363]Anarchist Black Cross
+ [364]Anarchist Black Cross
Anarchist Prisoner Support Network.
- [364]Communitas - Home Page
+ [365]Communitas - Home Page
Anarchist news service.
- [365]Black Cross Health Collective
+ [366]Black Cross Health Collective
First Aid for Radicals and Activists. They hope that the information
available on this web site will help you to be safer and stronger in
your activism.
- [366]All People Equal - Anarchy Against Bigotry
+ [367]All People Equal - Anarchy Against Bigotry
Name says it -- anarchist anti-racist webpage.
- [367]Institute for Anarchist Studies
[368]Institute for Anarchist Studies
+ [369]Institute for Anarchist Studies
Webpage on anarchism and researching anarchist ideas and history.
Anarcho-Syndicalist and Syndicalist Web-pages
Web-pages by individual syndicalists and anarcho-syndicalists.
- [369]Mike Ballard's Home page
+ [370]Mike Ballard's Home page
Home page of Industrial Worker of the World Mike B.
- [370]Fredrik Bendz' philosophy: Socialism
+ [371]Fredrik Bendz' philosophy: Socialism
Excellent homepage with a nice introduction to syndicalism in it. Plus
links to many free thought sites and essays.
- [371]Anarcho-Syndicalism 101
[372]Anarcho-Syndicalism 101
+ [373]Anarcho-Syndicalism 101
Excellent site on anarcho-syndicalism (also known as Revolutionary
Unionism 101). Contains many of the basic introductions to
anarcho-syndicalist ideas and history, such as Rocker's
Anarcho-syndicalism, and accounts of anarcho-syndicalism in action
(such as the organisation and history of the CNT, an account of the
Aragon collectives and so on). Recommended. A mirror can be found
- [373]here
+ [374]here
- [374]Ben's Anarcho-syndicalist webpage
+ [375]Ben's Anarcho-syndicalist webpage
IWW members webpage from Australia. Links to many anarchist and
syndicalist webpages.
- [375]Anarcho-Syndicalism
+ [376]Anarcho-Syndicalism
Large collection of links about anarcho-syndicalism ideas and
organisations.
- [376]Homepage of Brian O. Sheppard x349393
+ [377]Homepage of Brian O. Sheppard x349393
Another webpage by a Wobbly. Contains an indepth analysis of Bolshevism
- in reality versus its rhetoric (entitled [377]"Lying for Leninism")
+ in reality versus its rhetoric (entitled [378]"Lying for Leninism")
Anarcho-Syndicalist and Revolutionary Unions and Organisations
Home pages of anarcho-syndicalist and other revolutionary unions and
groups.
- [378]ILA / IWA / AIT
+ [379]ILA / IWA / AIT
Official webpage of the International Workers Association, an
organisation linking anarcho-syndicalist and revolutionary syndicalist
groups and unions across the world.
- [379]Rebel Worker
+ [380]Rebel Worker
Paper of the Australian Section of the Anarcho-Syndicalist
International Workers Association
- [380]Workers Solidarity Alliance
- [381]Workers Solidarity Alliance (WSA)
+ [381]Workers Solidarity Alliance
+ [382]Workers Solidarity Alliance (WSA)
U.S. Section of the Anarcho-Syndicalist International Workers
- Association. Also has a webpage [382]here.
+ Association. Also has a webpage [383]here.
- [383]Conf�d�racion Nationale du Travail (CNT)
- [384]CNT-F
+ [384]Conf�d�racion Nationale du Travail (CNT)
+ [385]CNT-F
French Section of the Anarcho-Syndicalist International Workers
Association.
- [385]Freie ArbeiterInnen Union (FAU)
+ [386]Freie ArbeiterInnen Union (FAU)
German Section of the Anarcho-Syndicalist International Workers
Association.
- [386]Confederacion National del Trabajo (CNT)
- [387]CONFEDERACI� NACIONAL DEL TREBALL (CNT-AIT)
+ [387]Confederacion National del Trabajo (CNT)
+ [388]CONFEDERACI� NACIONAL DEL TREBALL (CNT-AIT)
Spanish Section of the Anarcho-Syndicalist International Workers
- Association. For an "unofficial" page check out [388]here.
+ Association. For an "unofficial" page check out [389]here.
- [389]Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI)
- [390]Home U.S.I. ecn
+ [390]Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI)
+ [391]Home U.S.I. ecn
Italian Section of the Anarcho-Syndicalist International Workers
Association
- [391]Solidarity Federation
+ [392]Solidarity Federation
British section of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers
Association.
- [392]Solidarity Federation Manchester Group Homepage
+ [393]Solidarity Federation Manchester Group Homepage
Manchester section of the British Solidarity Federation
- [393]South West Solidarity Federation
- [394]South West Solidarity
+ [394]South West Solidarity Federation
+ [395]South West Solidarity
South West England section of the British Solidarity Federation
- [395]Federace soci�ln�ch anarchistu (Federation of social anarchists)
+ [396]Federace soci�ln�ch anarchistu (Federation of social anarchists)
Home page of the Czech IWA Section.
- [396]Direct!
+ [397]Direct!
Switz section of the IWA.
- [397]Industrial Workers of the World Resource Directory
- Home Page of the Syndicalist Union the IWW. Also look [398]here for a
+ [398]Industrial Workers of the World Resource Directory
+ Home Page of the Syndicalist Union the IWW. Also look [399]here for a
comprehesive IWW branch listing. Another IWW page can be found
- [399]here.
+ [400]here.
- [400]Portland GMB, Industrial Workers of the World.
+ [401]Portland GMB, Industrial Workers of the World.
Home page of the Portland, USA, branch of the wobblies.
- [401]IWW Baltimore GMB
+ [402]IWW Baltimore GMB
Webpage of the Baltimore Wobblies.
- [402]Industrial Workers of the World Lawrence
+ [403]Industrial Workers of the World Lawrence
Webpage of the Lawrence Wobblies.
- [403]Australian IWW home page
+ [404]Australian IWW home page
Name says it all!
- [404]Edmonton IWW Homepage
+ [405]Edmonton IWW Homepage
IWW branch in Edmonton, Canada.
- [405]Aderisci all' Industrial Workers of the World
+ [406]Aderisci all' Industrial Workers of the World
The IWW in Italy.
- [406]Tampa Bay Area General Membership Group, IWW
+ [407]Tampa Bay Area General Membership Group, IWW
Name says it all!
- [407]Industrial Workers of the World
+ [408]Industrial Workers of the World
Homepage of the British section of the IWW.
- [408]IWW SCOTLAND
+ [409]IWW SCOTLAND
Homepage of the IWW in Scotland.
- [409]Workers Solidarity (South Africa)
+ [410]Workers Solidarity (South Africa)
Home page for the South African anarchist-syndicalist group, the
- Workers' Solidarity Federation. Old site can be found [410]here.
+ Workers' Solidarity Federation. Old site can be found [411]here.
Contains articles from their magazine, Workers' Solidarity.
- [411]The Awareness League (Nigeria)
+ [412]The Awareness League (Nigeria)
Introduction to the Nigerian anarcho-syndicalist group.
- [412]Anarcho-Syndicalist Group of Melbourne
+ [413]Anarcho-Syndicalist Group of Melbourne
Melbourne (Australia) based Anarcho-Syndicalist Group.
- [413]Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT)
+ [414]Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT)
Home Page of the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist union the CGT.
- [414]Sac Syndikalisterna
- [415]SAC - Syndikalisterna (Ume� LS)
- [416]Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC)
+ [415]Sac Syndikalisterna
+ [416]SAC - Syndikalisterna (Ume� LS)
+ [417]Central Organisation of Swedish Workers (SAC)
Home Pages of the Swedish syndicalist union the SAC.
- [417]Syndikalistiska Ungdomsf�rbundet
- [418]Syndikalistiska Ungdomsf�rbundet - LUND
- [419]SUF - Gavle
- [420]Syndikalistiska Ungdomsf�rbundet - GISLAVED
+ [418]Syndikalistiska Ungdomsf�rbundet
+ [419]Syndikalistiska Ungdomsf�rbundet - LUND
+ [420]SUF - Gavle
+ [421]Syndikalistiska Ungdomsf�rbundet - GISLAVED
Swedish based anarchosyndicalist group. Part of the syndicalist SAC.
- [421]Syndikalist Ungdoms F�rbund
- Swedish syndicalist youth organisation.
+ [422]Syndikalist Ungdoms F�rbund
+ Swedish syndicalist youth organisation. [423]
- [422]Anarcho-Syndicalist Coalition Against Imperialism
+ Anarcho-Syndicalist Coalition Against Imperialism
Information about ASCAI and anarcho-syndicalism.
- [423]People for a Free Society
+ [424]People for a Free Society
People For A Free Society (PFAFS) is a Non-profit Anarcho-syndicalist
collective based in East Los Angeles, CA.
- [424]Confederaci�n Sindical SOLIDARIDAD OBRERA
+ [425]Confederaci�n Sindical SOLIDARIDAD OBRERA
Webpage of another Spanish anarcho-syndicalist union.
- [425]Syndicalist Solidarity Network - Ireland
+ [426]Syndicalist Solidarity Network - Ireland
Name says it all.
- [426]ASF City and South Local
+ [427]ASF City and South Local
Australian Anarcho-Syndicalist Group.
- [427]Organise! Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation
[428]Organise! Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation
+ [429]Organise! Anarcho-Syndicalist Federation
Home page of the Northern Ireland based anarcho-syndicalist group.
- [429]KC Industrial Workers of the World
+ [430]KC Industrial Workers of the World
Kansas City branch of the IWW.
Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Web-Page Rings
@@ -1413,23 +1416,23 @@
Anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist web-page rings. These links contain
information on how to join.
- [430]Welcome to the Anarchy, Anarchism & Libertarian Socialism Ring!
+ [431]Welcome to the Anarchy, Anarchism & Libertarian Socialism Ring!
Web-page ring for anarchist sites.
- [431]Anarcho-Syndicalist Ring
+ [432]Anarcho-Syndicalist Ring
Web-page ring for anarcho-syndicalist sites and organisations.
- [432]Self-Management Ring
+ [433]Self-Management Ring
Extensive list of webpages on the topic of self-management, a key idea
of anarchism.
- [433]Anarchy Ring!
+ [434]Anarchy Ring!
An attempt to get all the anarchist web-pages into a common link rink.
- [434]Anarcho-Punk Web Ring
+ [435]Anarcho-Punk Web Ring
Place to go to find anarcho-punk related web-pages.
- [435]The Pansexual Sex-Positive Libertarian Socialist Webring
+ [436]The Pansexual Sex-Positive Libertarian Socialist Webring
This Webring consists of websites which are pansexual, sex-positive,
and are Libertarian Socialist (anarchist) in nature, or derivative
fellow travellers.
@@ -1439,232 +1442,232 @@
On-line anarchist, libertarian and revolutionary unionist journals,
papers, newsheets and magazines.
- [436]Workers Solidarity
+ [437]Workers Solidarity
Paper of the Irish Anarchist Organisation, the WSM, along with other
publications.
- [437]Red and Black Revolution
+ [438]Red and Black Revolution
Exellent magazine of the Irish Anarchist Organisation, the WSM
- [438]Black Flag
+ [439]Black Flag
Excellent British based anarchist magazine. Recommended.
- [439]Direct Action
+ [440]Direct Action
Magazine of the British Section of the IWA, the Solidarity Federation.
- [440]Organise!
+ [441]Organise!
Quarterly theoretical journal of the British Class Struggle Anarchist
Organisation, the Anarchist Federation.
- [441]resistance
+ [442]resistance
resistance is the monthly agitational bulletin of the British Anarchist
Federation.
- [442]Counter Information
+ [443]Counter Information
Counter Information is a free newsheet detailing class struggle across
the globe from an anarchist perspective. Tells the truth of the many
struggles that the capitalist press ignores. Based in Scotland.
- [443]Freedom
+ [444]Freedom
British Anarchist Paper, started in 1886 by Kropotkin
- [444]Social Anarchism
- [445]Social Anarchism Online
+ [445]Social Anarchism
+ [446]Social Anarchism Online
Archive for the US anarchist magazine. Well worth checking out.
- [446]The New Formulation: An Anti-Authoritarian Review of Books
+ [447]The New Formulation: An Anti-Authoritarian Review of Books
Excellent source for anarchist book reviews.
- [447]Industrial Worker
+ [448]Industrial Worker
Paper of the revoluntary union, the I.W.W.
- [448]Ideas and Action (WSA-IWA)
+ [449]Ideas and Action (WSA-IWA)
Web-site has articles from Ideas and Action, paper of the U.S.
anarcho-syndicalist group Workers Solidarity Alliance as well as
related material.
- [449]Anarchist Studies
+ [450]Anarchist Studies
Journal concerned with all aspects of anarchist theory, history and
culture.
- [450]Rebel Worker Magazine
+ [451]Rebel Worker Magazine
Paper of the Australian anarcho-syndicalist group, the ASF-IWA
- [451]Anarchist News
+ [452]Anarchist News
Free newsheet of the Irish anarchist group, the WSM.
- [452]Practical Anarchy Online
+ [453]Practical Anarchy Online
Name says it all really. Excellent home page for a great magazine!
- [453]Anarchist Age - W.W.W.
- [454]Anarchist Age
+ [454]Anarchist Age - W.W.W.
+ [455]Anarchist Age
Australian based anarchist paper.
- [455]Kaurapuuro - Sis�llys
+ [456]Kaurapuuro - Sis�llys
An anarchist cultural magazine from Finland. Aims to inspire people to
discuss and create a world based on voluntary co-operation and mutual
aid.
- [456]Le Combat Syndicaliste
+ [457]Le Combat Syndicaliste
Paper of the French anarcho-syndicalist union the CNT-AIT
- [457]Le Monde libertaire -- Organe de la Federation anarchiste
+ [458]Le Monde libertaire -- Organe de la Federation anarchiste
Webpage for the French anarchist paper.
- [458]Umanit� Nova - Settimanale Anarchico
+ [459]Umanit� Nova - Settimanale Anarchico
Webpage of the weekly Italian Anarchist Paper.
- [459]Solidaridad Obrera
+ [460]Solidaridad Obrera
Webpage of Workers' Solidarity, paper of the Spanish C.N.T.
- [460]Tierra y Libertad
+ [461]Tierra y Libertad
Webpage of Land and Liberty, paper of the F.A.I. (Anarchist Federation
of Iberia).
- [461]Kaspahraster Homepage
+ [462]Kaspahraster Homepage
An anarcho-situationist fanzine. For the revolution of everyday life.
- [462]Utopia
+ [463]Utopia
Anarchist magazine of culture and intervention from Portugal.
- [463]The Raven
+ [464]The Raven
Home page and articles from Freedom Press' quarterly journal.
- [464]Direkte Aktion
+ [465]Direkte Aktion
Home page and articles from the paper of the German
anarcho-syndicalists the FAU.
- [465]Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive
- Democracy
[466]Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive
Democracy
[467]Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive
Democracy
+ [468]Democracy & Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive
+ Democracy
International journal of libertarian socialist, anarchist, social
ecologist and other thought. Included in past issues articles by the
likes of Murray Bookchin and Noam Chomsky.
- [468]Tidningen BRAND
+ [469]Tidningen BRAND
Swedish anarchist magazine.
- [469]Anarcho-Syndicalist Review
+ [470]Anarcho-Syndicalist Review
US based anarcho-syndicalist magazine. Contains articles on many
different issues and events - including articles on anarchist
economics, union organising and so on.
- [470]IAS Newsletter - Perspectives on Anarchist Theory
- [471]IAS Newsletter
+ [471]IAS Newsletter - Perspectives on Anarchist Theory
+ [472]IAS Newsletter
Publication of the Institute for Anarchist Studies. Pretty interesting
selection of articles and interviews.
- [472]CLAUSTROPHOBIA homepage
+ [473]CLAUSTROPHOBIA homepage
Anarchist newsletter produced in Baltimore, USA. Very good it is too.
- [473]Eat the State!
+ [474]Eat the State!
A forum for anti-authoritarian political opinion, research and humour.
- [474]ALPHA
+ [475]ALPHA
Greek Anarchist Newspaper. Nice looking site!
- [475]la mistoufle
+ [476]la mistoufle
Webpage of the anarchist newspaper of the same name. Produced by an
anarchist group based on Dijon, France.
- [476]Communist Anarchy
+ [477]Communist Anarchy
Irregularly produced anarchist zine.
- [477]Alternative Libertaire
+ [478]Alternative Libertaire
Belgium anarchist paper.
- [478]The Answer
+ [479]The Answer
Webpage of Ahimsa, an anarcho-pacifist zine based in North America.
Large number of articles.
- [479]Alternative Press Review - Zines - Your Guide Beyond the
+ [480]Alternative Press Review - Zines - Your Guide Beyond the
Mainstream
Useful American based anarchist magazine.
- [480]Venomous Butterfly
[481]Venomous Butterfly
+ [482]Venomous Butterfly
Magazine based in San Francisco, California, USA.
- [482]Revista Polemica
+ [483]Revista Polemica
Barcelona, Spain/Catalonia, based anarchist paper.
- [483]The Northeastern Anarchist
+ [484]The Northeastern Anarchist
Magazine of the North Eastern Federation of Anarchist Communists in
North America.
- [484]Kaurapuuro
+ [485]Kaurapuuro
An anarchist culture magazine from Finland.
- [485]Schwarzer Faden
+ [486]Schwarzer Faden
Anarchist magazine published in Grafenau, Germany.
- [486]Konfrontace
+ [487]Konfrontace
An anarchist magazine from the Czech Republic.
- [487]A-Kontra
+ [488]A-Kontra
Another anarchist magazine from the Czech Republic.
- [488]Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed
+ [489]Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed
Always interesting US based anarchist magazine.
- [489]The Match!
+ [490]The Match!
Selections from an Anarchist magazine from the USA.
- [490]Exceso
+ [491]Exceso
Spanish language anarchist zine from San Francisco, USA.
- [491]Sin Bandera
+ [492]Sin Bandera
Spanish anarchist publication, paper of the Coordinadora Libertaria de
Madrid
- [492]Rivista Anarchica Online
+ [493]Rivista Anarchica Online
Italian Anarchist Magazine. Contains some English translations of
articles and summaries.
- [493]Harbinger, A Journal of Social Ecology
+ [494]Harbinger, A Journal of Social Ecology
Harbinger, A Journal of Social Ecology, publishes analysis relevant to
the growing social ecology movement and news of the activities of the
Institute for Social Ecology.
- [494]Thrall
+ [495]Thrall
Anarchist news and views from Aotearoa/NZ
- [495]Do or Die - Voices from the Ecological Resistance
+ [496]Do or Die - Voices from the Ecological Resistance
Excellent UK based ecological/direct action/anarchist journal.
- [496]Arsenal Magazine Home Page
+ [497]Arsenal Magazine Home Page
Anarchist Magazine from the US.
- [497]NOT BORED!
+ [498]NOT BORED!
Excellent anarcho-situationist magazine (from the USA). Now with
- [498]European mirror site.
+ [499]European mirror site.
- [499]Regeneration
[500]Regeneration
+ [501]Regeneration
Los Angeles (USA) Anarchist Newsletter
- [501]Zabalaza (struggle)
+ [502]Zabalaza (struggle)
South African revolutionary anarchist magazine
- [502]Onward Anarchist Newspaper
+ [503]Onward Anarchist Newspaper
Excellent looking anarchist paper!
- [503]Criminal Anarchy
+ [504]Criminal Anarchy
US based revolutionary anarchist zine.
- [504]The New Formulation - An Anti-Authoritarian Review of Books
+ [505]The New Formulation - An Anti-Authoritarian Review of Books
Name says it all!
- [505]Welcome to Barricada Online
+ [506]Welcome to Barricada Online
North American anarchist magazine.
- [506]The Utopian
+ [507]The Utopian
US based anarchist magazine.
- [507]Fifth Estate
+ [508]Fifth Estate
Promoting Rebellion since 1965! The website of North America's oldest
anti-authoritarian periodical. Not much there, more an advert for the
paper than anything else.
@@ -1674,257 +1677,257 @@
On-line anarchist books and pamphlets - from the classics to more
recent works.
- [508]Anarchism: Arguments for and against -- by Albert Meltzer
+ [509]Anarchism: Arguments for and against -- by Albert Meltzer
Short but excellent introduction to anarchist ideas by a leading
activist in the British anarchist movement.
- [509]Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism -- by Alexander
+ [510]Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism -- by Alexander
Berkman
Classic introduction to the ideas of Communist Anarchism, written by a
leading activist. Recommended.
- [510]Anarcho-Syndicalism -- by Rudolf Rocker
+ [511]Anarcho-Syndicalism -- by Rudolf Rocker
Classic introduction to both anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism.
- [511]Anarchism: From Theory to Practice -- by Daniel Guerin.
[512]Anarchism: From Theory to Practice -- by Daniel Guerin.
+ [513]Anarchism: From Theory to Practice -- by Daniel Guerin.
The complete text of Daniel Guerins excellent history of and
introduction to anarchism. A classic.
- [513]The Floodgates of Anarchy -- by Albert Meltzer and Stuart Christie
+ [514]The Floodgates of Anarchy -- by Albert Meltzer and Stuart Christie
Excellent introduction to (class struggle) anarchist ideas. Still a
classic after nearly 30 years. Recommended.
- [514]Objections to Anarchism -- by George Barrett
+ [515]Objections to Anarchism -- by George Barrett
Classic introduction to anarchism in easy "question and answer" format.
Recommended.
- [515]The Poverty of Statism: Anarchism VS. Marxism
+ [516]The Poverty of Statism: Anarchism VS. Marxism
Classic rebutal of Bolshevik nonsense about anarchism by Luigi Fabbri.
Recommended.
- [516]Marxism, Freedom and the State -- by Micheal Bakunin
+ [517]Marxism, Freedom and the State -- by Micheal Bakunin
Selections of Bakunin's critique of Marxism. A classic statement of the
dangers of authoritarian socialism and the need for a libertarian
approach to socialism.
- [517]Modern Science and Anarchism -- by Peter Kropotkin
+ [518]Modern Science and Anarchism -- by Peter Kropotkin
Kropotkin's classic essay on anarchism, what it is, where it comes from
and how it analyses society. A must read.
- [518]Anarchism -- by Peter Kropotkin
+ [519]Anarchism -- by Peter Kropotkin
Kropotkin's famous 1905 essay on anarchism for The Encyclopedia
Britannica. Still an excellent introduction to anarchism.
- [519]The Conquest of Bread -- by Peter Kropotkin
+ [520]The Conquest of Bread -- by Peter Kropotkin
Kropotkin's classic vision on how an anarchist revolution would develop
and how anarchism would work.
- [520]Listen, Marxist! -- by Murray Bookchin
+ [521]Listen, Marxist! -- by Murray Bookchin
Murray Bookchin's classic critique of Leninism. A must read!
- [521]Towards Anarchism -- by Errico Malatesta
+ [522]Towards Anarchism -- by Errico Malatesta
Excellent essay by Malatesta on how anarchism is about the here and now
and changing it rather than an ideal future.
- [522]Beyond Resistance - a Revolutionary Manifesto for the Millennium
+ [523]Beyond Resistance - a Revolutionary Manifesto for the Millennium
-- by the AF.
The British Anarchist Federation's ideas on the case for a
revolutionary social transformation into to a libertarian society, the
outlines of such a society and the role of a globally united anarchist
communist movement in this process.
- [523]International Workers Association / Asociacion Internacional de
+ [524]International Workers Association / Asociacion Internacional de
los Trabajadores
Principles, goals and statutes of the anarcho-syndicalist union
international. Excellent introduction to the ideas and aims of the
IWA/AIT and its various sections.
- [524]What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of
+ [525]What is Property? An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of
Government. -- by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
On-line version of Proudhon's famous and classic work. Another version
- (broken into smaller pieces) can be found [525]here
+ (broken into smaller pieces) can be found [526]here
- [526]System of Economical Contradictions: or, the Philosophy of Misery
+ [527]System of Economical Contradictions: or, the Philosophy of Misery
-- by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
On-line version of another of Proudhon's books against capitalism and
for mutualism.
- [527]God and the State -- By Micheal Bakunin
+ [528]God and the State -- By Micheal Bakunin
Bakunin's classic work on materialism and idealism. Find out why most
anarchists do not believe in god.
- [528]Mutual Aid - A Factor of Evolution -- by Peter Kropotkin
+ [529]Mutual Aid - A Factor of Evolution -- by Peter Kropotkin
Kropotkin's classic work on-line. A must read for all anarchists.
- [529]The Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists -- by
+ [530]The Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists -- by
Dielo Trouda (Workers' Cause)
Classic text that initiated the Platformist current in the
revolutionary anarchist movement. Authors included Nestor Makhno, Ida
Mett and Peter Arshinov (all participants of the Makhnovist movement
during the Russian Revolution).
- [530]Anarchism: What It Really Stands For -- by Emma Goldman
+ [531]Anarchism: What It Really Stands For -- by Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman's classic introduction to the ideas and ideals of
anarchism.
- [531]Notes on Anarchism -- by Noam Chomsky
+ [532]Notes on Anarchism -- by Noam Chomsky
Chomsky's classic introduction to anarchism. The introduction to Daniel
Guerin's Anarchism: From Theory to Practice.
- [532]Towards a Fresh Revolution -- by The Friends of Durruti.
+ [533]Towards a Fresh Revolution -- by The Friends of Durruti.
Produced in Spain in 1937, this is an analysis of the mistakes made by
the anarchists during the Spanish Revolution by anarchist militants and
a suggestion on how to fix them.
- [533]Direct Action -- by Voltairine De Cleyre
+ [534]Direct Action -- by Voltairine De Cleyre
Voltairine's classic essay on direct action and why anarchists support
it. One of the best introductions to the subject.
- [534]Quiet Rumours
+ [535]Quiet Rumours
Excellent collection of anarcha-feminist articles.
- [535]Malatesta on Syndicalism
+ [536]Malatesta on Syndicalism
Extracts from the book The Anarchist Revolution on Errico Malatesta's
viewpoints on syndicalism and its relation to anarchism. Very important
series of essays and recommended.
- [536]Malatesta on the Platform
+ [537]Malatesta on the Platform
Malatesta's thoughts on the Platform and anarchist organisation,
including a discussion between him and Nestor Makhno on his comments. A
very important exchange.
- [537]What is Communalism? -- by Murray Bookchin
+ [538]What is Communalism? -- by Murray Bookchin
Excellent essay on the need for social anarchism and the importance of
directly democractic social organisation.
- [538]The Writings of Camillo Berneri
+ [539]The Writings of Camillo Berneri
A few works by the Italian anarchist thinker and activist murdered by
the Stalinists during the May Days in Barcelona, 1937.
- [539]Peter Kropotkin: His Federalist ideas -- by C. Berneri
+ [540]Peter Kropotkin: His Federalist ideas -- by C. Berneri
Excellent introduction to Kropotkin's ideas on federalism by Berneri.
- [540]Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism -- by Murray Bookchin
+ [541]Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism -- by Murray Bookchin
Bookchin's sometimes over the top analysis and attack on Lifestyle
anarchism. Important for its commitment to social action and its
restatement of the socialist nature of anarchism. Part's of Bob Black's
- reply Anarchy after Leftism can be found [541]here and [542]here.
+ reply Anarchy after Leftism can be found [542]here and [543]here.
- [543]The Ego and His Own -- by Max Stirner
+ [544]The Ego and His Own -- by Max Stirner
Stirner's classic work on egoism.
- [544]The Abolition Of Work -- by Bob Black
- Classic essay explaining why work must be abolished. Click [545]here
+ [545]The Abolition Of Work -- by Bob Black
+ Classic essay explaining why work must be abolished. Click [546]here
for a html version.
- See [546]The Abolition of Work and Other Myths for less optimistic
+ See [547]The Abolition of Work and Other Myths for less optimistic
approach to the question of work.
- [547]The Libertarian as Conservative -- by Bob Black
+ [548]The Libertarian as Conservative -- by Bob Black
Bob Black's brilliant essay exploding the myths that right-Libertarians
are radicals, anarchists or even interested in liberty. A must read!
- [548]The State: Its Historic Role -- by P.A. Kropotkin.
+ [549]The State: Its Historic Role -- by P.A. Kropotkin.
Kropotkin's classic analysis of the rise of the state.
- [549]An Appeal to the Young -- by P.A. Kropotkin.
+ [550]An Appeal to the Young -- by P.A. Kropotkin.
One of Kropotkin's best known and most inspiring essays. A must read!
- [550]Instead of a Book -- by Benjamin R. Tucker
+ [551]Instead of a Book -- by Benjamin R. Tucker
Excerpts from the classic work by the leading US individualist
anarchist.
- [551]The Political Philosophy of Bakunin -- G.P. Maximoff (ed.)
+ [552]The Political Philosophy of Bakunin -- G.P. Maximoff (ed.)
Extracts from The Political Philosophy of Bakunin on various topics,
such as Bakunin thoughts on the nature of the state and the ideas and
methods of anarchism.
- [552]My Social Credo -- by G.P. Maximoff
+ [553]My Social Credo -- by G.P. Maximoff
Excellent short introduction to the ideas of one of the leading
anarcho-syndicalists in the Russian Revolution.
- [553]Direct Action -- by Emile Pouget
+ [554]Direct Action -- by Emile Pouget
Classic essay by the French syndicalist thinker and activist.
- [554]Libertarian Communism -- by Isaac Puente
+ [555]Libertarian Communism -- by Isaac Puente
Classic introduction to anarchist ideas on a free society by the noted
C.N.T. militant and activist who was shot by the fascists in 1936.
- [555]Manifesto of Libertarian Communism -- by Georges Fontenis
+ [556]Manifesto of Libertarian Communism -- by Georges Fontenis
A excellent and important work written in 1953 by a French anarchist
active in Communiste Libertaire.
- [556]How to fire your boss
+ [557]How to fire your boss
Classic IWW introduction to the forms of direct action which workers
can use against their bosses. Essential reading for all working people.
- [557]Direct Action in Industry
+ [558]Direct Action in Industry
Good introduction to direct action and organisation in the workplace by
the British section of the anarcho-syndicalist IWA. Essential reading
for all working people.
- [558]Spectacular Times
+ [559]Spectacular Times
Situationism for beginners! Excellent short pamphlets on anarchism and
the revolution of everyday life. Most by the late Larry Law. Classics.
- [559]The Beast of Property -- by Johann Most
+ [560]The Beast of Property -- by Johann Most
Most's famous essay. A classic.
- [560]The Soul of Man Under Socialism -- by Oscar Wilde
+ [561]The Soul of Man Under Socialism -- by Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde's classic essay on libertarian socialism and how it will
produce a true individualism to replace capitalism's false one.
Recommended.
- [561]Situationist International Anthology
+ [562]Situationist International Anthology
Useful collection of Situationist Texts.
- [562]News From Nowhere, or, An Epoch of Rest -- by William Morris
+ [563]News From Nowhere, or, An Epoch of Rest -- by William Morris
Morris' classic account of a communist-anarchist utopia on-line!
- [563]Study Guide for Ursula LeGuin: The Dispossessed (1974)
+ [564]Study Guide for Ursula LeGuin: The Dispossessed (1974)
LeGuin's The Dispossessed is a recent science fiction account of a
communist-anarchist utopia. This study aid provides a good introduction
to this classic work.
- [564]Enquiry Concerning Political Justice -- William Godwin
+ [565]Enquiry Concerning Political Justice -- William Godwin
On-line version of Godwin's classic good, considered by many as the
first book-length account of anarchist theory.
- [565]Anarchy and Christianity -- by Jacques Ellul
+ [566]Anarchy and Christianity -- by Jacques Ellul
Interesting discussion of the relationship between anarchism and
Christianity. A classic of religious anarchist thought.
- [566]The struggle against the state and other essays -- by Nestor
+ [567]The struggle against the state and other essays -- by Nestor
Makhno
Collected essays by the most famous Urkainian anarchist ever. Important
documents, as they are first translated works by the leading militant
of the Makhnovist movement and co-author of the always controversial
"Platform."
- [567]Proudhon's Bank of the People -- by Charles Dana
+ [568]Proudhon's Bank of the People -- by Charles Dana
Classic introduction to the ideas of Proudhon and mutualist-anarchism.
- [568]Anarchism and the National Liberation Struggle -- Alfredo M
+ [569]Anarchism and the National Liberation Struggle -- Alfredo M
Bonanno
Classic introduction to anarchist ideas on National Liberation
struggles.
- [569]On the Poverty of Student Life
- [570]BUREAU OF PUBLIC SECRETS
+ [570]On the Poverty of Student Life
+ [571]BUREAU OF PUBLIC SECRETS
Classic Situationist texts.
- [571]Everything you wanted to know about anarchism
+ [572]Everything you wanted to know about anarchism
Good, short, introduction to anarchist ideas.
- [572]The Tyranny of Structurelessness -- Jo Freeman
+ [573]The Tyranny of Structurelessness -- Jo Freeman
Classic anarcha-feminist essay on the need for clear organisation to
eliminate informal domination by small cliques. Essential.
- [573]Anarchism and the Black Revolution -- Lorenzo Komboa Ervin
+ [574]Anarchism and the Black Revolution -- Lorenzo Komboa Ervin
Excellent introduction to anarchist ideas from a working class black
perspective.
- [574]Proposed Roads to Freedom - Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism
+ [575]Proposed Roads to Freedom - Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism
-- by Bertrand Russell
Classic overview of anarchist, syndicalist and Marxian Socialist ideas
by a leading thinker of the 20th century (at the time a follower of
@@ -1932,202 +1935,202 @@
movement in Britain). Critical, but sympathetic, introduction to
anarchism and syndicalism.
- [575]The Miners' Next Step
+ [576]The Miners' Next Step
Classic British syndicalist pamphlet.
Sites on Famous Anarchists
Web-pages on famous anarchists, living and dead.
- [576]Prominent Anarchists and Left-Libertarians
+ [577]Prominent Anarchists and Left-Libertarians
Excellent site, with short biographies and pictures of all your
favourite anarchists and libertarian socialists (living and dead).
- [577]Anarchist Archives
[578]Anarchist Archives
+ [579]Anarchist Archives
Extensive information on many anarchists, from Bookchin to Malatesta.
Recommended!
- [579]An Anarchist Reader
+ [580]An Anarchist Reader
Excellent webpage containing essays and links on all the famous
anarchists (as well as other texts and links).
- [580]Anarchy and Radical Left Wing Thought
+ [581]Anarchy and Radical Left Wing Thought
Extensive lists of writings from numerous famous anarchists.
- [581]Biographies and writings of well known anarchists
+ [582]Biographies and writings of well known anarchists
The place to find out more about famous anarchists and to get a feel
for their work.
- [582]chomsky.info: The Noam Chomsky Website
+ [583]chomsky.info: The Noam Chomsky Website
Extensive and well organised archive of works by and about Noam
Chomsky.
- [583]ZNet's Chomsky Archive
+ [584]ZNet's Chomsky Archive
ZNet's archive of works by and about Noam Chomsky.
- [584]Bad News: Noam Chomsky Archive
+ [585]Bad News: Noam Chomsky Archive
Another Noam Chomsky Archive.
- [585]Max Stirner
+ [586]Max Stirner
A web-site about the arch-egoist Max Stirner. Contains e-texts of his
less famous works along with his classic The Ego and Its Own.
- [586]Emma Goldman
+ [587]Emma Goldman
Excellent webpage on Emma Goldman, one of America's greatest
anarchists. Includes many of her essays.
- [587]The Emma Goldman Papers (DL SunSITE)
+ [588]The Emma Goldman Papers (DL SunSITE)
The Emma Goldman papers collection.
- [588]Basic Bakunin
+ [589]Basic Bakunin
Excellent introduction to the ideas of Michael Bakunin. Essential
reading for anyone wanting to get an accurate account of Bakunin's
theories.
- [589]Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist
+ [590]Errico Malatesta: The Biography of an Anarchist
Biography by Max Nettlau of one of the greatest anarchist thinkers and
- activists ever. Click [590]here for more information about, and works
+ activists ever. Click [591]here for more information about, and works
by, Malatesta.
- [591]Marie Louise Berneri
+ [592]Marie Louise Berneri
Very short Biography of Marie-Louise Berneri, daughter of the Italian
anarchist Camillo Berneri. An important anarchist activist in her own
right.
- [592]Lucy Parsons (1853-1942): The Life of an Anarchist Labor Organizer
+ [593]Lucy Parsons (1853-1942): The Life of an Anarchist Labor Organizer
Biography of Lucy Parsons, the wife of Haymarket Martyr Albert Parsons.
Important activist of the US anarchist movement for over 40 years.
- [593]Lucy Parsons Project
+ [594]Lucy Parsons Project
Webpage about leading anarchist and IWW activist Lucy Parsons. Includes
essays and talks by her.
- [594]The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti
+ [595]The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti
and
- [595]70th Anniversary of Sacco and Vanzetti Execution
+ [596]70th Anniversary of Sacco and Vanzetti Execution
Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian anarchists framed in the United
States in the early 20s for a robbery and murder they did not commit.
In spite of world-wide protest, they were murdered by the state because
they were anarchists.
- [596]The Sacco and Vanzetti Project
+ [597]The Sacco and Vanzetti Project
Name says it all!
- [597]Kropotkin, Self-Valorization and the Crisis of Marxism by Harry
+ [598]Kropotkin, Self-Valorization and the Crisis of Marxism by Harry
Cleaver
Analysis of Kropotkin's ideas and methodology by an Autonomist Marxist.
The author correctly points out Kropotkin's method of analysing social
struggle and using this information to inform his anarchist ideas and
actions.
- [598]Noam Chomsky
+ [599]Noam Chomsky
Good introductary site on Noam Chomsky. Extensive links to other
Chomsky sites.
- [599]Joe Hill
+ [600]Joe Hill
Short introduction to the IWW song writer Joe Hill.
- [600]Buenaventura Durruti, Libertarian Communist Militant of Spain
+ [601]Buenaventura Durruti, Libertarian Communist Militant of Spain
Introduction to the life of Durruti, one of the most famous leading
militants of the Spanish Anarchist movement. As well as being a worker,
union activist and organiser of numerous strikes and insurrections,
Durruti led the anarchist militias which liberated 60% of Aragon from
the fascists in 1936.
- [601]Buenaventura Durruti -- by Peter E Newell
+ [602]Buenaventura Durruti -- by Peter E Newell
Useful introductory essay on Durruti.
- [602]The Nestor Makhno Archive
- [603]Nestor Makhno Archive
+ [603]The Nestor Makhno Archive
+ [604]Nestor Makhno Archive
Excellent collection of articles by and on Nestor Makhno, famous for
fighting both White and Red tyranny for anarchism and working class
freedom in the Ukraine during the Russian Civil War
- [604]The Anarchist Thought of Rudolf Rocker
[605]The Anarchist Thought of Rudolf Rocker
+ [606]The Anarchist Thought of Rudolf Rocker
Web-page dedicated to the anarcho-syndicalist activist and writer
Rudolf Rocker. Includes biographical information along with on-line
versions of his many works (including Anarcho-Syndicalism and
Nationalism and Culture).
- [606]Organizing for Radical Social Change Voltairine de Cleyre and
+ [607]Organizing for Radical Social Change Voltairine de Cleyre and
anarcha-feminism
- [607]Voltairine de Cleyre, the Anarchist Tradition and the Political
+ [608]Voltairine de Cleyre, the Anarchist Tradition and the Political
Challenge
Introductionary essays on Voltairine de Cleyre and her ideas.
- [608]Camillo Berneri
+ [609]Camillo Berneri
Biography of the leading anarchist militant Camillo Berneri, who was
murdered by the Stalinists during the May Days in Barcelona, 1937.
- [609]Francisco Ferrer
+ [610]Francisco Ferrer
Excellent introduction to the life and ideas of Modern School activist,
Francisco Ferrer.
- [610]Starhawk's Home Page
+ [611]Starhawk's Home Page
Webpage of Starhawk, an influential anti-gobalisation activist.
Contains excellent reports and analyses of actions.
- [611]Joseph Labadie -- Anarchist and Labour Agitor
+ [612]Joseph Labadie -- Anarchist and Labour Agitor
Webpage about Individualist Anarchist Joseph Labadie. Contains a
section of his writings and details of a new book about this
influential American anarchist and union activist.
- [612]Radical Politics, Radical Love: The Life of Dr. Marie Equi
+ [613]Radical Politics, Radical Love: The Life of Dr. Marie Equi
Webpage about Lesbian anarchist and wobbly Dr. Marie Equi.
- [613]William Morris Home Page
+ [614]William Morris Home Page
Home page of the English libertarian socialist and artist (and friend
of Kropotkin) William Morris, author of the classic utopian novel News
from Nowhere.
- [614]William Blake
- [615]The William Blake Page
+ [615]William Blake
+ [616]The William Blake Page
Webpages devoted to the works of the English poet, painter, engraver
and printer. Claimed by many to be a proto-Anarchist
- [616]B. Traven
+ [617]B. Traven
Webpage of the German anarchist who became a world famous author. Works
include the Zapata-like Jungle series and other classic class struggle
and anti-capitalist works.
- [617]Leo Tolstoy
+ [618]Leo Tolstoy
Essays and information about the famous Russian author who was alway a
Christian anarcho-pacifist.
- [618]George Orwell
- [619]George Orwell Homepage
- [620]Political Writings of George Orwell
+ [619]George Orwell
+ [620]George Orwell Homepage
+ [621]Political Writings of George Orwell
While not an anarchist, Orwell was a democratic socialist with many
ideas in common with anarchism. He wrote Homage to Catalonia, one of
the best books on the Spanish Revolution. Orwell wanted to join the CNT
militia, so that entitles him to being put in this section!
- [621]Jacques Ellul
+ [622]Jacques Ellul
Webpage about the anarcho-Christian Jacques Ellul.
- [622]RECOLLECTION BOOKS ON-LINE TEXTS BY JOHN ZERZAN
- [623]Spunk/library/writers/zerzan - John Zerzan
+ [623]RECOLLECTION BOOKS ON-LINE TEXTS BY JOHN ZERZAN
+ [624]Spunk/library/writers/zerzan - John Zerzan
Works by a leading "Primitivist" anarchist.
- [624]BY BOB BLACK
+ [625]BY BOB BLACK
Collection of essays by Bob Black.
- [625]Lysander Spooner Pages
+ [626]Lysander Spooner Pages
Website for the individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner. Has links to
some of his works.
- [626]FRENCH ANARCHIST-INDIVIDUALIST HOMEPAGE
+ [627]FRENCH ANARCHIST-INDIVIDUALIST HOMEPAGE
Contains, in English, articles on and about such french individualist
anarchists as E. Armand.
- [627]! Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) Sommaire (0)
+ [628]! Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) Sommaire (0)
Webpage on Proudhon (in French)
- [628]EUROPEAN INDIVIDUALIST ANARCHISTS
+ [629]EUROPEAN INDIVIDUALIST ANARCHISTS
Find out more about the likes of Armand and other anti-capitalist
- individualists. [629]deadanarchists home
+ individualists. [630]deadanarchists home
Find out about anarchists of the past.
Anarchist Publishers, Bookshops, Infoshops and Social Centres
@@ -2136,146 +2139,146 @@
anarchy in action across the world. Also useful for on-line sources for
getting anarchist and libertarian books and papers.
- [630]Jura Books Collective
+ [631]Jura Books Collective
Australian based anarchist group and bookshop.
- [631]AK Press Homepage
- [632]AK Press (Britain)
+ [632]AK Press Homepage
+ [633]AK Press (Britain)
Home Pages of the anarchist publishers and book distribution service.
If you need an anarchist book, this is the place to find it!
- [633]Left Bank Books Homepage
+ [634]Left Bank Books Homepage
Home page for Left Bank Distribution. Produces, amongst other things
the situationist classic The Revolution of Everyday Life.
- [634]223 Freedom and Mutual Aid Center
+ [635]223 Freedom and Mutual Aid Center
Anarchist self-managed centre based in Portland, Oregan, USA.
- [635]Blackout Books: Anarchist Politics & Culture in New York City
+ [636]Blackout Books: Anarchist Politics & Culture in New York City
New York based infoshop.
- [636]Barricade Books
+ [637]Barricade Books
Info and bookshop in Melbourne, Australia.
- [637]Freedom Press Home Page
- [638]freedompress.org.uk
+ [638]Freedom Press Home Page
+ [639]freedompress.org.uk
Publishers of anarchist books and papers since 1886. Based in London,
Britain.
- [639]ATTACK INTERNATIONAL
+ [640]ATTACK INTERNATIONAL
UK based anarchist publishers. Producers of the excellent anarcho-Tin
Tin classic "Breaking Free".
- [640]Lucy Parsons Center
+ [641]Lucy Parsons Center
A radical left education project in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- [641]Lucy Parsons Center
+ [642]Lucy Parsons Center
An autonomous radical community center/bookstore in Boston,
Massachusetts, USA.
- [642]Black Rose Books
+ [643]Black Rose Books
Excellent, well organised homepage for the anarchist publishers Black
- Rose. Based in Canada. Visit [643]for Black Rose in Australia.
+ Rose. Based in Canada. Visit [644]for Black Rose in Australia.
- [644]Black Planet Radical Bookstore
+ [645]Black Planet Radical Bookstore
An anarchist and radical bookshop in the USA.
- [645]Black Planet
+ [646]Black Planet
An anarchist and radical book mail order service
- [646]Centro Social Libertario
+ [647]Centro Social Libertario
Self-managed anarchist social centre in Spain. Includes the journal
- [647]El Acratador.
+ [648]El Acratador.
- [648]Westhuman Anarchist Press
+ [649]Westhuman Anarchist Press
Anarchist publishing base in Canada.
- [649]Anarres Books Home Page
+ [650]Anarres Books Home Page
Anarchist Bookshop in, East Brunswick Australia. Named after the
fictional moon which was home to the anarchist society created by
Ursula Le Guin in her classic Science Fiction novel The Dispossessed.
- [650]Autonmous Centre of Edinburgh
+ [651]Autonmous Centre of Edinburgh
Self-managed social centre in Edinburgh, Scotland.
- [651]1 in 12 Club
+ [652]1 in 12 Club
Long running self-managed anarchist social centre in Bradford, England.
- [652]Kate Sharpley Library
[653]Kate Sharpley Library
+ [654]Kate Sharpley Library
UK based anarchist library and publishers. The late Albert Meltzer
helped start it.
- [654]See Sharp Press Web Site
+ [655]See Sharp Press Web Site
Anarchist printers, based in Tucson, USA. For books, pamphlets and
bumper stickers.
- [655]Elephant Editions
+ [656]Elephant Editions
Elephant Editions are an anarchist publishers who produce cheap
versions of anarchist classics by the likes of Kropotkin and Malatesta,
plus more recent works.
- [656]Autonomedia/Semiotext(e)
+ [657]Autonomedia/Semiotext(e)
New York based publishers. Includes books on libertarian marxism and
situationism.
- [657]The Albert Meltzer Press
+ [658]The Albert Meltzer Press
British based publishers. Named after one of the leading members of the
British (and international) anarchist movement who died in 1996.
Contains short reviews of various books, plus links to other anarchist
sites.
- [658]Kasa de la Muntanya
+ [659]Kasa de la Muntanya
Excellent looking webpage for anarchist social centre in Barcelona,
Spain.
- [659]Catalyst Distribution
+ [660]Catalyst Distribution
Catalyst Distribution is a non-profit anarchist book distribution
service based in L.A. in the USA.
- [660]The Red and Black Book Project
+ [661]The Red and Black Book Project
Project to publish anarchist books.
- [661]The Anarchist Teapot - free community cafe & info centre in
+ [662]The Anarchist Teapot - free community cafe & info centre in
Worthing
Name says it all!
- [662]SYNDIKALISTISKT FORUM
+ [663]SYNDIKALISTISKT FORUM
Anarchist bookstore in Sweden.
- [663]the Emma Center
+ [664]the Emma Center
An Integrative anarchist center for creativity, learning and community
in urban Nashville, USA.
- [664]Paupers Bookshop
+ [665]Paupers Bookshop
Anarchist Bookshop in Bowling Green, OH, USA.
- [665]El Lokal
+ [666]El Lokal
Anarchist Bookshop and social centre in Barcelona, Catalonia/Spain.
- [666]Confronto
+ [667]Confronto
Anarchist booksellers from Portugal.
- [667]Libertad Verlag Berlin/K�ln
+ [668]Libertad Verlag Berlin/K�ln
German Language Anarchist Publisher.
- [668]N�cleo de Sociabilidade Libert�ria
+ [669]N�cleo de Sociabilidade Libert�ria
Brazilian anarchist publishers
- [669]Anarchist Bookfair
+ [670]Anarchist Bookfair
Webpage of the yearly London based anarchist bookfair.
- [670]Zabalaza Books - "Knowledge is the Key to be Free!"
- [671]Zabalaza Books
+ [671]Zabalaza Books - "Knowledge is the Key to be Free!"
+ [672]Zabalaza Books
Zabalaza (struggle) Books is based on Southern Africa and aims to make
Anarchist literature cheaply available to working and poor people there
-- "Knowledge is the Key to be Free."
- [672]Christie Books
+ [673]Christie Books
Webpage for books produced by the publishing project of Stuart Christie
(Scotland's most famous anarchist). Has articles for download as well.
- [673]Wooden Shoe Books
+ [674]Wooden Shoe Books
Anarchist bookshop in Philadelphia, USA.
Anarchist and Radical Music and Art
@@ -2286,64 +2289,64 @@
"A pamphlet, no matter how good, is never read more than once, but a
song is learned by heart and repeated over and over" -- Joe Hill
- [674]Songs of the IWW
+ [675]Songs of the IWW
Classic songs from the Wobblies' "Little Red Song Book". Fan those
flames of discontent!
- [675]The First Church of Chumbawamba
- [676]Chumba.org
+ [676]The First Church of Chumbawamba
+ [677]Chumba.org
Home pages for the anarchist band Chumbawamba.
- [677]Phil Ochs
+ [678]Phil Ochs
Home page about the radical sixities folk singer Phil Ochs. Member of
the Industrial Workers of the World, he wrote many classic songs
(including Love me, I'm a Liberal, Links on the Chain, Joe Hill and
There but for Fortune). Well worth checking out.
- [678]The Levellers Page
+ [679]The Levellers Page
Home page of the anarchist influenced folk bank The Levellers. There is
one way of life and that's your own!
- [679]Uit de Sloot
+ [680]Uit de Sloot
Dutch anarcho-punk band. One of its members is maintainer of the
anarchy-list (a mailing list on anarchism).
- [680]Mutual Aid Recordings
+ [681]Mutual Aid Recordings
Includes the likes of Chumbawamba and Noam Chomsky (!) in their
catalogue.
- [681]Anarchist, libertarian and rebel songs from around the world
+ [682]Anarchist, libertarian and rebel songs from around the world
Find out the words for your favourite anarchist song!
- [682]Rage Against the Machine
+ [683]Rage Against the Machine
Official homepage of the famous radical band.
- [683]Brigada Flores Magon
+ [684]Brigada Flores Magon
Anarchist band from France.
- [684]Utah Phillips
+ [685]Utah Phillips
US radical/IWW folk singer and story teller.
- [685]Donald Rooum's Art and Argument
+ [686]Donald Rooum's Art and Argument
Webpage of anarchist comic artist Donald Rooum. Contains examples of
his Wildcat comic (takes time to load).
- [686]ANARCHY AND THE ARTS
+ [687]ANARCHY AND THE ARTS
Extensive listing of anarchist artists and art. Very good.
- [687]Anarchist Art
+ [688]Anarchist Art
This site is the home to all kinds of anarchist and anarchistic art.
They hope that eventually the art here will take many forms - cartoons,
music, poetry, digital or multimedia art and more.
- [688]Joe Hill's Songs (and tributes)
+ [689]Joe Hill's Songs (and tributes)
Webpage on IWW song writer and martyr.
- [689]The Mark Thomas Product
- [690]Mark Thomas @ MTCP.CO>UK
+ [690]The Mark Thomas Product
+ [691]Mark Thomas @ MTCP.CO>UK
Offical and unofficial homepages of radical comic Mark Thomas.
- [691]Anarcho-Syndicalism in Audio
+ [692]Anarcho-Syndicalism in Audio
Collection of anarchist and syndicalist songs.
Sites on Anarchist History
@@ -2351,164 +2354,164 @@
Web-pages on events which are of interest to anarchists, such as
revolutions, social rebellions, general strikes and so on.
- [692]Internet Anarchist University - Anarchist History
+ [693]Internet Anarchist University - Anarchist History
Links to sites about anarchist history. Part of the Mid-Atlantic
Infoshop.
- [693]C.I.R.A. - Lausanne
+ [694]C.I.R.A. - Lausanne
International Center for Research on Anarchism (CIRA). This houses
works on the anarchist movement and philosophy in more than 25
languages. Based in Switzerland.
- [694]Anarchism in the Spanish Revolution
+ [695]Anarchism in the Spanish Revolution
A web-page celebrating the role of anarchists in the Spanish revolution
and their achievements in trying to create a new society free from
oppression and exploitation. Links to over 60 articles and webpages.
- [695]The Bolsheviks and Workers Control -- by Maurice Brinton
+ [696]The Bolsheviks and Workers Control -- by Maurice Brinton
A remarkable pamphlet exposing the struggle that took place over the
running of workplaces in the immediate aftermath of the Russian
Revolution. It exposes the myth that Leninism has anything to do with
socialism.
- [696]Special Collections - The Siege and Commune of Paris
+ [697]Special Collections - The Siege and Commune of Paris
Collection of documents and pictures about the Paris Commune of 1871.
- [697]The German Revolution
+ [698]The German Revolution
Documents about the German Revolution of 1918 to 1923. Concentrates on
Council Communists involved in it.
- [698]Hungary, 1956
- [699]The Hungarian Revolution
+ [699]Hungary, 1956
+ [700]The Hungarian Revolution
Short introductions to the revolution against Russian imposed state
capitalism that occured in Hungary, 1956. In fighting against state
capitalism, they also rejected market capitalism in favour of a system
of self-managed workers' councils.
- [700]Russia's Revolutionary Anarchist Movement
+ [701]Russia's Revolutionary Anarchist Movement
Excellent introduction to the anarchist role in the Russian Revolution.
Originally from Clifford Harper's excellent book, Anarchy: A Graphic
Guide
- [701]Collectives In Spain
+ [702]Collectives In Spain
Gaston Level's excellent summary of the self-managed collectives
created in the Spanish Revolution.
- [702]To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of
+ [703]To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of
1936 -- by Murray Bookchin
Useful introductory essays on the anarchist inspired social revolution
in Spain, 1936.
- [703]Another Spain - Forgotten Heroes
+ [704]Another Spain - Forgotten Heroes
Article on Spanish Resistance to Fascism in France during the second
world war from the anti-fascist magazine Fighting Talk. Find out about
the anarchist militia's involvement against German occupation.
- [704]Another Spain - The People Armed
+ [705]Another Spain - The People Armed
Article on the role of anarchist women in the Spanish Revolution, their
part in the street fighting in the first days, on the front line and
creating the revolution in the "home front."
- [705]The Spanish Revolution & Civil War 1936-1939
+ [706]The Spanish Revolution & Civil War 1936-1939
Introductory essay on the Spanish Civil War in which anarchists played
a major role. Has links to anarchist related sites and various
viewpoints on the civil war (from fascist and right-libertarian
perspectives to anarchist and marxist ones).
- [706]The Rattle of the Thompson Gun: Resistance to Franco 1939-52
+ [707]The Rattle of the Thompson Gun: Resistance to Franco 1939-52
Anarchist resistance to the Franco dictatorship after the end of the
civil war.
- [707]The First Anti-Fascists
+ [708]The First Anti-Fascists
Short, but excellent, introduction to resistance against the rise of
Fascism in Italy, in the early 1920s. Anarchists played a key role in
the struggle.
- [708]Makhnovists & The Russian Revolution
- [709]Nestor Makhno et la Makhnovstchina
+ [709]Makhnovists & The Russian Revolution
+ [710]Nestor Makhno et la Makhnovstchina
Short introductions about the anarchist Makhnovist movement and the
role they played in the Russian revolution.
- [710]October 1917 : A lost opportunity for socialism? The Russian
+ [711]October 1917 : A lost opportunity for socialism? The Russian
Revolution
Anarchist analysis of the Russian Revolution.
- [711]The Kronstadt Uprising -- Ida Mett.
+ [712]The Kronstadt Uprising -- Ida Mett.
Excellent account of the 1921 uprising against Lenin's dictatorship. A
classic introduction to a key event of the Russian Revolution.
- [712]Translation of Izvestiia of the Kronstadt rebellion - 1921
+ [713]Translation of Izvestiia of the Kronstadt rebellion - 1921
Newspaper of the Kronstadt rebels. Essential reading to counter
Leninist lies about the Kronstadt revolt.
- [713]Pravda o Kronshtadte: The Truth About Kronstadt
+ [714]Pravda o Kronshtadte: The Truth About Kronstadt
Good introduction to the Kronstadt uprising in 1921. Contains all the
issues of the newspaper produced by the rebels.
- [714]Left Bank Books Collective: Mayday Histories
+ [715]Left Bank Books Collective: Mayday Histories
Short introduction to the history importance of May Day, International
Workers Day. Has links and references on the subject.
- [715]Women's History Information Project of the IWW
+ [716]Women's History Information Project of the IWW
Name says it all. Information about anarchist and other revolutionary
women and their history.
- [716]Origins and Ideals of the Modern School
+ [717]Origins and Ideals of the Modern School
Excellent introduction to the Modern School movement and its ideas. See
- also [717]Finding Aid : Intro & History : Stelton Modern School
+ also [718]Finding Aid : Intro & History : Stelton Modern School
Collection.
- [718]The Italian Factory Occupations of 1920
+ [719]The Italian Factory Occupations of 1920
Important article on the near revolution in Italy in 1920 in which
anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists played an important role.
- [719]Workers Power & the Spanish Revolution
+ [720]Workers Power & the Spanish Revolution
Excellent analysis of the role of the CNT-FAI in the Spanish Revolution
from an anarcho-syndicalist perspective.
- [720]The Friends of Durruti Group: 1937-1939
+ [721]The Friends of Durruti Group: 1937-1939
Excellent, if flawed, book about one of the anarchist groups during the
Spanish Revolution which opposed the CNT-FAI's disasterous policy of
co-operating with the Republican state. Author, as a libertarian
Marxist, tries to paint the Friends as Marxists rather than anarchists,
but an important work on an otherwise little documented group.
- [721]Biographie de Jules Bonnot
+ [722]Biographie de Jules Bonnot
Information about one of the French "illegalist" group active in France
at the start of the twentieth century. Influenced by Stirner, they
expropriated wealth all across France and in the process invented the
get-away-car! Victor Serge was associated with them in his anarchist
days.
- [722]DAILY BLEED: Calendar of Eclectic events, Public Secrets
+ [723]DAILY BLEED: Calendar of Eclectic events, Public Secrets
Extensive listing of events, people, links of a radical and interesting
nature. Find out what happened on a given day!
- [723]The Anarchist Timeline/Chronology (1300+ Dates & Events)
+ [724]The Anarchist Timeline/Chronology (1300+ Dates & Events)
Name says it all!
- [724]Radical Tradition
+ [725]Radical Tradition
Australian radical and anarchist history.
- [725]May 1968 Graffiti
+ [726]May 1968 Graffiti
Graffiti from the general strike and near revolution in France, 1968.
- [726]History of the CNT
+ [727]History of the CNT
Short introduction to the history of the Spanish CNT. Includes
powerpoint presentation.
- [727]The Anarchist Movement in Japan
+ [728]The Anarchist Movement in Japan
Excellent introduction to the anarchist movement in Japan.
- [728]Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement -- by Frank Fernandez
+ [729]Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement -- by Frank Fernandez
Excellent account of the history of the Cuban anarchist movement, from
its beginnings to its suppression under Castro's dictatorship.
- [729]Haymarket Affair (American Memory, Library of Congress)
- [730]The Dramas of Haymarket
+ [730]Haymarket Affair (American Memory, Library of Congress)
+ [731]The Dramas of Haymarket
Two excellent pages on the Haymarket events of 1886.
- [731]Anarchism in Africa: A history of a movement -- by Sam Mbah and
+ [732]Anarchism in Africa: A history of a movement -- by Sam Mbah and
I.E. Igariwey
Excellent introduction to both anarchism and anarchism in Africa.
@@ -2517,36 +2520,36 @@
Web-pages with useful resources for pratical uses (such as leaflets in
pdf format, organising suggestions, etc.).
- [732]libcom.org | libertarian community and organising resource for
+ [733]libcom.org | libertarian community and organising resource for
Britain
An impression site with news, library, forums, and a whole lot more.
Recommended.
- [733]Listing of PDF files accessable on Revolt
+ [734]Listing of PDF files accessable on Revolt
Excellent collection of leaflets and pamphlets available in pdf format
and suitable for printing.
- [734]On-Line Literature
- [735]Zabalaza Books - Downloads
+ [735]On-Line Literature
+ [736]Zabalaza Books - Downloads
Another excellent collection of pdf format pamphlets from Zabalaza
Books in South Africa.
- [736]A practical guide to anarchist organisation for beginners
+ [737]A practical guide to anarchist organisation for beginners
Introduction and suggestions for organising an anarchist group.
- [737]Anarchism in Action: Methods, Tactics, Skills, and Ideas
+ [738]Anarchism in Action: Methods, Tactics, Skills, and Ideas
Excellent introduction. Full of useful information.
- [738]Organize Your Own IWW Branch
+ [739]Organize Your Own IWW Branch
Find out how to organise an IWW branch where you work or live.
- [739]Organizing Center
+ [740]Organizing Center
Useful IWW webpage on organising radical labour unions.
- [740]AG Kiosk: Anti-Authoritarian Poster Network
+ [741]AG Kiosk: Anti-Authoritarian Poster Network
Anarchist images.
- [741]Anarchist Images
+ [742]Anarchist Images
Yet more Anarchist graphics!
Anarchist Newsgroups
@@ -2562,144 +2565,144 @@
out yourselves, while the contents of mailing lists keep dumping down
in your mailbox.
- [742]alt.anarchism
+ [743]alt.anarchism
- [743]alt.society.anarchy
+ [744]alt.society.anarchy
- [744]alt.anarchism.communist
+ [745]alt.anarchism.communist
- [745]alt.anarchism.syndicalist
+ [746]alt.anarchism.syndicalist
- [746]alt.politics.socialism.libertarian
+ [747]alt.politics.socialism.libertarian
Anarchist Related Newsgroups
Here are a list of the news-groups which anarchists will find
interesting and useful.
- [747]alt.org.iww
+ [748]alt.org.iww
- [748]alt.society.civil-disob
+ [749]alt.society.civil-disob
- [749]alt.society.labor-unions
+ [750]alt.society.labor-unions
- [750]alt.politics.radical-left
+ [751]alt.politics.radical-left
- [751]alt.society.resistance
+ [752]alt.society.resistance
- [752]alt.society.revolution
+ [753]alt.society.revolution
- [753]alt.fan.noam-chomsky
+ [754]alt.fan.noam-chomsky
- [754]misc.activism.progressive
+ [755]misc.activism.progressive
Anarchist and Syndicalist Mailing Lists
E-mail based lists which are explicitly anarchist or for supporters of
revolutionary unionism.
- [755]anarchy-list
+ [756]anarchy-list
List for discussions about anarchism with over 200 members. Heavy
traffic, most of which can easily be ignored but does have very
interesting discussions very frequently. Its like a virtual anarchist
pub (or bar). To subscribe send a message and ask politely to be
- subscribed to the anarchy-list. There is also an [756]archive of the
+ subscribed to the anarchy-list. There is also an [757]archive of the
anarchy-list.
- [757]Research on Anarchism
+ [758]Research on Anarchism
This list is moderated, which means less traffic and less arguing than
the anarchy-list. To join, send them a message and ask to be
- subscribed. Visit their webpage [758]here
+ subscribed. Visit their webpage [759]here
- [759]A-Infos
+ [760]A-Infos
News, reports and analysis from international anarchist newsagencies.
To subscribe send send a message with the words SUBSCRIBE A-INFOS in
the body of the message. There is a seperate list for discussing the
contents of A-INFOS. To subscribe add the words SUBSCRIBE A-INFOS-D to
the body of your message.
- [760]
+ [761]
IWW-news
The IWW's list for alternative news. Fairly active mailing-lists, but
the postings are not always all that interesting. To subscribe send a
message with the words SUBSCRIBE IWW-NEWS in the body of the message.
- [761]OneUnion
+ [762]OneUnion
List for discussing syndicalism and anarchosyndicalism. To subscribe
send a message with the word SUBSCRIBE in the subject line.
- [762]AIT-IWA-list
+ [763]AIT-IWA-list
Mailing list about the syndicalist international. To subscribe send a
message with the word SUBSCRIBE in the subject line.
- [763]Organise
+ [764]Organise
This is a private, invitation-only list run by dedicated "class
struggle anarchists" (libertarian socialists, anarcho-syndicalists, and
anarchist communists). To ask to see the guidelines in order to join,
send email to the above address.
- [764]Solidarity
+ [765]Solidarity
This list is a sister list of the Organise list. The list has the same
guidelines as Organise -- class struggle anarchism, but the guidelines
are not enforced. Anyone is free to join. To subscribe, send an email
to with "subscribe solidarity" in the message body to the above
address.
- [765]AUSANET
+ [766]AUSANET
This is a list for anarchist discussion for Australians (and New
Zealanders too, we assume). To subscribe send them a message and ask to
be added.
- [766]Anarchy-Ireland
+ [767]Anarchy-Ireland
Mailing list about anarchism and/in Ireland. To subscribe send a
message with the word SUBSCRIBE in the subject line.
- [767]Anarcha-feminist
+ [768]Anarcha-feminist
Monster, a anarcho-feminist group in the US is running an
anarcha-feminist list. To join mail the above address and ask to
subscribe.
- [768]Anetdev
+ [769]Anetdev
Forum for discussing setting up an international anarchist computer
network, linking BBS'es, internet sites, etc. To join send a message
with the words SUBSCRIBE ANETDEV in the body of the message.
- [769]Mid-Atlantic Infoshop - Infoshop.org News and Opinion Wire
+ [770]Mid-Atlantic Infoshop - Infoshop.org News and Opinion Wire
Up to date anarchist and activist news and opinion. Infoshop-news
contains the best from the alternative press, as well as news from the
corporate/boss press that is of interest to activists. To subscribe to
- Infoshop-news, send a message to [770]majordomo@flag.blackened.net with
+ Infoshop-news, send a message to [771]majordomo@flag.blackened.net with
nothing in the subject line and "subscribe infoshop-news" in the body.
- [771]Anarchist Educational List
+ [772]Anarchist Educational List
To Subscribe, send email with "subscribe anoked-l" in the message BODY.
- [772]Alternative Network for Eastern Europe
+ [773]Alternative Network for Eastern Europe
Started by the Polish Anarchist Federation. To join send a mail with
the words "SUBSCRIBE ALTER-EE" in the body of the message.
- [773]Anarq-Lat
+ [774]Anarq-Lat
ANARQLAT es un foro para usuarios de correo electronico, constituido en
torno a la tematica del Anarquismo en America Latina - Para suscribirse
a la lista envie un mensaje sin subject, colocando en el cuerpo del
mismo: "subscribe anarqlat"
[Spanish/ Portuguese language list for Latin American anarchism].
- [774]anarchist propaganda list
+ [775]anarchist propaganda list
The idea of this list is that people and groups will post copies of
their fliers, pamphlets, articles etc for anyone to copy and use. To
subscribe, send an empty message to the above address.
- [775]Freedom Press International
+ [776]Freedom Press International
A discussion list for anarchists, libertarian socialists and other
radicals. Themes will be varied but it is hoped that discussion will
centre on practical anarchism and its role in the wider political
community. To join the list send a message to the above address with
the message subscribe fpi-d
- [776]Mujeres Libres
- [777]Mujeres Libres is a new anarcha-feminist mailing list. It is a
+ [777]Mujeres Libres
+ [778]Mujeres Libres is a new anarcha-feminist mailing list. It is a
list for anarchist women. It is a space for to meet, exchange
information, and learn about each other and each other's struggles. It
is not just concerned with "women's issues", but with all issues that
@@ -2708,87 +2711,87 @@
above address and with first line of your message should read subscribe
MujeresLibres. There is no need to include a subject line.
- [778]INTERNET ACTION GROUP LIST
+ [779]INTERNET ACTION GROUP LIST
The list is for people who want to focus on spreading the idea of
anarchism by Internet-related means. To subscribe, send a message to
daver@flag.blackened.net with "subscribe iag (email address)" in the
message body.
- [779]RELIGIOUS ANARCHY LIST
+ [780]RELIGIOUS ANARCHY LIST
This list is for people who are both religious and anarchists to
discuss their views with each other. To subscribe, send a message to
the above address with "subscribe rel-anarchy " in the message body.
- [780]Atlantic Anarchist Circle
+ [781]Atlantic Anarchist Circle
New regional anarchist network for east-coast US & Canada. To join send
a mail to the above address with the words "subscribe aac" in the body
of the message.
- [781]Washington, D.C. area
+ [782]Washington, D.C. area
For anarchists and anti-authoritarians living in the Washington, D.C.
area, including folks living in Maryland, D.C., Northern Virginia,
Eastern West Virginia, and the DelMarVa Pennisula. To join, send an
email with no subject to the above address. In the body of the message
include: "subscribe dc "
- [782]Red and Black a
+ [783]Red and Black a
regional list for all varieties of the Libertarian Left in the
Midwestern USA. To Subscribe mail the above address with the SUBJECT
subscribe.
- [783]Anarchy in the South U.S.
+ [784]Anarchy in the South U.S.
A new listserv which hopes to become an online community for
anarchists, left-libertarians, and anti-authoritarians living in the
southeastern United States. To subscribe email the above address with
the message "subscribe south "
- [784]Alternative Network for Eastern Europe >br>Started by the Polish
+ [785]Alternative Network for Eastern Europe >br>Started by the Polish
Anarchist Federation. To join send mail to the above address with the
words "SUBSCRIBE ALTER-EE" in the body of the message. Also see
- [785]this webpage.
+ [786]this webpage.
- [786]Ex-yu-a-lista
+ [787]Ex-yu-a-lista
Ex-yu-a-lista is meant for circulation of information and discussion
among anarchists in countries which emerged from what was once SFR
Yugoslavia. Language(s): southslavic. To subscribe visit the above
webpage and fill in the details.
- [787]Anarko
+ [788]Anarko
Anarchist list for finnish-speaking anarchists. To join, contact the
above address.
- [788]Confederation of Anarchist Youth
+ [789]Confederation of Anarchist Youth
This is a new net work of young anarchists. To join their mailing list,
send a mail to the above address with "SUBSCRIBE CAY (firstname)
(lastname)" in body of the message.
- [789]WSA-talk The list of the American section of the IWA. To join send
+ [790]WSA-talk The list of the American section of the IWA. To join send
a message to the above address with the word SUBSCRIBE in the subject
line.
- [790]Chicano/a, Mexicano/a Anarchists
+ [791]Chicano/a, Mexicano/a Anarchists
Mailing list created by and for Chicano/a, Mexicano/a Anarchists to
discuss our ideas, culture and projects. To join, send a blank message
to the above address.
- [791]Kansas City Anarchists List
+ [792]Kansas City Anarchists List
Organizing and announcements list for anarchists living in the Kansas
City/Lawrence region of the U.S. To subscribe send an email to the
above address with "subscribe kc"
- [792]Black/African American Anarchists
+ [793]Black/African American Anarchists
A mailing list for black/African American people interested in
anarchism/libertarian socialism. To subscribe, send a message to the
above address with "subscribe black-libertarians" in the message body.
- [793]Anarchism
+ [794]Anarchism
A list like the popular "Anarchy-List" but moderated to eliminate abuse
and spam. To subscribe send an empty message to the above address. To
- subscribe to an unmoderated version, send an empty message to [794]this
+ subscribe to an unmoderated version, send an empty message to [795]this
address. These lists are anti-capitalist.
- [795]Anarchist Teachers list
+ [796]Anarchist Teachers list
A list for anarchist and anti-authoritarian teachers, educators,
schoolworkers, free skool instructors, and educational workers has been
set up. You don't have to teach a class in anarchism to join. If you
@@ -2797,814 +2800,815 @@
subscribe, send an email to the above address and in the body, type:
"subscribe teachers"
- [796]Anarchism and the Spanish Revolution email list
+ [797]Anarchism and the Spanish Revolution email list
For those interested in discussing the Spanish Revolution.
- [797]The Anarchist Platform - a mailing list for anarchists
+ [798]The Anarchist Platform - a mailing list for anarchists
For those interested in discussing Platformist anarchism and the
Platform of Libertarian Communism.
- [798]ATUN
+ [799]ATUN
Discussion list for UK based Anarchists interested in industrial
networking, organising and struggle.
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
- 2. http://www.ainfos.ca/
- 3. http://212.204.198.111/
- 4. http://news.infoshop.org/
- 5. http://www.anarkismo.net/index.php
- 6. http://solidarity.anarchosyndicalism.org/stories.php
- 7. http://www.indymedia.org/
- 8. http://www.anarchomedia.cjb.net/
- 9. http://www.anarchistnews.org/
- 10. http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/defanar.html
- 11. http://www.black-rose.com/articles-liz/intro-@.html
- 12. http://william-king.www.drexel.edu/top/pol/manifesto.html
- 13. http://www.spunk.org/
- 14. http://www.etext.org/Politics/Spunk/library/index/sp_index.html
- 15. http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Jack.Jansen/spunk/
- 16. http://www.anarweb.freesurf.fr/
- 17. http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/
- 18. http://www.infoshop.org/
- 19. http://burn.ucsd.edu/~mai/
- 20. http://www.illegalvoices.org/apoc/
- 21. http://www.radio4all.org/anarchy/
- 22. http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/liberty.html
- 23. http://www.eskimo.com/~galt/revolt.html
- 24. http://www.lincoln.ac.uk/spp/charlie/grand/anarchy/who.html
- 25. http://Web.cs.city.ac.uk/homes/louise/seed2.html
- 26. http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~ctb/anarchy
- 27. http://www.xchange.anarki.net/~subvert/
- 28. http://www.blancmange.net/tmh/
- 29. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/1543/
- 30. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5362/index.html
- 31. http://tierra.ucsd.edu/
- 32. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5065/index.html
- 33. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5065/between.html
- 34. http://www.euro.net/mark-space/Anarchy.html
- 35. http://www.struggle.ws/inter.html
- 36. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3345/andex.html
- 37. http://reflect.cat.org.au/
- 38. http://www.cat.org.au/
- 39. http://members.xoom.com/red_page
- 40. http://www.anarki.net/index.html
- 41. http://flag.blackened.net/agony/nenw.html
- 42. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/3351/
- 43. http://burn.ucsd.edu/~anow/
- 44. http://dmoz.org/Society/Politics/Libertarian/Collectivist_Libertarianism/
- 45. http://flag.blackened.net/chuck0/
- 46. http://www.infoshop.org/humor/index.html
- 47. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/4544/
- 48. http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/3150/Anarchy.html
- 49. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/6532/
- 50. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/3066/
- 51. http://concordia.pirg.ca/anarchism/
- 52. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8827/
- 53. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/8827/slavery.html
- 54. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4716/
- 55. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5224/
- 56. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/
- 57. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/1313/
- 58. http://www.ozemail.com.au/~feen/politics.html
- 59. http://expert.cc.purdue.edu/~johncw5/
- 60. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/5956/
- 61. http://black.cat.org.au/aprop/
- 62. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/5326/
- 63. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/4243/
- 64. http://www.freespeech.org/anarchytos/
- 65. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9857/index.html
- 66. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/7086/
- 67. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/7094/index.html
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+ 333. http://www.airlifted.com/alu/
+ 334. http://home.earthlink.net/~foodnotbombs/
+ 335. http://nolaanarchy.cjb.net/
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+ 366. http://www.blackcrosscollective.org/
+ 367. http://www.angry.at/racists
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+ 370. http://www.stanford.edu/~miballar/
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+ 717. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5422/origins.html
+ 718. http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rulib/spcol/modern.htm
+ 719. http://www.uncanny.net/~wsa/ital1920.html
+ 720. http://www.uncanny.net/~wsa/spain.html
+ 721. http://www.spunk.org/library/places/spain/sp001780/index.html
+ 722. http://www.chez.com/durru/bonnot/bonnot.htm
+ 723. http://www.eskimo.com/~recall/bleed/calmast.htm
+ 724. http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/indexTimeline.htm
+ 725. http://www.takver.com/history/index.htm
+ 726. http://www.slip.net/~knabb/CF/graffiti.htm
+ 727. http://www.peddie.org/princip/arothman/Es97-aar.htm
+ 728. http://flag.blackened.net/af/ace/japan.html
+ 729. http://www.illegalvoices.org/apoc/books/cuban/front.html
+ 730. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award98/ichihtml/hayhome.html
+ 731. http://www.chicagohistory.org/dramas/
+ 732. http://www.illegalvoices.org/apoc/books/aa/toc.html
+ 733. http://libcom.org/
+ 734. http://struggle.ws/pdf.html
+ 735. http://www.struggle.ws/africa/safrica/zababooks/Downloads.htm
+ 736. http://www.zabalaza.net/zababooks/downloads.htm
+ 737. http://struggle.ws/ap/organise.html
+ 738. http://www.radio4all.org/aia/
+ 739. http://everest.iww.org/
+ 740. http://bari.iww.org/homesites/organize.html
+ 741. http://www.infoshop.org/aapn.html
+ 742. http://meltingpot.fortunecity.com/france/510/main.htm
+ 743. news:alt.anarchism
+ 744. news:alt.society.anarchy
+ 745. news:alt.anarchism.communist
+ 746. news:alt.anarchism.syndicalist
+ 747. news:alt.politics.socialism.libertarian
+ 748. news:alt.org.iww
+ 749. news:alt.society.civil-disob
+ 750. news:alt.society.labor-unions
+ 751. news:alt.politics.radical-left
+ 752. news:alt.society.resistance
+ 753. news:alt.society.revolution
+ 754. news:alt.fan.noam-chomsky
+ 755. news:misc.activism.progressive
+ 756. mailto:%20majordomo@lists.village.virginia.edu
+ 757. http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Jack.Jansen/anarchy/anarchy.html
+ 758. mailto:ra-l@bred.univ-montp3.fr
+ 759. http://melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_forum/index.html
+ 760. mailto:majordomo@lglobal.com
+ 761. mailto:majordomo@igc.apc.org
+ 762. mailto:oneunion-request@list.uncanny.net
+ 763. mailto:AIT-IWA-list-request@list.uncanny.net
+ 764. mailto:platform@geocities.com
+ 765. mailto:%20majordomo@flag.blackened.net
+ 766. mailto:ausanet-request@lyst.apana.org.au
+ 767. mailto:Majordomo@morrigan.alabanza.com
+ 768. mailto:listserv@socsci.smith.ed
+ 769. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
+ 770. http://www.infoshop.org/infoshop-news.html
+ 771. mailto:majordomo@flag.blackened.net
+ 772. mailto:majordomo@boink.clark.net
+ 773. mailto:listserv@plearn.edu.pl
+ 774. mailto:majordomo@majordomo.ucv.edu.ve
+ 775. mailto:geton.anarchoprop@cat.org.au
776. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
- 777. http://www.geocities.com/Paris/2159/mujeres_mail.html
- 778. mailto:daver@flag.blackened.net
+ 777. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
+ 778. http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.geocities.com/Paris/2159/mujeres_mail.html
779. mailto:daver@flag.blackened.net
- 780. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
+ 780. mailto:daver@flag.blackened.net
781. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
- 782. mailto:red-and-black-request@iww.org
- 783. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
- 784. mailto:listserv@plearn.edu.pl
- 785. http://www.most.org.pl/alter/fa
- 786. http://inje.iskon.hr/mailman/listinfo/ex-yu-a-lista
- 787. mailto:ravelre@dlc.fi
- 788. mailto:listserv@burn.ucsd.edu
- 789. mailto:WSA-talk-request@list.uncanny.net
- 790. mailto:yabasta-subscribe@egroups.com
- 791. mailto:majordomo@tao.c
- 792. mailto:majordomo@flag.blackened.net
- 793. mailto:anarchism-subscribe@egroups.com
- 794. mailto:anarchism-subscribe@onelist.com
- 795. mailto:lists@tao.ca
- 796. http://www.struggle.ws/lists/spain.html
- 797. http://www.struggle.ws/platform.html
- 798. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/atundiscussiongroup/
+ 782. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
+ 783. mailto:red-and-black-request@iww.org
+ 784. mailto:majordomo@tao.ca
+ 785. mailto:listserv@plearn.edu.pl
+ 786. http://www.most.org.pl/alter/fa
+ 787. http://inje.iskon.hr/mailman/listinfo/ex-yu-a-lista
+ 788. mailto:ravelre@dlc.fi
+ 789. mailto:listserv@burn.ucsd.edu
+ 790. mailto:WSA-talk-request@list.uncanny.net
+ 791. mailto:yabasta-subscribe@egroups.com
+ 792. mailto:majordomo@tao.c
+ 793. mailto:majordomo@flag.blackened.net
+ 794. mailto:anarchism-subscribe@egroups.com
+ 795. mailto:anarchism-subscribe@onelist.com
+ 796. mailto:lists@tao.ca
+ 797. http://www.struggle.ws/lists/spain.html
+ 798. http://www.struggle.ws/platform.html
+ 799. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/atundiscussiongroup/
diff --git a/txt/append1.txt b/txt/append1.txt
index cc6698d0522f1a48d4141397b5a00466a8bfa949..a2aa3fe1a0fdf7d59324b28d516b1d5b515a4df2 100644
--- a/txt/append1.txt
+++ b/txt/append1.txt
@@ -67,21 +67,21 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
2. http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app1
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app2
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app3
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app4
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app5
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app6
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html#app1
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html#app2
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html#app3
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html#app4
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html#app5
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append13.html
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app1
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app2
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app3
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app4
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app5
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app6
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt#app1
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt#app2
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt#app3
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt#app4
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt#app5
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append13.txt
diff --git a/txt/append11.txt b/txt/append11.txt
index c4f29ae4ff79fee5f3e2ea3a11034f4c1326b3d4..c408866a1502f30e4f2964d7d602c68bbe0153c1 100644
--- a/txt/append11.txt
+++ b/txt/append11.txt
@@ -1615,5 +1615,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app2
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app6
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app2
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app6
diff --git a/txt/append12.txt b/txt/append12.txt
index 77c989f81129f33d92487e58a55e97c5c42197bc..e5f55dcc6c372ba0abc0a290acdd172680efb555 100644
--- a/txt/append12.txt
+++ b/txt/append12.txt
@@ -1673,22 +1673,22 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf21
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append13.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb31
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj47
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf62
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb44
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf21
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append13.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb31
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj47
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf62
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb44
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
diff --git a/txt/append13.txt b/txt/append13.txt
index 3d72ea98c43c7e04530d5fc6fcd18cde9b300918..086794a8fc7ec7df1f6328c6bd9a48566078c7e1 100644
--- a/txt/append13.txt
+++ b/txt/append13.txt
@@ -110,58 +110,58 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append13int.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf21
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf22
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf24
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf25
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf26
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf27
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf28
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf32
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf41
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf42
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf43
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf44
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf45
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append135.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf61
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf62
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf63
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf64
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf65
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html#secf71
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html#secf72
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html#secf73
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf81
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf82
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf83
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf84
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf85
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf86
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf87
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append139.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf101
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf103
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html#secf111
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html#secf112
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html#secf113
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html#secf114
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html#secf115
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html#secf116
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append13int.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf21
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf22
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf24
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf25
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf26
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf27
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf28
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf32
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf41
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf42
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf43
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf44
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf45
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append135.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf61
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf62
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf63
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf64
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf65
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt#secf71
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt#secf72
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt#secf73
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf81
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf82
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf83
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf84
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf85
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf86
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf87
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append139.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf101
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf103
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt#secf111
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt#secf112
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt#secf113
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt#secf114
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt#secf115
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt#secf116
diff --git a/txt/append131.txt b/txt/append131.txt
index 9570445a94ac76d038a694ddb90ee41037253ed3..0354af3bbb054146fed62e0da91eec47401ae1a8 100644
--- a/txt/append131.txt
+++ b/txt/append131.txt
@@ -1697,55 +1697,55 @@ libertarianism
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append13int.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj510
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb12
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf13
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf13
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf42
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf26
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf12
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf14
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf65
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append139.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append13int.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj510
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb12
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf13
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf13
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf42
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf26
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf12
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf14
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf65
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append139.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
diff --git a/txt/append1310.txt b/txt/append1310.txt
index aa16eeb0f1c27b90eef724d384f2ce9898a7a660..4d0c5867426dbea69913b180a3e86749e18228f7 100644
--- a/txt/append1310.txt
+++ b/txt/append1310.txt
@@ -1063,29 +1063,29 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf103
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf101
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html#secc51
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf101
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html#secc51
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf103
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb44
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf101
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf101
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf101
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf103
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf101
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt#secc51
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf101
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt#secc51
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf103
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb44
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf101
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf101
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf101
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
diff --git a/txt/append1311.txt b/txt/append1311.txt
index dbb53ce348536a2346efa66522fac9b539b2f556..17295c7f48cd616232cdbfc3087969f4bba7ddf3 100644
--- a/txt/append1311.txt
+++ b/txt/append1311.txt
@@ -591,8 +591,8 @@ by the State. Those who are against Natural Law desire total rule by the state.
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG7.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf42
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf22
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca219
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG7.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf42
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf22
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca219
diff --git a/txt/append132.txt b/txt/append132.txt
index c35eb6f7e1282a5253df87b6658ed66ac91e53b0..fbe0b099f3073ed83a06ffa198d5eeb380eb4be0 100644
--- a/txt/append132.txt
+++ b/txt/append132.txt
@@ -1790,40 +1790,40 @@ justice?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf26
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf22
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf41
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf22
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf25
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf86
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB6.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf21
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf26
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf26
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf22
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf41
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf22
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf25
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf86
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB6.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf21
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf26
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
diff --git a/txt/append133.txt b/txt/append133.txt
index bf05d40a24bf210be4eb7e45d9567abc7f823987..6f90858af5f2ba7a6f98358c1dd33196c986e5b3 100644
--- a/txt/append133.txt
+++ b/txt/append133.txt
@@ -611,18 +611,18 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf25
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci512
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf41
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf21
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf63
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf25
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci512
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf41
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf21
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf63
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
diff --git a/txt/append134.txt b/txt/append134.txt
index 19bb18128b9a8ccfb2d52f6595204a7f5e27a6c1..0bf340ae146930e6344f2130fff24523e7685679 100644
--- a/txt/append134.txt
+++ b/txt/append134.txt
@@ -852,29 +852,29 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb31
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf41
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf28
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf42
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf21
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf42
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB5.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append134.html#secf42
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf13
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf11
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci74
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf22
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb31
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf41
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf28
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf42
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf21
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf42
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB5.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append134.txt#secf42
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf13
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf11
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci74
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf22
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt
diff --git a/txt/append135.txt b/txt/append135.txt
index 9a6b62e4c7133a3929255ef43b8f3734286c6cbb..195a88ccb5ef0c7bd1ec1dbe4259c275535edffb 100644
--- a/txt/append135.txt
+++ b/txt/append135.txt
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE2.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE2.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
diff --git a/txt/append136.txt b/txt/append136.txt
index fa3a917e64e6dba9aa9b43ae67b11bc3980295b4..49211560dd6a11326ff998967f787a04d78ffd49 100644
--- a/txt/append136.txt
+++ b/txt/append136.txt
@@ -1073,26 +1073,26 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf11
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf63
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE2.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf24
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append133.html#secf31
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append132.html#secf23
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1310.html#secf102
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf63
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb41
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf64
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1311.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf11
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf63
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE2.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf24
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append133.txt#secf31
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append132.txt#secf23
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1310.txt#secf102
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf63
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb41
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf64
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1311.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
diff --git a/txt/append137.txt b/txt/append137.txt
index 3c4caed078b9d071371dae4a387145da31ed100b..ce5fdb80c5fc3393fb15e7580a8ba325677abec9 100644
--- a/txt/append137.txt
+++ b/txt/append137.txt
@@ -811,13 +811,13 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf14
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html#secf72
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html#secf14
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append131.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf14
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt#secf72
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt#secf14
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append131.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
diff --git a/txt/append138.txt b/txt/append138.txt
index 31480e48f8a4a753db330bf14ffa321430e23288..d75125205476d9061a85bb44ae769cbddc5e44f3 100644
--- a/txt/append138.txt
+++ b/txt/append138.txt
@@ -1286,15 +1286,15 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf83
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf85
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append13con.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf85
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append138.html#secf85
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf83
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf85
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append13con.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf85
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append138.txt#secf85
diff --git a/txt/append139.txt b/txt/append139.txt
index d230c66f6648411ab38d45b7b057e5bd6aa13282..072f44862bd3b037f55b1359a010b2548575c27d 100644
--- a/txt/append139.txt
+++ b/txt/append139.txt
@@ -467,6 +467,6 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append136.html#secf63
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append136.txt#secf63
diff --git a/txt/append13int.txt b/txt/append13int.txt
index 3ec318da96c8d0c72e9c4f37a331cf498258d6bf..3ca9f568e038fcd42d2958a7b81a1585d07c8c6d 100644
--- a/txt/append13int.txt
+++ b/txt/append13int.txt
@@ -199,5 +199,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append137.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append137.txt
diff --git a/txt/append2.txt b/txt/append2.txt
index 090fcd4208fa0c9c79bff14a9dd4ccb681f0f68e..c974859c41814d8ceb22870a6c8d071c41af84ab 100644
--- a/txt/append2.txt
+++ b/txt/append2.txt
@@ -655,9 +655,9 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html#black
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html#redblack
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html#circledA
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html#redblack
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html#redblack
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html#black
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt#black
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt#redblack
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt#circledA
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt#redblack
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt#redblack
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt#black
diff --git a/txt/append3.txt b/txt/append3.txt
index 3d1abae639150be8dc41e010195ea60884d26cde..a0b3425460926ecc03d3396ce2f4f9b65c17bd91 100644
--- a/txt/append3.txt
+++ b/txt/append3.txt
@@ -207,112 +207,112 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app31
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app32
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app33
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app34
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app35
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app1
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app2
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app3
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app4
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app5
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app6
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app7
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app9
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app10
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app11
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app12
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app13
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app15
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app1
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app2
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app3
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app4
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app6
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app7
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app8
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app9
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app10
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app11
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app13
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app14
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app15
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app16
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app17
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app18
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app19
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app1
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app2
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app3
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app4
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app5
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app6
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app7
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app8
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app9
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app10
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app11
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app12
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app13
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app14
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app15
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app16
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app17
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app18
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app19
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app20
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app21
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app22
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app23
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app24
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app25
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append33.html#app26
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app1
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app2
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app3
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app4
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app5
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app6
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app7
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app8
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app9
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app10
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app11
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app12
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app13
- 85. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app14
- 86. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app15
- 87. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app16
- 88. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app17
- 89. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app18
- 90. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app19
- 91. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app20
- 92. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app21
- 93. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app22
- 94. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app23
- 95. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app24
- 96. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app25
- 97. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html
- 98. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app1
- 99. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app2
- 100. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app3
- 101. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app4
- 102. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app5
- 103. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app6
- 104. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app7
- 105. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app8
- 106. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app9
- 107. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app10
- 108. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app11
- 109. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app12
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app31
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app32
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app33
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app34
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app35
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app1
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app2
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app3
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app4
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app5
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app6
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app7
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app9
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app10
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app11
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app12
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app13
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app15
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app1
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app2
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app3
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app4
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app6
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app7
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app8
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app9
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app10
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app11
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app13
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app14
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app15
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app16
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app17
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app18
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app19
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app1
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app2
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app3
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app4
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app5
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app6
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app7
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app8
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app9
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app10
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app11
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app12
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app13
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app14
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app15
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app16
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app17
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app18
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app19
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app20
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app21
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app22
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app23
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app24
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app25
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append33.txt#app26
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app1
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app2
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app3
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app4
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app5
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app6
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app7
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app8
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app9
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app10
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app11
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app12
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app13
+ 85. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app14
+ 86. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app15
+ 87. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app16
+ 88. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app17
+ 89. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app18
+ 90. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app19
+ 91. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app20
+ 92. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app21
+ 93. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app22
+ 94. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app23
+ 95. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app24
+ 96. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app25
+ 97. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt
+ 98. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app1
+ 99. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app2
+ 100. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app3
+ 101. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app4
+ 102. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app5
+ 103. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app6
+ 104. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app7
+ 105. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app8
+ 106. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app9
+ 107. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app10
+ 108. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app11
+ 109. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app12
diff --git a/txt/append31.txt b/txt/append31.txt
index 054a890f83c60c8fdea6517c70594a8f80db7d2d..8e08eac9bb001a04ceb7c53485750ea216aa82e2 100644
--- a/txt/append31.txt
+++ b/txt/append31.txt
@@ -2937,47 +2937,47 @@ self-emancipation wrong?
References
1. http://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/afaq-critique-of-marxist-vindicated
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
3. http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/contemp/pamsetc/socfrombel/sfb_main.htm
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca15
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca51
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca34
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app13
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app13
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app15
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app13
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj38
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj210
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca27
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj72
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app4
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app5
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca51
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca54
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app11
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app11
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app8
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app13
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca15
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca51
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca34
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app13
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app13
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app15
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app13
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj38
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj210
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca27
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj72
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app4
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app5
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca51
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca54
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app11
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app11
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app8
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app13
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
diff --git a/txt/append32.txt b/txt/append32.txt
index cf7f28bc2a77a9910a34537cdb367d45f0c4a073..530658e7f3177538b946e1f9b4a7d6afefdf4100 100644
--- a/txt/append32.txt
+++ b/txt/append32.txt
@@ -6119,57 +6119,57 @@ anarchism or the failure of anarchists?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app6
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app1
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app8
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app9
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app13
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app11
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app17
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app8
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app17
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app11
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app11
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app17
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app14
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app11
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app17
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app1
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app1
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app8
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app18
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app15
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app15
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app15
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app15
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app15
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app18
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app12
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app14
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app6
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app8
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app5
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app6
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app1
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app8
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app9
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app13
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app11
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app17
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app8
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app17
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app11
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app11
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app17
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app14
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app11
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app17
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app1
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app1
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app8
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app18
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app15
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app15
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app15
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app15
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app15
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app18
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app12
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app14
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app6
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app8
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app5
diff --git a/txt/append33.txt b/txt/append33.txt
index eb0bd073e4e6c1147ff9164fd9a13dd103dbf52d..468b7fe712ca4ee7dcbfe78c7c551fc1fcee3224 100644
--- a/txt/append33.txt
+++ b/txt/append33.txt
@@ -2869,11 +2869,11 @@ unions"?
References
1. http://www.marxist.com/Theory/direct_action.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app31
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app9
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app31
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app9
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
diff --git a/txt/append34.txt b/txt/append34.txt
index bc95a8c097e36dfd39d7c1445cf9cadacd409336..ef88d9d390b0468a3802a4a72268a0b2b05c24ff 100644
--- a/txt/append34.txt
+++ b/txt/append34.txt
@@ -3501,35 +3501,35 @@ debate and common struggle"?
References
1. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/1714/sw171411.htm
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app1
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app22
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app14
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app12
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app14
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app14
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app13
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app11
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app17
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app13
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app16
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app20
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app22
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app22
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app21
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app21
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app20
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app20
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app3
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app3
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app23
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app10
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app1
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app22
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app14
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app12
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app14
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app14
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app13
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app11
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app17
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app13
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app16
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app20
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app22
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app22
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app21
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app21
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app20
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app20
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app3
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app3
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app23
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app10
diff --git a/txt/append35.txt b/txt/append35.txt
index 26115d2ca41af60e0ac4a2296d32d645a70de2c0..6c7f266fe258853ba6235c4789f318f1416de0a1 100644
--- a/txt/append35.txt
+++ b/txt/append35.txt
@@ -1444,31 +1444,31 @@ counterrevolution"?
References
1. http://www.newyouth.com/archives/theory/why_marxism_not_anarchism_20010107.asp
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app4
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app5
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app6
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app5
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app4
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app4
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app4
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj76
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app6
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app5
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app4
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html#app3
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci810
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci810
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj75
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app4
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app5
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app6
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app5
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app4
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app4
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app4
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj76
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app6
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app5
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app4
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt#app3
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci810
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci810
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj75
diff --git a/txt/append4.txt b/txt/append4.txt
index 921624d1cb6245667d9e6555186605e2c334e198..2ea508014888313b92103757e5502dfa037c416b 100644
--- a/txt/append4.txt
+++ b/txt/append4.txt
@@ -156,89 +156,89 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html#app41
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html#app42
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html#app43
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html#app44
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html#app45
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html#app46
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app1
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app2
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app3
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app4
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app5
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app7
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app8
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app9
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app10
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app11
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app12
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app13
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app14
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app15
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app16
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app17
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app18
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app19
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app20
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app21
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app22
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app23
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app24
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app25
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app1
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app4
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app5
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app6
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app7
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app10
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app11
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app13
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app14
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app4
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app6
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app1
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app2
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app3
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app4
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app6
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app8
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app1
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app2
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app3
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app4
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app1
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app2
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app3
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app4
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app5
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app6
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app8
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app9
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app10
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app11
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app12
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 85. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app15
- 86. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app16
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt#app41
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt#app42
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt#app43
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt#app44
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt#app45
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt#app46
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app1
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app2
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app3
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app4
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app5
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app7
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app8
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app9
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app10
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app11
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app12
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app13
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app14
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app15
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app16
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app17
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app18
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app19
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app20
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app21
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app22
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app23
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app24
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app25
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app1
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app4
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app5
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app6
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app7
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app10
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app11
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app13
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app14
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app4
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app6
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app1
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app2
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app3
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app4
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app6
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app8
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app1
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app2
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app3
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app4
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app1
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app2
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app3
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app4
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app5
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app6
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app8
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app9
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app10
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app11
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app12
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 85. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app15
+ 86. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app16
diff --git a/txt/append41.txt b/txt/append41.txt
index 727445abf0dbd1b2158ad3d7882213046c5b6144..106b9bd7798216580a09cf6ccf84c3598accff6e 100644
--- a/txt/append41.txt
+++ b/txt/append41.txt
@@ -2789,90 +2789,90 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app3
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app1
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app2
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app8
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app1
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app3
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech13
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech15
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech17
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app5
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app5
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app10
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app14
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app4
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app4
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app23
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app15
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app9
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app14
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app16
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech53
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app25
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app4
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app5
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app4
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app23
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app23
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app24
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app21
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app23
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app8
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 85. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 86. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app15
- 87. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app3
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app1
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app2
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app8
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app1
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app3
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech13
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech15
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech17
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app5
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app5
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app10
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app14
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app4
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app4
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app23
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app15
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app9
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app14
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app16
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech53
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app25
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app4
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app5
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app4
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app23
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app23
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app24
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app21
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app23
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app8
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 85. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 86. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app15
+ 87. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
diff --git a/txt/append42.txt b/txt/append42.txt
index 2e0b71fff09bd37ce962621983795e1102e0c387..18fba7e45b5b56765f6a27891019b81932775f60 100644
--- a/txt/append42.txt
+++ b/txt/append42.txt
@@ -5797,87 +5797,87 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app1
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app4
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app5
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app6
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app7
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app10
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app11
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app13
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app14
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app5
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app10
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app4
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app6
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app7
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app5
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app6
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app10
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app13
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app5
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app4
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app7
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app13
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app4
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app3
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app7
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app9
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app6
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app13
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app2
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app1
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app4
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app5
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app6
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app7
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app10
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app11
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app13
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app14
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app5
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app10
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app4
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app6
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app7
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app5
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app6
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app10
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app13
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app5
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app4
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app7
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app13
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app4
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app3
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app7
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app9
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app6
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app13
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app2
diff --git a/txt/append43.txt b/txt/append43.txt
index 77e5afb421a14cf74beca4cf9e22b39bbea5edcb..fbd123e2e3284d95d503057aa58a585783dc3838 100644
--- a/txt/append43.txt
+++ b/txt/append43.txt
@@ -3445,84 +3445,84 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app4
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app6
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app4
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app1
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech53
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app10
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app10
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app8
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app15
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html"
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app2
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app12
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app13
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app4
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app6
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app4
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app1
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech53
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app10
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app10
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app8
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app15
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt"
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app2
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app12
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app13
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
diff --git a/txt/append44.txt b/txt/append44.txt
index 43efba8eafbc49b4b9577cad31a9a59d0af1954a..e2b66cc7b0c8e85c72bed3db59e9a0be06f8f625 100644
--- a/txt/append44.txt
+++ b/txt/append44.txt
@@ -3426,111 +3426,111 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app4
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app6
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app8
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app8
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app10
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app6
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech32
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app9
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app3
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech32
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app12
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app10
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app10
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app3
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app4
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app3
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app7
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app4
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app3
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app11
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app12
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app9
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app6
- 85. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 86. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 87. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app5
- 88. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app5
- 89. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 90. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app2
- 91. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 92. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 93. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech53
- 94. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 95. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech53
- 96. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 97. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 98. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app5
- 99. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 100. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 101. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 102. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 103. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app6
- 104. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 105. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append44.html#app7
- 106. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 107. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 108. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app4
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app6
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app8
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app8
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app10
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app6
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech32
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app9
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app3
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech32
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app12
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app10
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app10
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app3
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app4
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app3
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app7
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app4
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app3
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app11
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app12
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app9
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app6
+ 85. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 86. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 87. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app5
+ 88. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app5
+ 89. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 90. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app2
+ 91. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 92. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 93. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech53
+ 94. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 95. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech53
+ 96. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 97. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 98. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app5
+ 99. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 100. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 101. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 102. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 103. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app6
+ 104. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 105. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append44.txt#app7
+ 106. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 107. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 108. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
diff --git a/txt/append45.txt b/txt/append45.txt
index 2e9e16a43480999115a792f99ec9677a1951f6ec..a06e07dc4ac2ca445d8fd41b990cf71246198888 100644
--- a/txt/append45.txt
+++ b/txt/append45.txt
@@ -1416,16 +1416,16 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append45.html#app4
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app9
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech53
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app10
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append45.txt#app4
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app9
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech53
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app10
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
diff --git a/txt/append46.txt b/txt/append46.txt
index 73f296d16f1b2829d37e03c7ac94dcbc7baaf8b7..2959e3cb0cade374c1c7b2d349d95f7707bb6337 100644
--- a/txt/append46.txt
+++ b/txt/append46.txt
@@ -6434,78 +6434,78 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html#app3
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append43.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app4
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app3
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app4
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app3
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app5
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app6
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app1
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app3
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app6
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app5
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj513
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci85
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci86
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app5
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app6
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app5
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech212
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD6.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD6.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD7.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app8
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app4
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app5
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app6
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app14
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app13
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app7
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html#app3
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app9
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app12
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html#app14
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci82
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html#app24
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj32
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt#app3
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append43.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app4
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app3
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app4
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app3
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app5
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app6
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app1
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app3
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app6
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app5
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj513
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci85
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci86
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app5
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app6
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app5
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech212
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD6.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD6.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD7.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app8
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app4
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app5
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app6
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app14
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app13
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app7
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt#app3
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app9
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app12
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt#app14
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci82
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt#app24
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append41.txt
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj32
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
diff --git a/txt/arlinks.txt b/txt/arlinks.txt
index 0a375a920800e5a00cdaca6a925789344ba6e22f..d389ca8e776c4c5d2b45b9ea68c18563f313b526 100644
--- a/txt/arlinks.txt
+++ b/txt/arlinks.txt
@@ -596,12 +596,12 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/arlinks.html#otherpapers
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/arlinks.html#othergroups
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/arlinks.html#otherlabour
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/arlinks.html#otherlibmarx
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/arlinks.html#othergeneral
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/arlinks.txt#otherpapers
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/arlinks.txt#othergroups
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/arlinks.txt#otherlabour
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/arlinks.txt#otherlibmarx
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/arlinks.txt#othergeneral
7. http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/
8. http://zmagsite.zmag.org/curTOC.htm
9. http://www.panix.com/~dhenwood/LBO_home.html
diff --git a/txt/biblio.txt b/txt/biblio.txt
index 761cecd05ccbfcbaf0cc4b86006440ab3c5d72b9..f55a575275b1382bfe5f8fe10e2e94623ad79035 100644
--- a/txt/biblio.txt
+++ b/txt/biblio.txt
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
details for some of these books is missing. This information will also
be added to over time. Some books are listed in more than one edition.
This is due to the process of revising the FAQ for publication and
- using the most recent versions of books quotEd. Once the revision is
- complete, the old details will be removEd.
+ using the most recent versions of books quoted. Once the revision is
+ complete, the old details will be removed.
The bibliography is split into four sections: Anthologies of Anarchist
authors; books by anarchists and other libertarians; books about
@@ -16,46 +16,49 @@
Anarchist Anthologies
- Brook, Frank H. (Ed.), The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of
+ Avrich, Paul (ed.), The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, Thames
+ and Hudson Ltd, London, 1973.
+
+ Brook, Frank H. (ed.), The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of
Liberty (1881-1908), Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 1994.
Dawn Collective (eds.), Under the Yoke of the State: Selected Anarchist
Responses to Prisons and Crime vol. 1, 1886-1929, Dawn Collective/Kate
Sharpley Library/PMB, Oakland/London/Berkeley, 2003.
- Dark Star (Ed.), Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader, AK
+ Dark Star (ed.), Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader, AK
Press/Dark Star, Edinburgh/San Francisco, 2002.
Beneath the Paving Stones: Situationists and the beach, May 1968, AK
Press/Dark Star, Edinburgh/San Francisco, 2001.
- Dolgoff, Sam (Ed.), The Anarchist Collectives: self-management in the
+ Dolgoff, Sam (ed.), The Anarchist Collectives: self-management in the
Spanish revolution, 1936-1939, Black Rose Books, Montreal, 1974.
Ehrlich, Howard J, Carol Ehrlich, David De Leon, Glenda Morris (eds.),
Reinventing Anarchy: What are Anarchists thinking these days?,
Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1979.
- Ehrlich, Howard J. (Ed.), Reinventing Anarchy, Again, AK Press,
+ Ehrlich, Howard J. (ed.), Reinventing Anarchy, Again, AK Press,
Edinburgh/San Francisco, 1996.
- Glassgold, Peter (Ed.), Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman's Mother
+ Glassgold, Peter (ed.), Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman's Mother
Earth, Counterpoint, Washington D.C., 2001.
- Graham, M. (Ed.), Man! An Anthology of Anarchist Ideas, Essays, Poetry
+ Graham, M. (ed.), Man! An Anthology of Anarchist Ideas, Essays, Poetry
and Commentaries, Cienfuegos Press, London, 1974.
- Graham, Robert (Ed.), Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian
+ Graham, Robert (ed.), Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian
Ideas -- Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939), Black
Rose Books, Montreal/New York/London, 2005.
- Guerin, Daniel (Ed.), No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism
+ Guerin, Daniel (ed.), No Gods, No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism
(in two volumes), AK Press, Edinburgh/San Francisco, 1998.
Krimerman, Leonard I. and Perry, Lewis, Patterns of Anarchy: A
Collection of Writings on the Anarchist Tradition, Anchor Books, New
York, 1966.
- Woodcock, George (Ed.), The Anarchist Reader, Fontana, Glasgow, 1987.
+ Woodcock, George (ed.), The Anarchist Reader, Fontana, Glasgow, 1987.
Anarchist and Libertarian Works
@@ -90,15 +93,14 @@
London, 1987.
The Two Octobers available at:
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/revolt/russia/arshinov_2_oct.html
-
- Avrich, Paul (Ed.), The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, Thames
- and Hudson Ltd, London, 1973.
+ http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/russia/arshinov_2_oct.html
Avrich, Paul, An American Anarchist: The Life of Voltairine de Cleyre,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1978.
- Kronstadt 1921, W.W. Norton and Company Inc., New York, 1970.
+ Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America, AK Press,
+ Edinburgh/Oakland, 2005
+ Kronstadt 1921, W.W. Norton and Company Inc., New York, 1970.
The Russian Anarchists, W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 1978.
Anarchist Portraits, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988.
The Haymarket Tragedy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984.
@@ -108,18 +110,18 @@
available at:
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/2379/mias.htm
- Bakunin, Micheal, The Basic Bakunin, Robert M. Cutler (trans. and Ed.),
+ Bakunin, Micheal, The Basic Bakunin, Robert M. Cutler (trans. and ed.),
Promethus Books, Buffalo, N.Y., 1994.
- Bakunin on Anarchism, 2nd Edition, Sam Dolgoff (Ed.), Black Rose Books,
+ Bakunin on Anarchism, 2nd Edition, Sam Dolgoff (ed.), Black Rose Books,
Montreal, 1980.
- The Political Philosophy of Bakunin, G.P. Maximov (Ed.), The Free
+ The Political Philosophy of Bakunin, G.P. Maximov (ed.), The Free
Press, New York, 1953.
- Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, Arthur Lehning (Ed.), Jonathan
+ Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, Arthur Lehning (ed.), Jonathan
Cape, London, 1973.
Statism and Anarchy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
God and the State, Dover, New York, 1970.
- Marxism, Freedom and the State, K.J. Kenafick (Ed.), Freedom Press,
+ Marxism, Freedom and the State, K.J. Kenafick (ed.), Freedom Press,
London, 1984.
Barclay, Harold, The State, Freedom Press, London, 2003.
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@
http://www.spunk.org/library/intro/sp000146.txt
Bennello, George, "The Challenge of Mondragon" in Reinventing Anarchy,
- Again, Howard Ehrlich (Ed.), AK Press, Edinburgh/San Francisco, 1996.
+ Again, Howard Ehrlich (ed.), AK Press, Edinburgh/San Francisco, 1996.
Bennello, George C., From the Ground Up, Black Rose Books, Montreal,
1992.
@@ -144,13 +146,13 @@
The Russian Tragedy, Phoenix Press, London, 1986.
The Bolshevik Myth, Pluto Press, London, 1989.
Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman reader, Gene Fellner
- (Ed.), Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 1992.
+ (ed.), Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 1992.
- Berkman, Alexander (Ed.), The Blast, AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland, 2005.
+ Berkman, Alexander (ed.), The Blast, AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland, 2005.
- Berneri, Camillo, Peter Kropotkin: His Federalist Ideas, available at:
- http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/coldoffthepresses/berneri
- kropotkin.html
+ Berneri, Camillo, "Peter Kropotkin: His Federalist Ideas", The Raven:
+ Anarchist Quarterly, no. 31 (Vol. 8, No. 3), Autumn 1993, Freedom
+ Press, pp. 268-82
Berneri, Marie-Louise, Neither East Nor West: Selected Writings
1939-48, Freedom Press, London, 1988.
@@ -160,14 +162,15 @@
Greenwood Press, Westport, 2002.
Black, Bob, The Abolition of Work and other essays, Loompanics
- Unlimited, Port Townsend, undatEd.
- The Abolition of Work, available at
+ Unlimited, Port Townsend, 1986.
+ Friendly Fire, Autonomedia, New York, 1992.
+ Anarchy After Leftism, CAL Press, Columbia, 1997.
+ The Abolition of Work, available at
http://www.spunk.org/library/writers/black/sp000156.txt
The Libertarian as Conservative, available at
http://www.applicom.com/pnews/libertarian.html
Smokestack Lighting, available at
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/smokestack.html
- Anarchy After Leftism, CAL Press, Columbia, 1997.
Bonanno, Alfredo M., Anarchism and the National Liberation Struggle,
Bratach Dubh Editions, Catania, 1981.
@@ -204,8 +207,8 @@
The Communist Manifesto: Insights and Problems, available at:
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/bookchin/comman.html
"Looking Back at Spain," The Radical Papers, pp. 53-96, Dimitrios
- I. Roussopoulos (Ed.), Black Rose Books, Montreal/New York, 1987
- The Murray Bookchin Reader, Janet Biehl (Ed.), Cassell, London,
+ I. Roussopoulos (ed.), Black Rose Books, Montreal/New York, 1987
+ The Murray Bookchin Reader, Janet Biehl (ed.), Cassell, London,
1997.
Anarchism, Marxism, and the Future of the Left: Interviews and
Essays, 1993-1998, AK Press, Edinburgh/San Francisco, 1999.
@@ -226,7 +229,7 @@
Saint Louis, 1978.
Brinton, Maurice, For Workers' Power: The Selected Writings of Maurice
- Brinton, David Goodway (Ed.), AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland, 2004.
+ Brinton, David Goodway (ed.), AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland, 2004.
The Bolsheviks and Workers' Control 1917 to 1921: the State and
Counter-Revolution, Solidarity and Black and Red, London and
@@ -240,6 +243,9 @@
Buber, Martin, Paths in Utopia, Beacon Press, Boston, 1958.
+ Cardan, Paul, Modern Capitalism and Revolution, 2nd edition,
+ Solidarity, London, 1974.
+
Carson, Kevin A., The Iron Fist Behind the Invisible Hand, available
at: http://www.mutualist.org/id4.html
@@ -263,6 +269,8 @@
Political and Social Writings, vol. 3, translated and edited by
David Ames Curtis, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis,
1993.
+ The Meaning of Socialism, Philadelphia Solidarity, Philadelphia,
+ 1994.
"The Role of Bolshevik Ideology in the Birth of the Bureaucracy",
contained in Political and Social Writings, vol. 3, pp. 89-105
@@ -273,7 +281,7 @@
Press, Edinburgh, 1994.
Noam Chomsky on Anarchism, available at:
http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/interviews/9612-anarchism.html
- Language and Politics, Expanded Second Edition, C.P. Otero (Ed.),
+ Language and Politics, Expanded Second Edition, C.P. Otero (ed.),
AK Press, Edinburgh/London/Oakland, 2004.
"Marxism, Anarchism, and Alternative Futures", pp. 775-785,
Language and Politics, Expanded Second Edition.
@@ -284,19 +292,17 @@
Year 501: The Conquest Continues, Verso, London, 1993.
Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, Pluto
Press, London, 1991.
- Expanding the Floor of the Cage, Part 1, Z Magazine, March 1997,
- available at:
- http://www.zmag.org/zmag/zarticle.cfm?Url=articles/mar97barchom.htm
+ Expanding the Floor of the Cage, available at:
+ http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/199704--.htm
Rollback Parts I to IV, Z Magazine, January to May 1995 available
- at:
- http://www.zmag.org/zmag/zarticle.cfm?Url=articles/chomrollall.htm
+ at: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/199505--.htm
Interview on Pozner/Donahue in 1992, available at
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/liberty/chomskydon.html
+ http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/chomskydon.html
For Reasons of State, Fontana/Collins, Suffolk, 1973.
The Umbrella of US Power: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
and the Contradictions of US Policy, Open Media Pamphlet, Seven
Stories Press, New York, 1999.
- The Chomsky Reader, James Peck (Ed.), Pantheon Books, New York,
+ The Chomsky Reader, James Peck (ed.), Pantheon Books, New York,
1987.
Turning the Tide: US Intervention in Central America and the
Struggle for Peace, Pluto Press, 1985.
@@ -315,9 +321,7 @@
London, 1996.
American Power and the New Mandarins, Penguin Books, London, 1969.
Anarchism Interview: Noam Chomsky interviewed by Ziga Vodovnik,
- available at:
- http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=41&ItemID=680
- 5
+ available at: http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20040714.htm
Letters from Lexington: Reflections on Propaganda, Common Courage
Press/AK Press, Monroe/Edinburgh, 1993.
Chomsky on Anarchism, AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland, 2005.
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@
Paul, 1950.
Writings against Power and Death: The Anarchist articles and Pamphlets
- of Alex Comfort, David Goodway (Ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1994.
+ of Alex Comfort, David Goodway (ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1994.
Crump, John, Hatta Shuzo and Pure Anarchism in Interwar Japan, St.
Martin's Press, Inc., New York, 1993.
@@ -378,11 +382,11 @@
Kerr Publishing Co., Chicago, 1984.
de Cleyre, Voltairine, The Voltairine de Cleyre Reader, A.J. Brigati
- (Ed.), AK Press, Oakland/Edinburgh, 2004.
+ (ed.), AK Press, Oakland/Edinburgh, 2004.
Exquisite Rebel: The Essays of Voltairine de Cleyre -- Anarchist,
Feminist, Genius, Sharon Presley and Crispin Sartwell (eds.), State
University of New York Press, New York, 2005.
- "Anarchism", pp. 30-34, Man!, M. Graham (Ed.), Cienfuegos Press,
+ "Anarchism", pp. 30-34, Man!, M. Graham (ed.), Cienfuegos Press,
London, 1974.
Direct Action, available at
http://www.etext.org/Politics/Spunk/library/writers/decleyre/sp0013
@@ -398,7 +402,7 @@
de Ligt, Bart, The Conquest of Violence, Pluto Press, London, 1989.
de Llorens, Ignaio, The CNT and the Russian Revolution, The Kate
- Sharpley Library, unknown, undatEd.
+ Sharpley Library, unknown, undated.
de Santillan, D. A., After the Revolution: Economic Reconstruction in
Spain Today, Greenberg, New York, 1937 (facsimile edition by Jura
@@ -426,7 +430,7 @@
A Critique of Marxism, Soil of Liberty, Minneapolis, unknown.
Draughn, Jeff, Between Anarchism and Libertarianism: Defining a New
- Movement, available at http://flag.blackenEd.net/liberty/between.html
+ Movement, available at http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/between.html
Ervin, Lorenzo Kom'boa, Anarchism and the Black Revolution,
Monkeywrench Press and the Workers Self-Education Foundation,
@@ -435,7 +439,7 @@
Fabbri, Luigi, Bourgeois Influences on Anarchism, Acrata Press, San
Francisco, 1987.
"Anarchy and 'Scientific' Communism", in The Poverty of Statism, pp.
- 13-49, Albert Meltzer (Ed.), Cienfuegos Press, Sanday, 1981
+ 13-49, Albert Meltzer (ed.), Cienfuegos Press, Sanday, 1981
Fernandez, Frank, Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement, See Sharp
Press, Tucson, 2001.
@@ -443,7 +447,7 @@
Fleming, Marie, The Geography of Freedom: The Odyssey of Elis�e Reclus,
Black Rose Books, Montreal/New York, 1988.
- Foner, Philip S. (Ed.), The Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs,
+ Foner, Philip S. (ed.), The Autobiographies of the Haymarket Martyrs,
Monad Press, New York, 1977.
Fontenis, Georges, Manifesto of Libertarian Communism, Anarchist
@@ -471,7 +475,7 @@
Marxist Theory, Ashgate, Aldershot, 1997.
Friends of Durruti, Towards a Fresh Revolution, available at:
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/revolt/fod/towardsintro.html
+ http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/fod/towardsintro.html
The Friends of Durruti Accuse, available at:
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/8195/Durruti.html
@@ -485,12 +489,12 @@
Galleani, Luigi, The End of Anarchism?, Cienfuegos Press, Orkney, 1982.
Godwin, William, The Anarchist Writings of William Godwin, Peter
- Marshall (Ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1986.
+ Marshall (ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1986.
An Enquiry concerning Political Justice, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1976
Goldman, Emma, Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader, 3rd Edition,
- Alix Kates Shulman (Ed.), Humanity Books, New York, 1998.
- Red Emma Speaks, Alix Kates Shulman (Ed.), Wildwood House, London,
+ Alix Kates Shulman (ed.), Humanity Books, New York, 1998.
+ Red Emma Speaks, Alix Kates Shulman (ed.), Wildwood House, London,
1979.
Anarchism and Other Essays, Dover Publications Ltd., New York,
1969.
@@ -500,17 +504,17 @@
1970.
Living My Life (in 2 volumes), Dover Publications, New York, 1970.
Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years volume 1:
- Made for America, 1890-1901, Candace Falk (Ed.), University of
+ Made for America, 1890-1901, Candace Falk (ed.), University of
California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 2003.
Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years volume 2:
- Making Speech Free, 1902-1909, Candace Falk (Ed.), University of
+ Making Speech Free, 1902-1909, Candace Falk (ed.), University of
California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, 2005.
Goodway, David, Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian
Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward,
Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2006.
- Goodway, David (Ed.), For Anarchism: History, Theory and Practice,
+ Goodway, David (ed.), For Anarchism: History, Theory and Practice,
Routledge, London, 1989.
Gorter, Herman, Open Letter to Comrade Lenin, Wildcat, 1989.
@@ -547,7 +551,7 @@
state: the CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon 1930-1937, International
Institute of Social History, Dordrecht, London, 1991.
"Anarchism in Aragon," in Spain in Conflict 1931-1939: democracy and
- its enemies, Martin Blinkhorn (Ed.), pp. 60-82, Sage, London, 1986.
+ its enemies, Martin Blinkhorn (ed.), pp. 60-82, Sage, London, 1986.
Kenafick, K.J., Michael Bakunin and Karl Marx, Melbourne, 1948.
@@ -558,12 +562,12 @@
The Poverty of Primitivism, available at
http://www.slip.net/~knabb/CF/primitivism.htm
- Knabb, Ken (Ed.), Situationist International Anthology, Bureau of
+ Knabb, Ken (ed.), Situationist International Anthology, Bureau of
Public Secrets, Berkeley, 1981.
Kropotkin, Peter, Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings,
- Roger N. Baldwin (Ed.), Dover Press, New York, 2002.
- Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets, R.N. Baldwin (Ed.), Dover Press,
+ Roger N. Baldwin (ed.), Dover Press, New York, 2002.
+ Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets, R.N. Baldwin (ed.), Dover Press,
New York, 1970.
Act for Yourselves: articles from Freedom 1886-1907, N. Walter and
H. Becker (eds), Freedom Press, London, 1988.
@@ -577,14 +581,14 @@
Catania, 1986.
Words of a Rebel, Black Rose Books, Montreal, 1992.
Evolution and Environment, Black Rose Books, Montreal, 1995.
- Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow, Colin Ward (Ed.), Freedom
+ Fields, Factories and Workshops Tomorrow, Colin Ward (ed.), Freedom
Press, London, 1985.
Small Communal Experiments and Why They Fail, Jura Media, Sydney,
1997.
The Place of Anarchism in Socialistic Evolution, Practical Parasite
Publications, Cymru, 1990.
Selected Writings on Anarchism and Revolution, Martin A. Miller
- (Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970.
+ (ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, 1970.
Memiors of a Revolutionist, Black Rose Books, Montreal/New York,
1989.
The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings, Unversity Press,
@@ -620,7 +624,7 @@
Reader, AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland, 2005.
Land and Liberty: Anarchist influences in the Mexican Revolution, David
- Poole (Ed.), Cienfuegos Press, Sanday, 1977.
+ Poole (ed.), Cienfuegos Press, Sanday, 1977.
Mailer, Phil, Portugal: The Impossible Revolution, Solidarity, London,
1977.
@@ -636,16 +640,16 @@
Malatesta, Errico, Anarchy, Freedom Press, London, 2001.
Anarchy, Freedom Press, London, 1974.
Errico Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, 3rd Edition, Vernon Richards
- (Ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1993.
- Life and Ideas, Vernon Richards (Ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1965.
- The Anarchist Revolution, Vernon Richards (Ed.), Freedom Press,
+ (ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1993.
+ Life and Ideas, Vernon Richards (ed.), Freedom Press, London, 1965.
+ The Anarchist Revolution, Vernon Richards (ed.), Freedom Press,
London, 1995.
Fra Contadini: A Dialogue on Anarchy, Bratach Dudh Editions,
Catena, 1981.
At the Cafe: Conversations on Anarchism, Freedom Press, London,
2005.
A Talk about Anarchist Communism, Freedom Press, London, 1894.
- "Towards Anarchism", pp. 73-78, Man!, M. Graham (Ed.), Cienfuegos
+ "Towards Anarchism", pp. 73-78, Man!, M. Graham (ed.), Cienfuegos
Press, London, 1974.
"Anarchism and Syndicalism", pp. 146-52, Geoffrey Ostergaard, The
Tradition of Workers' Control, Freedom Press, London, 1997.
@@ -696,6 +700,9 @@
London, 1986.
The Anarcho-Quiz Book, Simian Publications, Orkney, 1976.
+ Meltzer, Albert (ed.), The Poverty of Statism, Cienfuegos Press,
+ Orkney, 1981.
+
Mett, Ida, The Kronstadt Uprising, Solidarity, London, date unknown.
Michel, Louise, The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel, The
@@ -740,7 +747,7 @@
University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, 2003.
Parsons, Lucy, Freedom, Equality & Solidarity: Writings & Speeches,
- 1878-1937, Gale Ahrens (Ed.), Charles H. Kerr, Chicago, 2004.
+ 1878-1937, Gale Ahrens (ed.), Charles H. Kerr, Chicago, 2004.
Pataud, Emile and Pouget, Emile, How we shall bring about the
Revolution: Syndicalism and the Co-operative Commonwealth, Pluto Press,
@@ -785,9 +792,7 @@
Proudhon, P-J, What is Property: an inquiry into the principle of right
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System of Economical Contradictions: or, the Philosophy of Misery,
- available at:
- http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/browse-mixed?id=ProMise&tag=pu
- blic&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/eng-parsed
+ Benjamin Tucker, Boston, 1888.
The General Idea of the Revolution, Pluto Press, London, 1989.
Interest and Principal: A Loan is a Service available at:
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/proudhon/interestle
@@ -796,12 +801,15 @@
Itself, Gives Birth to Progress available at:
http://www.pitzer.edu/~dward/Anarchist_Archives/proudhon/interestle
tter2.html
- Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Stewart Edwards (Ed.),
+ Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Stewart Edwards (ed.),
MacMillan, London, 1969.
The Principle of Federation, University of Toronto Press, Canada,
1979.
Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem, Henry Cohen (ed.),
Vanguard Press, New York, 1927.
+ Du Principe F�d�ratif et de la N�cessit� De Reconstituer le Parti
+ de la R�volution, E. Dentu, Paris, 1863.
+ Carnets, vol. 3, Marcel Riviere, Paris, 1968
Puente, Isaac, Libertarian Communism, Monty Miller Press, Sydney, 1985.
@@ -820,7 +828,7 @@
Freedom Press, London, 1983.
The Impossibilities of Social Democracy, Freedom Press, London, 1978.
- Richards, Vernon (Ed.), Neither Nationalisation nor Privatisation --
+ Richards, Vernon (ed.), Neither Nationalisation nor Privatisation:
Selections from the Anarchist Journal Freedom 1945-1950, Freedom Press,
London, 1989.
Spain 1936-39 Social revolution and Counter Revolution: Selections from
@@ -842,19 +850,19 @@
Nottingham/Oakland, 2005.
The Tragedy of Spain, ASP, London & Doncaster, 1986.
Anarchism and Sovietism, available at:
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/rocker/soviet.htm
+ http://flag.blackened.net/rocker/soviet.htm
Marx and Anarchism, available at:
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/rocker/marx.htm
+ http://flag.blackened.net/rocker/marx.htm
Pioneers of American Freedom: Origin of Liberal and Radical Thought
in America, Rocker Publications Committee, Los Angeles, 1949.
- Root & Branch (Ed.), Root & Branch: The Rise of the Workers Movements,
+ Root & Branch (ed.), Root & Branch: The Rise of the Workers Movements,
Fawcett Publications, Greenwich, Conn., 1975.
Rooum, Donald, What is Anarchism? An Introduction, Freedom Press,
London, 1992.
- Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I. (Ed.), The Radical Papers, Black Rose Books,
+ Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I. (ed.), The Radical Papers, Black Rose Books,
Montreal/New York, 1987.
The Anarchist Papers, Black Rose Books, Montreal/New York, 2002.
@@ -865,8 +873,7 @@
and Unwin Ltd., London, 1973.
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- Desire Armed, no. 41, Fall/Winter 1994-5 available at
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+ Desire Armed, no. 41, Fall/Winter 1994-5
Sacco, Nicola and Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, The Letters of Sacco and
Vanzetti, Penguin Books, New York, 1997.
@@ -886,6 +893,9 @@
Workers' Councils in Britain, 1917-45, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke,
1988.
+ Sitrin, Marina (ed.), Horizontalism: Voices of Popular Power in
+ Argentina, AK Press, Oakland/Edinburgh, 2006.
+
Skirda, Alexandre, Nestor Makhno Anarchy's Cossack: The struggle for
free soviets in the Ukraine 1917-1921, AK Press, Edinburgh/Oakland,
2004
@@ -894,11 +904,11 @@
"The Rehabilitation of Makhno", The Raven: Anarchist Quarterly, no.
8 (Vol. 2, No. 4), Oct. 1989, Freedom Press, pp. 338-352
- Smart, D.A. (Ed.), Pannekoek and Gorter's Marxism, Pluto Press, London,
+ Smart, D.A. (ed.), Pannekoek and Gorter's Marxism, Pluto Press, London,
1978.
Spooner, Lysander, Natural Law, available at
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/liberty/spoonnat.html
+ http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/spoonnat.html
No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority, Ralph Myles Publisher,
Inc., Colorado Springs, 1973.
An essay on the Trial by Jury, John P. Jewett and Co., Boston,
@@ -932,8 +942,8 @@
writings of Benj. R. Tucker, Haskell House Publishers, New York, 1969.
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- http://208.206.78.232/daver/anarchism/tucker/tucker32.html
- "Why I am an Anarchist", pp. 132-136, Man!, M. Graham (Ed.),
+ http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tucker/tucker32.html
+ "Why I am an Anarchist", pp. 132-136, Man!, M. Graham (ed.),
Cienfuegos Press, London, 1974.
Unofficial Reform Committee, The Miner's Next Step: Being a suggested
@@ -952,7 +962,7 @@
Ward, Colin, Anarchy in Action (2nd Edition), Freedom Press, London,
1982.
- Social Policy: an anarchist response, LSE, London, 1997.
+ Social Policy: an anarchist response, Freedom Press, London, 2000.
Talking Houses, Freedom Press, London, 1990.
Housing: An Anarchist Approach, Freedom Press, London, 1983
Reflected in Water: A Crisis of Social Responsibility, Cassel,
@@ -962,9 +972,8 @@
Oxford, 2004.
Cotters and Squatters: Housing's Hidden History, Five Leaves,
Nottingham, 2005.
- Social policy: An Anarchist Response, Freedom Press, London, 1996.
- Ward, Colin (Ed.), A Decade of Anarchy: Selections from the Monthly
+ Ward, Colin (ed.), A Decade of Anarchy: Selections from the Monthly
Journal Anarchy, Freedom , London, 1987.
Ward, Colin and Goodway, David, Talking Anarchy, Five Leaves,
@@ -975,9 +984,9 @@
Against the Megamachine: Essays on Empire and Its Enemies,
Autonomedia/Fifth Estate, USA, 1997.
- Weick, David, "Anarchist Justice", pp. 215--236, Anarchism: Nomos XIX,
- J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (eds.), New York University
- Press, New York, 1978.
+ Weick, David, "Anarchist Justice", pp. 215-36, Anarchism: Nomos XIX, J.
+ Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman (eds.), New York University Press,
+ New York, 1978.
Weil, Simone, Oppression and Liberty, Routledge, London, 2001.
@@ -986,7 +995,7 @@
Workers' Power and the Spanish Revolution, available at:
http://www.uncanny.net/~wsa/spain.html
- Wildcat Group (Ed.), Class War on the Home Front: Revolutionary
+ Wildcat Group (ed.), Class War on the Home Front: Revolutionary
Opposition to the Second World War, Wildcat Group, Manchester, 1986.
Wilde, Oscar, "The Soul of Man Under Socialism", pp. 1174-1197,
@@ -1022,7 +1031,11 @@
Last Century, Howard Zinn, Dana Frank, Robin D. G. Kelly, Beacon
Press, Boston, 2001.
The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy, Seven
- Stories Press, New York, 1997
+ Stories Press, New York, 1997.
+ An Interview with Howard Zinn on Anarchism: Rebels Against Tyranny,
+ available at:
+ http://www.revolutionbythebook.akpress.org/an-interview-with-howard
+ -zinn-on-anarchism-rebels-against-tyranny/
Zinn, Howard and Arnove, Anthony (eds.), Voices of a People's History
of the United States, Seven Stories Press, New York, 2004.
@@ -1051,7 +1064,7 @@
Coughlin, Michael E., Hamilton, Charles H. and Sullivan, Mark A.
(eds.), Benjamin R. Tucker and the Champions of Liberty: A Centenary
- Anthology, Michael E. Coughlin Publisher, St. Paul, Minnesota, unknown.
+ Anthology, Michael E. Coughlin Publisher, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1986.
Crowder, George, Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin,
Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.
@@ -1155,7 +1168,7 @@
American Individualism, De Capo Press, New Yprk, 1970.
Sysyn, Frank, "Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian Revolution", contained
- in Hunczak, Taras (Ed.), The Ukrainian, 1917-1921: A Study in
+ in Hunczak, Taras (ed.), The Ukrainian, 1917-1921: A Study in
Revolution, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 1977.
Taylor, Michael, Community, Anarchy and Liberty, Cambrdige University
@@ -1187,7 +1200,7 @@
Anweiler, Oskar, The Soviets: The Russian Workers, Peasants, and
Soldiers Councils 1905-1921, Random House, New York, 1974.
- Archer, Abraham (Ed.), The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution, Thames
+ Archer, Abraham (ed.), The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution, Thames
and Hudson Ltd, London, 1976.
Arestis, Philip, The Post-Keynesian Approach to Economics: An
@@ -1232,7 +1245,7 @@
Review, New York, 1966.
Barry, Brian, "The Continuing Relevance of Socialism", in Thatcherism,
- Robert Skidelsky (Ed.), Chatto & Windus, London, 1988.
+ Robert Skidelsky (ed.), Chatto & Windus, London, 1988.
Beder, Sharon, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism,
Green Books, Dartington, 1997.
@@ -1243,7 +1256,7 @@
2006.
Berghahn, V. R., Modern Germany: society, economy and politics in the
- twentieth century, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
+ twentieth century, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1987.
Berlin, Isaiah, Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press,
@@ -1311,7 +1324,7 @@
Russia after Lenin : politics, culture and society, 1921-1929,
Routledge, London/New York, 1998
- Brovkin, Vladimir N. (Ed.), The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The
+ Brovkin, Vladimir N. (ed.), The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The
Revolution and Civil Wars, Yale University Press, New Haven and London,
1997.
@@ -1328,7 +1341,7 @@
Carr, Raymond, Spain: 1808-1975, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1982.
- Carrier, James G. (Ed.), Meanings of the market: the free market in
+ Carrier, James G. (ed.), Meanings of the market: the free market in
western culture, Berg, Oxford, 1997.
Chandler, Lester V., America's Greatest Depression, 1929-1941, Harper &
@@ -1365,7 +1378,7 @@
Communist International, Proceedings and Documents of the Second
Congress 1920, (in two volumes), Pathfinder, New York, 1991.
- Confino, Michael (Ed.), Daughter of a Revolutionary: Natalie Herzen and
+ Confino, Michael (ed.), Daughter of a Revolutionary: Natalie Herzen and
the Bakunin-Nechayev Circle, Library Press, LaSalle Illinois, 1973.
Cowen, Tyler, "Law as a Public Good: The Economics of Anarchy",
@@ -1380,7 +1393,7 @@
Beyond Capitalism: Towards a New World Economic Order, Pinter, London,
1994.
- Curry, Richard O. (Ed.), Freedom at Risk: Secrecy, Censorship, and
+ Curry, Richard O. (ed.), Freedom at Risk: Secrecy, Censorship, and
Repression in the 1980s, Temple University Press, 1988.
Curtis, Mark, Web of Deceit: Britain's real role in the world, Vintage,
@@ -1391,7 +1404,7 @@
Daniels, Robert V., The Conscience of the Revolution: Communist
Opposition in Soviet Russia, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1960.
- Daniels, Robert V. (Ed.), A Documentary History of Communism, vol. 1,
+ Daniels, Robert V. (ed.), A Documentary History of Communism, vol. 1,
Vintage Books, New York, 1960.
Davidson, Paul, Controversies in Post-Keynesian Economics, E. Elgar,
@@ -1404,6 +1417,9 @@
Denikin, General A., The White Armies, Jonathan Cape, London, 1930.
+ DeShazo, Peter, Urban Workers and Labor Unions in Chile 1902-1927,
+ University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1983.
+
Deutscher, Isaac, The prophet unarmed : Trotsky 1921-1929, Oxford
University Press, 1959.
@@ -1412,6 +1428,9 @@
Dobbs, Maurice, Studies in Capitalist Development, Routledge & Kegan
Paul Ltd., London, 1963.
+ Dobson, Ross V. G., Bringing the Economy Home from the Market, Black
+ Rose Books, Montreal, 1993.
+
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Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1983.
@@ -1421,6 +1440,9 @@
Dorril, Stephen and Ramsay, Robin, Smear! Wilson and the Secret State,
Fourth Estate Ltd., London, 1991.
+ Douglass, Frederick, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol.
+ 2, Philip S. Foner (ed.) International Publishers, New York, 1975.
+
Draper, Hal, The 'dictatorship of the proletariat' from Marx to Lenin,
Monthly Review Press, New York, 1987.
@@ -1440,7 +1462,7 @@
Edwards, Stewart, The Paris Commune 1871, Victorian (& Modern History)
Book Club, Newton Abbot, 1972.
- Edwards, Stewart (Ed.), The Communards of Paris, 1871, Thames and
+ Edwards, Stewart (ed.), The Communards of Paris, 1871, Thames and
Hudson, London, 1973.
Eisler, Rianne, Sacred Pleasure,
@@ -1455,6 +1477,11 @@
Elliot, Larry and Atkinson, Dan, The Age of Insecurity, Verso, London,
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+ Fantasy Island: Waking Up to the Incredible Economic, Political and
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+ Futures, Vintage Books, London, 2009.
+
Engler, Allan, Apostles of Greed: Capitalism and the myth of the
individual in the market, Pluto Press, London, 1995.
@@ -1479,7 +1506,10 @@
Peasant Russia, Civil War: the Volga countryside in revolution
1917-1921, Phoenix Press, London, 2001.
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+
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and culture, Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1986.
Fraser, Ronald, Blood of Spain: the experience of civil war, 1936-1939,
@@ -1502,7 +1532,7 @@
http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3532186.html
Funnell, Warrick, Jupe, Robert and Andrew, Jane, In Government we
- Trust: Market Failure and the delusions of privisation, Pluto Press,
+ Trust: Market Failure and the delusions of privatisation, Pluto Press,
London, 2009.
Gaffney, Mason and Harrison, Mason, The Corruption of Economics,
@@ -1537,7 +1567,8 @@
Schuster, London, 1992.
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- the Welfare State,
+ the Welfare State: an international assessment, Harvester Wheatsheaf,
+ 1991.
Gluckstein, Donny, The Tragedy of Bukharin, Pluto Press, London, 1994
@@ -1583,6 +1614,8 @@
Economics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1990.
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Press, Princeton, 1991.
+ Looking Forward: Participatory Economics for the Twenty First
+ Century, South End Press, Boston, 1991.
Hallas, Duncan, The Comintern, Bookmarks, London, 1985.
@@ -1628,7 +1661,7 @@
Law, Legislation and Liberty, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London,
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- Hayek, F. A. von (Ed.), Collectivist Economic Planning, Routledge and
+ Hayek, F. A. von (ed.), Collectivist Economic Planning, Routledge and
Kegan Paul, London, 1935.
Hayward, Jack, After the French Revolution: Six critics of Democracy
@@ -1637,6 +1670,11 @@
Heider, Ulrike, Anarchism: left, right, and green, City Lights Books,
San Francisco, 1994.
+ Hein, Eckhard and Schulten, Thorsten, Unemployment, Wages and
+ Collective Bargaining in the European Union, WSI_Discussion Paper No.
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+ 2004.
+
Henwood, Doug, Wall Street: How it works and for whom, Verso, London,
1998.
"Booming, Borrowing, and Consuming: The US Economy in 1999", Monthly
@@ -1659,11 +1697,8 @@
Herman, Edward S., Beyond Hypocrisy, South End Press, Boston, 1992.
Corporate Control, Corporate Power, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1981.
- "Immiserating Growth: The First World", Z Magazine, available at:
- http://www.zmag.org/zmag/zarticle.cfm?Url=articles/jan94herman.htm
- "The Economics of the Rich", Z Magazine, available at:
- http://www.zmag.org/zmag/zarticle.cfm?Url=articles/hermanjuly97.htm
- l
+ "Immiserating Growth: The First World", Z Magazine, January, 1994.
+ "The Economics of the Rich", Z Magazine, July, 1997
Herman, Edward S. and Chomsky, Noam, Manufacturing Consent: the
political economy of the mass media, Pantheon Books, New York, 1988.
@@ -1671,7 +1706,7 @@
Heywood, Paul, Marxism and the Failure of Organised Socialism in Spain
1879-1936, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990.
- Hicks, J. R., Value and capital : an inquiry into some fundamental
+ Hicks, J. R., Value and capital: an inquiry into some fundamental
principles of economic theory, 2nd edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford,
1975.
@@ -1682,7 +1717,7 @@
Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries, 2nd Edition, W. W. Norton and
Co., New Yprk, 1965.
- Revolutionaries, rev. Ed., Abacus, London, 2007.
+ Revolutionaries, rev. ed., Abacus, London, 2007.
Hodgskin, Thomas, Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital,
available at:
@@ -1703,7 +1738,7 @@
Holt, Richard P. F. and Pressman, Steven (eds.), A New Guide to Post
Keynesian Economics, Routledge, London, 2001.
- Howell, David R. (Ed.), Fighting Unemployment: The Limits of Free
+ Howell, David R. (ed.), Fighting Unemployment: The Limits of Free
Market Orthodoxy, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
Hutton, Will, The State We're In, Vintage, London, 1996.
@@ -1763,7 +1798,7 @@
Kirzner, Israel M., "Entrepreneurship, Entitlement, and Economic
Justice", pp. 385-413, in Reading Nozick: Essays on Anarchy, State and
- Utopia, Jeffrey Paul (Ed.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1982.
+ Utopia, Jeffrey Paul (ed.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1982.
Perception, Opportunity, and Profit, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, 1979.
@@ -1807,6 +1842,9 @@
Krugman, Paul and Wells, Robin, Economics, W. H. Freeman, New York,
2006.
+ Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed.,
+ University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1996.
+
Kuznets, Simon, Economic Growth and Structure: Selected Essays,
Heineman Educational Books, London, 1966.
@@ -1817,6 +1855,9 @@
Benjamin Lippincott (ed.), University of Minnesota Press, New York,
1938.
+ Laqueur, Walter (ed.), Fascism: a Reader's Guide, Harmondsworth,
+ Penguin, 1979.
+
Lazonick, William, Business Organisation and the Myth of the Market
Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor, Havard University Press,
@@ -1833,9 +1874,9 @@
Leggett, George, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1981.
- Lenin, V. I., Essential Works of Lenin, Henry M. Christman (Ed.),
+ Lenin, V. I., Essential Works of Lenin, Henry M. Christman (ed.),
Bantam Books, New York, 1966.
- The Lenin Anthology, Robert C. Tucker (Ed.), W.W. Norton & Company, New
+ The Lenin Anthology, Robert C. Tucker (ed.), W.W. Norton & Company, New
York, 1975.
Will the Bolsheviks Maintain Power?, Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud,
1997.
@@ -1847,7 +1888,7 @@
contained in The Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government, Progress
Publishers, Moscow, 1970, pp. 42-45.
The Threatening Catastrophe and How to Avoid It, Martin Lawrence
- Ltd., undatEd.
+ Ltd., undated.
Selected Works: In Three Volumes, Progress Publishers, Moscow,
1975.
@@ -1868,7 +1909,7 @@
responsibility for Soviet authoritarianism, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1984.
- Luxemburg, Rosa, Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, Mary-Alice Waters (Ed.),
+ Luxemburg, Rosa, Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, Mary-Alice Waters (ed.),
Pathfinder Press, New York, 1970.
MacPherson, C.B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism:
@@ -1904,11 +1945,11 @@
Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick, Selected Works, Progress Publishers,
Moscow, 1975.
- The Marx-Engels Reader, Second Edition, Robert C. Tucker (Ed.), W.W.
+ The Marx-Engels Reader, Second Edition, Robert C. Tucker (ed.), W.W.
Norton & Co, London & New York, 1978.
The socialist revolution, F. Teplov and V. Davydov (eds.) Progess,
Moscow, 1978.
- Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, Lewis S. Feuer (Ed.),
+ Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, Lewis S. Feuer (ed.),
Fontana/Collins, Aylesbury, 1984.
"Manifesto of the Communist Party", Selected Works, pp. 31-63.
Fictitious Splits In The International, available at:
@@ -1917,7 +1958,7 @@
Marx, Karl, Engels, Federick and Lenin, V.I., Anarchism and
Anarcho-Syndicalism, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1974.
- Matthews, R.C.O. (Ed.), Economy and Democracy, MacMillan Press Ltd.,
+ Matthews, R.C.O. (ed.), Economy and Democracy, MacMillan Press Ltd.,
London, 1985.
McAuley, Mary, Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd
@@ -1926,7 +1967,7 @@
McElroy, Wendy, Anarchism: Two Kinds, available at:
http://www.wendymcelroy.com/mises/twoanarchism.html
- McLay, Farguhar (Ed.), Workers City: The Real Glasgow Stands Up,
+ McLay, Farguhar (ed.), Workers City: The Real Glasgow Stands Up,
Clydeside Press, Glasgow, 1988.
McNally, David, Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism
@@ -2004,7 +2045,7 @@
Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1984.
- Nove, Alec, An economic history of the USSR: 1917-1991, 3rd Ed.,
+ Nove, Alec, An economic history of the USSR: 1917-1991, 3rd ed.,
Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1992.
Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State and Utopia, B. Blackwell, Oxford, 1974.
@@ -2013,7 +2054,7 @@
people and class consciousness in Detroit, 1875-1900, University of
Illinois Press, Urbana, 1986.
- Ollman, Bertell (Ed.), Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists,
+ Ollman, Bertell (ed.), Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists,
Routledge, London, 1998.
O'Neill, John, Markets, Deliberation and Environment, Routledge, Oxon,
@@ -2035,6 +2076,9 @@
Inside the Whale and Other Essays, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth,
1986.
+ Pagano, U. and Rowthorn, R. E. (eds.), Democracy and Efficiency in
+ Economic Enterprises, Routledge, London, 1996.
+
Palley, Thomas I., Plenty of Nothing: The Downsizing of the American
Dream and the case for Structural Keynesian, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, 1998.
@@ -2065,10 +2109,10 @@
Knowledge, Basic, New York, 1965.
Preston, Paul, The coming of the Spanish Civil War: reform, reaction,
- and revolution in the Second Republic, 2nd Ed., Routledge, London/New
+ and revolution in the Second Republic, 2nd ed., Routledge, London/New
York, 1994.
- Preston, Paul (Ed.), Revolution and War in Spain 1931-1939, Methuen,
+ Preston, Paul (ed.), Revolution and War in Spain 1931-1939, Methuen,
London, 1984.
Prychitko, David L., Markets, Planning and Democracy: essays after the
@@ -2092,6 +2136,10 @@
Nicolaevsky, Indiana University Press for the International Affairs
Center, Bloomington/London, 1973.
+ Radcliff, Pamela Beth, From mobilization to civil war: the politics of
+ polarization in the Spanish city of Gijon, 1900-1937, Cambridge
+ University Press, New York, 1996.
+
Radin, Paul, The World of Primitive Man, Grove Press, New York, 1960.
Raleigh, Donald J., Experiencing Russia's Civil War: Politics, Society,
@@ -2100,7 +2148,7 @@
Rand, Ayn, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, New American Library, New
York, 1966.
- The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z, Harry Binswanger (Ed.),
+ The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z, Harry Binswanger (ed.),
Meridian, New York, 1986.
The Virtue of Selfishness, New American Library, New York, 1964.
@@ -2131,7 +2179,7 @@
and Industrial Organisation 1917-1921, University of Pittsburgh Press,
London, 1984.
- Richardson, Al (Ed.), In defence of the Russian revolution: a selection
+ Richardson, Al (ed.), In defence of the Russian revolution: a selection
of Bolshevik writings, 1917-1923, Porcupine Press, London, 1995.
Ricardo, David, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, J.M.
@@ -2165,7 +2213,7 @@
Biology, Ideology and Human Nature, Penguin Books, London, 1990.
Rosenberg, William G., "Russian Labour and Bolshevik Power, pp. 98-131,
- The Workers Revolution in Russia: the view from below, D. Kaiser (Ed.),
+ The Workers Revolution in Russia: the view from below, D. Kaiser (ed.),
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.
"Workers' Control on the Railroads and Some Suggestions Concerning
@@ -2182,11 +2230,11 @@
For a New Liberty, MacMillan, New York, 1973.
"Praxeology: The Methodology of Austrian Economics" in The
Foundation of Modern Austrian Economics, pp. 19-39, Dolan, Edwin G.
- (Ed.), Sheed & Ward, Inc., Kansas, 1976.
+ (ed.), Sheed & Ward, Inc., Kansas, 1976.
Egalitarianism as a Revolt against Nature and Other Essays,
Libertarian Press Review, 1974.
"Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State," in Secession,
- State and Liberty, David Gordon (Ed.), Transaction Publishers, New
+ State and Liberty, David Gordon (ed.), Transaction Publishers, New
Brunswick, 1998.
Power and Market, Institute for Humane Studies, Menlo Park, 1970.
Man, Economy, and State, with Power and Market, Ludwig von Mises
@@ -2203,6 +2251,8 @@
Economic Thought, Edward Elgar, Brookfield, 1995.
Konkin on Libertarian Strategy, available at:
http://www.anthonyflood.com/rothbardkonkin.htm
+ Are Libertarians Anarchists?, available at:
+ http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard167.html
Rousseau, J-J, The Social Contract and Discourses, Everyman, London,
1996.
@@ -2226,7 +2276,7 @@
Sawyer, Malcolm C., The Economics of Michal Kalecki, MacMillan,
Basingstoke, 1985.
The Economics of Industries and Firms: theories, evidence and policy
- (2nd Ed.), Croom Helm, London, 1985.
+ (2nd ed.), Croom Helm, London, 1985.
Schapiro, Leonard, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political
Opposition in the Soviet State: The First Phase, 1917-1922, Frederick
@@ -2244,7 +2294,7 @@
Schorske, C., German Social Democracy, 1905-1917, Cambridge, Mass.,
1955.
- Schulkind, Eugene (Ed.), The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the
+ Schulkind, Eugene (ed.), The Paris Commune of 1871: The View from the
Left, Jonathan Cape, London, 1972.
Schumacher, E.F., Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if people
@@ -2268,7 +2318,7 @@
London, 1997.
Year One of the Russian Revolution, Bookmarks, Pluto Press and
Writers and Readers, London/New York, 1992.
- The Serge-Trotsky Papers, D. J. Cotterill (Ed.), Pluto Press,
+ The Serge-Trotsky Papers, D. J. Cotterill (ed.), Pluto Press,
London, 1994
Service, Robert, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study of
@@ -2284,7 +2334,7 @@
a Developing Society: Russia 1910-1925, Oxford University Press,
London, 1972.
- Skidelsky, Robert (Ed.), Thatcherism, Chatto & Windus, London, 1988.
+ Skidelsky, Robert (ed.), Thatcherism, Chatto & Windus, London, 1988.
Skidmore, Thomas E. and Smith, Peter H., Modern Latin America, Second
Edition, Oxford University Press, 1989.
@@ -2310,6 +2360,9 @@
Spriano, Paolo, The Occupation of the Factories: Italy 1920, Pluto
Press, London, 1975.
+ Staub, Ervin, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other
+ Group Violence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000
+
Stauber, John, and Sheldon Rampton, Toxic Sludge is good for you! Lies,
Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry, Common Courage Press,
Monroe, Maine, 1995.
@@ -2321,6 +2374,7 @@
Stewart, Michael, Keynes in the 1990s: A Return to Economic Sanity,
Penguin Books, London, 1993.
+ Keynes and After, 3rd edition, Penguin Books, London, 1987.
Stiglitz, Joseph, Globalisation and its Discontents, Penguin Books,
London, 2002.
@@ -2340,7 +2394,7 @@
Taylor, M. W., Men versus the state: Herbert Spencer and late Victorian
individualism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992.
- Taylor, Michael W. (Ed.), Herbert Spencer and the Limits of the State:
+ Taylor, Michael W. (ed.), Herbert Spencer and the Limits of the State:
The Late Nineteenth-Century Debate Between Individualism and
Collectivism, St. Augustine's Press, 1997.
@@ -2432,7 +2486,7 @@
Princeton, 1990.
Walford, George, George Walford on Anarcho-Capitalism, available at
- http://flag.blackenEd.net/liberty/walford-on-anarcap.html
+ http://flag.blackened.net/liberty/walford-on-anarcap.html
Wallerstein, Immanuel, Geopolitics and Geoculture, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1991.
@@ -2481,7 +2535,10 @@
Wilson, H., The Labour Government 1964-1970, London, 1971.
- Winn, Peter (Ed.), Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and
+ Wilkinson, Richard and Pickett, Kate, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal
+ Societies Almost Always Do Better, Allen Lane, London, 2009.
+
+ Winn, Peter (ed.), Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and
Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973-2002, Duke University Press,
Durham and London, 2004.
diff --git a/txt/book.txt b/txt/book.txt
index 6dd4816c125f300598b73faf845d029198cbffc9..2e375c7389be47ff3bd9e5e2f1b660fc82ec9a03 100644
--- a/txt/book.txt
+++ b/txt/book.txt
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ References
1. http://www.akuk.com/
2. http://www.akpress.org/
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/10years.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/intro.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/vol1intro.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/10years.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/intro.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/vol1intro.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
diff --git a/txt/contact.txt b/txt/contact.txt
index 0c11c5380858e681314fe2bde9c572df979e6304..6067f13bf7d67e154de40fa8054d1bd8f1e61f51 100644
--- a/txt/contact.txt
+++ b/txt/contact.txt
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/intro.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/intro.txt
2. mailto:anarchistfaq@yahoo.co.uk
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
diff --git a/txt/downloads.txt b/txt/downloads.txt
index cbabed12aab1d4b6dfad1e311c6a5248bda394b2..addc8b7ac4a8f205eb702581745b42c7d07f1ee7 100644
--- a/txt/downloads.txt
+++ b/txt/downloads.txt
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ References
1. http://flag.blackened.net/intanark/faq/mirror.html
2. http://flag.blackened.net/intanark/faq/text/
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/pdf.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/pdf.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
diff --git a/txt/index.txt b/txt/index.txt
index 1f158c17e2c0937da8b183edcdd6a355829276e2..00389a46333f8485edd8f49f14f93bd36d0033c0 100644
--- a/txt/index.txt
+++ b/txt/index.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
An Anarchist FAQ Webpage
- Version 13.4
+ Version 14.0
[flag2.gif]
________________________________________________________
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
An Anarchist FAQ can be accessed using these easy to remember urls:
- [4]www.anarchistfaq.org [5]www.anarchismfaq.org
+ [4]www.anarchistfaq.org [5]www.anarchismfaq.org
[6]www.anarchyfaq.org
- [7]www.anarchistfaq.org.uk
+ [7]www.anarchistfaq.org.uk
________________________________________________________
[8]What's New in the FAQ?
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
An Anarchist FAQ
- Version 13.4 -- 21-JAN-2010
+ Version 14.0 -- 08-MAR-2010
[9]Introduction
Section A - [10]What is anarchism?
@@ -64,31 +64,31 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/book.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/quotes.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/book.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/quotes.txt
3. http://anarchism.pageabode.com/blogs/afaq
4. http://www.anarchistfaq.org/
5. http://www.anarchismfaq.org/
6. http://www.anarchyfaq.org/
7. http://www.anarchistfaq.org.uk/
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/new.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/intro.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/biblio.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/contact.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/translations.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/pdf.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/links.html
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/new.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/intro.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/biblio.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/contact.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/translations.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/pdf.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/links.txt
diff --git a/txt/intro.txt b/txt/intro.txt
index a5763b1acabb468d142b2e8d854b8782f0a4b04e..c3c5fc158550b5461a411594216d350fa0414737 100644
--- a/txt/intro.txt
+++ b/txt/intro.txt
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@
and our comrades on the anarchy, oneunion and organise! mailing
lists.
- "An Anarchist FAQ", Version 13.3
- Copyright (C) 1995-2009 The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective:
+ "An Anarchist FAQ", Version 14.0
+ Copyright (C) 1995-2010 The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective:
Iain McKay, Gary Elkin, Dave Neal, Ed Boraas
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
diff --git a/txt/links.txt b/txt/links.txt
index 5de8e6875ff370bfed29c662d2eaeda4ac7222db..98d8190f6a1b0988e3c244f12238beaf27bcdb17 100644
--- a/txt/links.txt
+++ b/txt/links.txt
@@ -51,23 +51,23 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#news
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#webpages
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#nonwebpages
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#anarchafem
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#blogs
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#anarchorg
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#synpages
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#syndicates
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#rings
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#papers
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#books
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#people
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#shops
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#music
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#history
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#resources
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#anarchonews
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#othernews
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/alinks.html#mail
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/arlinks.html#other
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#news
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#webpages
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#nonwebpages
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#anarchafem
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#blogs
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#anarchorg
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#synpages
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#syndicates
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#rings
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#papers
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#books
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#people
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#shops
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#music
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#history
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#resources
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#anarchonews
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#othernews
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/alinks.txt#mail
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/arlinks.txt#other
diff --git a/txt/mirrors.txt b/txt/mirrors.txt
index 41ab5cd27392967c0b4b809d70d4ac6ecc165d62..8f14dd13c77f30bac21a30c507e966016464f276 100644
--- a/txt/mirrors.txt
+++ b/txt/mirrors.txt
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ References
27. http://anarchy.silesianet.pl/faq
28. http://www.anarchism.ca/faq/
29. http://www.etext.org/Politics/Spunk/library/intro/faq/sp001547/index.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
diff --git a/txt/new.txt b/txt/new.txt
index e19f894ccdee5e253e633bf29be1459b1eb82447..18de3969b90a256ddd692ec8031d0b06dd31f8f3 100644
--- a/txt/new.txt
+++ b/txt/new.txt
@@ -20,21 +20,55 @@
Version Date What's New
+ 14.0
+
+ 08-MAR-2010
+
+ [2]Section J.4
+ Revision of section on "What trends in society aid anarchist activity?"
+ Various sub-sections have been merged and renamed, along with
+ significant changes to content.
+
+ [3]Section J.5
+ Substantial revision of section on "What alternative social
+ organisations do anarchists create?". Lots of new material on anarchist
+ community organising and industrial struggles as well as on
+ co-operatives. There is some re-arranging of the material on mutual
+ banking between sections, but no significant changes.
+
+ [4]Section J.6
+ Revision of section on "What methods of child rearing do anarchists
+ advocate?". Various sub-sections have been merged and renamed, along
+ with significant changes to content.
+
+ [5]Section J.7
+ Revision of section on "What do anarchists mean by social revolution?".
+ One sub-section has been renamed, but no significant changes in content
+ have been made.
+
+ [6]Section J.2.8
+ Slight change to the sub-section on "J.2.8 Will abstentionism lead to
+ the right winning elections?" to include a quote from the late, great,
+ Howard Zinn.
+
+ This revision was made as part of getting the second volume of the FAQ
+ ready for publication. That is now complete.
+
13.4
21-JAN-2010
- [2]Section J
+ [7]Section J
Revision of introduction to section J on "What do Anarchists do?"
- [3]Section J.1
+ [8]Section J.1
Revision of section on "J.1 Are anarchists involved in social
struggles?".
- [4]Section J.2
+ [9]Section J.2
Revision of section on "What is direct action?".
- [5]Section J.3
+ [10]Section J.3
Revision of section on "J.3 What kinds of organisation do anarchists
build?".
@@ -45,14 +79,14 @@
30-SEP-2009
- [6]Section I.6
+ [11]Section I.6
Revision of section on "What about the "Tragedy of the Commons"?"
- [7]section I.7
+ [12]section I.7
Revision of section on "Won't Libertarian Socialism destroy
individuality?".
- [8]section I.8
+ [13]section I.8
Revision of section on "Does revolutionary Spain show that libertarian
socialism can work in practice?".
@@ -63,17 +97,17 @@
18-AUG-2009
- [9]Section I.4
+ [14]Section I.4
Signification revision of section on "How would an anarchist society
function?"
- [10]section I.5
+ [15]section I.5
Signification revision of section on "What would the social structure
of anarchy look like?". Some sub-sections have been merged (the old
I.5.10 and I.5.11) and some have been substantially changed (the old
I.5.13 and I.5.14 have been merged into the new I.5.11). Section I.5.3
has been renamed and its previous material included in I.5.2. The new
- [11]section I.5.3 discusses the means by which delegates remain under
+ [16]section I.5.3 discusses the means by which delegates remain under
control from below.
This revision was made as part of getting the second volume of the FAQ
@@ -83,29 +117,29 @@
18-JUN-2009
- [12]Section I
- Signification revision of the [13]introduction and first three
- sub-sections ( [14]I.1, [15]I.2 and [16]I.3) of section I on What would
+ [17]Section I
+ Signification revision of the [18]introduction and first three
+ sub-sections ( [19]I.1, [20]I.2 and [21]I.3) of section I on What would
an anarchist society look like?
- [17]Section I.3.3
+ [22]Section I.3.3
Complete revision of section I.3.3, which is now on What is
socialisation?.
- [18]Section I.1.5
+ [23]Section I.1.5
New section on Does capitalism efficiently allocate resources?,
discussing why attempts to portray socialism as "impossible" downplay
the allocative inefficiencies of the current system.
- [19]Appendix 3.1
+ [24]Appendix 3.1
Slight change to the appendix Reply to errors and distortions in David
- McNally's pamphlet "Socialism from Below". This is to include [20]an
+ McNally's pamphlet "Socialism from Below". This is to include [25]an
introduction which notes that McNally has now distanced himself from
this pamphlet as well as the addition of more quotes on party
- dictatorship by Trotsky to the section 15 ([21]Did Trotsky keep alive
+ dictatorship by Trotsky to the section 15 ([26]Did Trotsky keep alive
Leninism's "democratic essence"?).
- [22]An Anarchist FAQ blog
+ [27]An Anarchist FAQ blog
An Anarchist FAQ now has an official blog. This is used to post news as
well as extra material which cannot be included in the main body of the
FAQ.
@@ -117,21 +151,21 @@
11-NOV-2008
- [23]An Anachist FAQ: Volume 1
+ [28]An Anachist FAQ: Volume 1
An Anarchist FAQ, at long last, has now been published by AK Press.
Volume 1 (introductions, sections A to F, plus the appendix on the
symbols of Anarchy) is now available (ISBN: 978-1902593906)
- [24]Section H
+ [29]Section H
Significant revision of the section on the anarchist critique of
Marxism. Removing of section H.2.15 as this is covered elsewhere in
section H as well as section H.2.16 (on the Spanish Revolution) as this
- is covered in [25]section I.8.11.
+ is covered in [30]section I.8.11.
- [26]Section H.6
+ [31]Section H.6
New section on the Russian Revolution, including an expansion of what
were sections H.3.15 and H.3.16 plus a new subsection on labour protest
- under Lenin ([27]Section H.6.3).
+ under Lenin ([32]Section H.6.3).
This revision was made as part of getting the second volume of the FAQ
ready for publication.
@@ -140,7 +174,7 @@
08-FEB-2008
- [28]The Symbols of Anarchy
+ [33]The Symbols of Anarchy
Significant revision and re-organisation of the appendix on the
appendix on the Symbols of Anarchy. Adding some new information,
clarifying the roots of the black and red-and-black flags in working
@@ -153,7 +187,7 @@
27-OCT-2007
- [29]Section G
+ [34]Section G
Significant revision, re-organisation and expansion of the section on
individualist anarchism. Expands in more depth why it is as
anti-capitalist as other kinds of anarchism. Special thanks to
@@ -163,10 +197,10 @@
The following revisions were made as part of getting the first volume
of the FAQ ready for publication and so are really part of release 12.0
- [30]Section A.3.9
+ [35]Section A.3.9
Revision of the section on primitivism to clarify a few issues.
- [31]Section F.2.2
+ [36]Section F.2.2
The addition of a few quotes by leading "anarcho"-capitalist Walter
Block on slave contracts. Which, in itself, shows how far that ideology
is from genuine anarchism.
@@ -180,31 +214,31 @@
19-JUL-2007
- [32]Section C.7
+ [37]Section C.7
Revision of section C.7 on what causes the capitalist business cycle.
- [33]Section C.8
+ [38]Section C.8
Revision of section C.8 on why state control of credit does not cause
slumps and the limitations of Keynesianism.
- [34]Section C.9
+ [39]Section C.9
Revision of section C.9 on what causes unemployment (and it is not high
wages or unions) and why the NAIRU is class warfare by the rich.
- [35]Section F
+ [40]Section F
Revision of section F. Why "anarcho"-capitalism is not a form of
anarchism.
- [36]Section F.3.2
+ [41]Section F.3.2
New section on why there cannot be harmony of interests in an unequal
society.
- [37]Introduction
+ [42]Introduction
Slight changes to the original introduction.
- [38]Tenth Anniversary of An Anarchist FAQ!
+ [43]Tenth Anniversary of An Anarchist FAQ!
Slight changes to the 10th Anniversay introduction.
- [39]Bibliography
+ [44]Bibliography
Slight reorganisation of the bibliography to include a new section on
works about anarchism and anarchists but written by non-libertarians.
@@ -215,42 +249,47 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/oldnew.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJint.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci533
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIint.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app15
- 22. http://anarchism.pageabode.com/blogs/afaq
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/book.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech63
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca39
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf22
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf32
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/intro.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/10years.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/biblio.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/oldnew.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJint.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci533
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIint.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app15
+ 27. http://anarchism.pageabode.com/blogs/afaq
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/book.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech63
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca39
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf22
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf32
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/intro.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/10years.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/biblio.txt
diff --git a/txt/oldernew.txt b/txt/oldernew.txt
index dcaa1843a3896ba74f597345a9207eb916f896c4..41097ba0c152aea846514af6658f538218ef0846 100644
--- a/txt/oldernew.txt
+++ b/txt/oldernew.txt
@@ -856,238 +856,238 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH11.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH7.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH10.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech63
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech64
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech65
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH9.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH10.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH7.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech54
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech56
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech510
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGint.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg22
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH8.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append35.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca54
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca57
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app15
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app6
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html#app20
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app35
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHint.html
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app12
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app14
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append34.html#app1
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app34
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb45
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app32
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html#app33
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append31.html#app12
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj210
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj72
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE7.html
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secF13
- 85. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secF22
- 86. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 87. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html
- 88. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca51
- 89. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca52
- 90. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 91. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append12.html
- 92. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 93. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 94. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 95. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg22
- 96. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 97. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 98. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHint.html
- 99. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html
- 100. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca14
- 101. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca15
- 102. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca27
- 103. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 104. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 105. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca219
- 106. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb71
- 107. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb73
- 108. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 109. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 110. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF5.html
- 111. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 112. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/biblio.html
- 113. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html
- 114. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1.html
- 115. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/biblio.html
- 116. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca11
- 117. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca31
- 118. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca32
- 119. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 120. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca218
- 121. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 122. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 123. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 124. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 125. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 126. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 127. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 128. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca22
- 129. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 130. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca28
- 131. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/intro.html
- 132. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 133. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 134. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 135. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca33
- 136. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca34
- 137. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca14
- 138. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 139. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG6.html
- 140. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html#secc51
- 141. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 142. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 143. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html
- 144. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCint.html
- 145. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 146. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca35
- 147. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 148. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca213
- 149. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html
- 150. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca22
- 151. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca212
- 152. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca52
- 153. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 154. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca37
- 155. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca38
- 156. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html
- 157. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 158. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC12.html
- 159. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 160. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/replies.html
- 161. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 162. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html
- 163. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb14
- 164. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG6.html
- 165. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJintro.html
- 166. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 167. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 168. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 169. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 170. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 171. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 172. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC6.html
- 173. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 174. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 175. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 176. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 177. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 178. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 179. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCintro.html
- 180. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 181. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC6.html
- 182. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 183. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH11.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH7.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH10.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech63
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech64
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech65
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH9.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH10.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH7.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech54
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech56
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech510
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGint.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg22
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH8.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append35.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca54
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca57
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app15
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app6
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt#app20
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app35
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHint.txt
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app12
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app14
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append34.txt#app1
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app34
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb45
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app32
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt#app33
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append31.txt#app12
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj210
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj72
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE7.txt
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secF13
+ 85. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secF22
+ 86. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 87. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt
+ 88. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca51
+ 89. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca52
+ 90. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 91. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append12.txt
+ 92. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 93. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 94. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 95. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg22
+ 96. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 97. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 98. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHint.txt
+ 99. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt
+ 100. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca14
+ 101. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca15
+ 102. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca27
+ 103. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 104. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 105. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca219
+ 106. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb71
+ 107. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb73
+ 108. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 109. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 110. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF5.txt
+ 111. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 112. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/biblio.txt
+ 113. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt
+ 114. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1.txt
+ 115. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/biblio.txt
+ 116. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca11
+ 117. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca31
+ 118. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca32
+ 119. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 120. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca218
+ 121. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 122. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 123. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 124. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 125. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 126. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 127. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 128. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca22
+ 129. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 130. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca28
+ 131. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/intro.txt
+ 132. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 133. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 134. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 135. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca33
+ 136. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca34
+ 137. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca14
+ 138. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 139. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG6.txt
+ 140. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt#secc51
+ 141. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 142. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 143. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt
+ 144. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCint.txt
+ 145. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 146. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca35
+ 147. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 148. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca213
+ 149. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt
+ 150. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca22
+ 151. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca212
+ 152. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca52
+ 153. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 154. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca37
+ 155. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca38
+ 156. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt
+ 157. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 158. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC12.txt
+ 159. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 160. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/replies.txt
+ 161. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 162. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt
+ 163. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb14
+ 164. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG6.txt
+ 165. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJintro.txt
+ 166. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 167. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 168. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 169. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 170. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 171. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 172. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC6.txt
+ 173. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 174. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 175. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 176. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 177. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 178. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 179. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCintro.txt
+ 180. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 181. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC6.txt
+ 182. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 183. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
184. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secFcon.html
185. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secGcon.html
- 186. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 187. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
+ 186. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 187. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
188. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secGcon.html
- 189. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 190. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 191. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJintro.html
- 192. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 193. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 194. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 195. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
+ 189. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 190. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 191. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJintro.txt
+ 192. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 193. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 194. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 195. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
196. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF2.html#secf26
- 197. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 198. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 199. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci34
- 200. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 201. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci44
- 202. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci413
- 203. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci87
- 204. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 205. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb71
+ 197. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 198. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 199. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci34
+ 200. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 201. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci44
+ 202. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci413
+ 203. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci87
+ 204. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 205. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb71
206. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF2.html#secf28
- 207. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1.html
- 208. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app1
- 209. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app2
- 210. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app3
- 211. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app4
- 212. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app5
- 213. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append11.html#app6
- 214. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 215. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html#secc111
- 216. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 217. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 218. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc81
- 219. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 220. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc83
+ 207. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1.txt
+ 208. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app1
+ 209. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app2
+ 210. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app3
+ 211. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app4
+ 212. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app5
+ 213. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append11.txt#app6
+ 214. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 215. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt#secc111
+ 216. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 217. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 218. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc81
+ 219. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 220. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc83
221. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF1.html
222. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF1.html#secf12
223. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF1.html#secf13
224. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secG5.html
- 225. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci74
- 226. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJintro.html
- 227. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 228. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca15
- 229. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 230. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci58
- 231. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci61
- 232. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/intro.html
+ 225. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci74
+ 226. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJintro.txt
+ 227. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 228. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca15
+ 229. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 230. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci58
+ 231. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci61
+ 232. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/intro.txt
233. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF2.html#secf26
234. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF9.html
235. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/3998/secF6.html
diff --git a/txt/oldnew.txt b/txt/oldnew.txt
index ea98fe0ec75c92d295cd84eba6fd7989bee8036f..12b7140aac2069b1c2c67273d84208b64e3c14b2 100644
--- a/txt/oldnew.txt
+++ b/txt/oldnew.txt
@@ -301,56 +301,56 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/oldernew.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC12.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd14
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd15
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD9.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/10years.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCint.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append13.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF11.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF9.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secf14
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf26
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFint.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secf13
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb16
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb26
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb72
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca220
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca39
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca41
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca42
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca43
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca44
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech315
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech316
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/oldernew.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC12.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd14
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd15
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD9.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/10years.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCint.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append13.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF11.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF9.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secf14
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf26
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFint.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secf13
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb16
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb26
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb72
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca220
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca39
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca41
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca42
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca43
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca44
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech315
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech316
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt
diff --git a/txt/pdf.txt b/txt/pdf.txt
index 578302eb583ba7a7de04642a3831ed08954c0bb5..05e32d1d72dc500f717d69d45673bc00fd878f93 100644
--- a/txt/pdf.txt
+++ b/txt/pdf.txt
@@ -1,110 +1,102 @@
"An Anarchist FAQ" in pdf format
- To view and print out the file you will need to have Adobe Document
- Reader on your computer. This is free software that now comes on many
- computers and with many CD's. If you do not already have it you can
- [1]download it from the Adobe site. [or [2]click here for a faster text
- only page]
+[1]Introduction
-[3]Introduction
+[2]An Anarchist FAQ after ten years
-[4]An Anarchist FAQ after ten years
+[3]Introduction to Volume 1
-[5]Introduction to Volume 1
+Section A -- [4]What is Anarchism?
-Section A -- [6]What is Anarchism?
+Section B -- [5]Why do anarchists oppose the current system?
-Section B -- [7]Why do anarchists oppose the current system?
+Section C - [6]What are the myths of capitalist economics?
-Section C - [8]What are the myths of capitalist economics?
+Section D - [7]How does statism and capitalism affect society?
-Section D - [9]How does statism and capitalism affect society?
+Section E - [8]What do anarchists think causes ecological problems?
-Section E - [10]What do anarchists think causes ecological problems?
+Section F - [9]Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism?
-Section F - [11]Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism?
+Section G - [10]Is individualist anarchism capitalistic?
-Section G - [12]Is individualist anarchism capitalistic?
+Section H - [11]Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?
-Section H - [13]Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?
+Section I - [12]What would an anarchist society look like?
-Section I - [14]What would an anarchist society look like?
-
-Section J - [15]What do anarchists do?
+Section J - [13]What do anarchists do?
Appendices
- [16]Anarchism and "Anarcho"-capitalism
+ [14]Anarchism and "Anarcho"-capitalism
- 1. [17]Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's
+ 1. [15]Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's
"Anarchist Theory FAQ" version 5.2
- 2. [18]Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's
+ 2. [16]Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's
"Anarchist Theory FAQ" version 4.1.1
- 3. [19]Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism?
+ 3. [17]Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism?
-[20]The Symbols of Anarchy
+[18]The Symbols of Anarchy
-[21]Anarchism and Marxism
+[19]Anarchism and Marxism
- 1. [22]Reply to errors and distortions in David McNally's pamphlet
+ 1. [20]Reply to errors and distortions in David McNally's pamphlet
"Socialism from Below"
- 2. [23]Marxists and Spanish Anarchism
- 3. [24]Reply to errors and distortions in Phil Mitchinson's "Marxism
+ 2. [21]Marxists and Spanish Anarchism
+ 3. [22]Reply to errors and distortions in Phil Mitchinson's "Marxism
and direct action"
- 4. [25]Reply to errors and distortions in the SWP's "Marxism and
+ 4. [23]Reply to errors and distortions in the SWP's "Marxism and
Anarchism"
- 5. [26]Reply to errors and distortions in John Fisher's "Why we must
+ 5. [24]Reply to errors and distortions in John Fisher's "Why we must
further Marxism and not Anarchism"
-[27]The Russian Revolution
+[25]The Russian Revolution
- 1. [28]What actually happened in Russia?
- 2. [29]What was the Kronstadt Rebellion?
- 3. [30]What caused the degeneration of the Russian Revolution?
- 4. [31]How did Bolshevik ideology contribute to the failure of the
+ 1. [26]What actually happened in Russia?
+ 2. [27]What was the Kronstadt Rebellion?
+ 3. [28]What caused the degeneration of the Russian Revolution?
+ 4. [29]How did Bolshevik ideology contribute to the failure of the
Revolution?
- 5. [32]Were any of the Bolshevik oppositions a real alternative?
- 6. [33]Why does the Makhnovist movement show there is an alternative
+ 5. [30]Were any of the Bolshevik oppositions a real alternative?
+ 6. [31]Why does the Makhnovist movement show there is an alternative
to Bolshevism?
-[34]Bibliography
+[32]Bibliography
- [35]Click here to return to the index page.
+ [33]Click here to return to the index page.
References
- 1. http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html
- 2. http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/alternate.html
- 3. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/intro.pdf
- 4. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/10years.pdf
- 5. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/vol1intro.pdf
- 6. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionA.pdf
- 7. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionB.pdf
- 8. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionC.pdf
- 9. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionD.pdf
- 10. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionE.pdf
- 11. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionF.pdf
- 12. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionG.pdf
- 13. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionH.pdf
- 14. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionI.pdf
- 15. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionJ.pdf
- 16. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append1.pdf
- 17. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append11.pdf
- 18. http://www.innfoshop.org/faq/append12.pdf
- 19. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append13.pdf
- 20. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append2.pdf
- 21. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append3.pdf
- 22. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append31.pdf
- 23. http://www.innfoshop.org/faq/append32.pdf
- 24. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append33.pdf
- 25. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append34.pdf
- 26. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append35.pdf
- 27. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append4.pdf
- 28. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append41.pdf
- 29. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append42.pdf
- 30. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append43.pdf
- 31. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append44.pdf
- 32. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append45.pdf
- 33. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append46.pdf
- 34. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/biblio.pdf
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
+ 1. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/intro.pdf
+ 2. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/10years.pdf
+ 3. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/vol1intro.pdf
+ 4. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionA.pdf
+ 5. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionB.pdf
+ 6. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionC.pdf
+ 7. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionD.pdf
+ 8. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionE.pdf
+ 9. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionF.pdf
+ 10. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionG.pdf
+ 11. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionH.pdf
+ 12. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionI.pdf
+ 13. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionJ.pdf
+ 14. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append1.pdf
+ 15. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append11.pdf
+ 16. http://www.innfoshop.org/faq/append12.pdf
+ 17. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append13.pdf
+ 18. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append2.pdf
+ 19. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append3.pdf
+ 20. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append31.pdf
+ 21. http://www.innfoshop.org/faq/append32.pdf
+ 22. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append33.pdf
+ 23. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append34.pdf
+ 24. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append35.pdf
+ 25. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append4.pdf
+ 26. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append41.pdf
+ 27. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append42.pdf
+ 28. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append43.pdf
+ 29. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append44.pdf
+ 30. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append45.pdf
+ 31. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/append46.pdf
+ 32. http://www.infoshop.org/faq/biblio.pdf
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
diff --git a/txt/replies.txt b/txt/replies.txt
index 7a511a5c60eddde29049588fa0cb566f940495b1..b23a3275526a9473c66b515fed6aa1d96cd09382 100644
--- a/txt/replies.txt
+++ b/txt/replies.txt
@@ -1793,53 +1793,53 @@ Critique of Section F.1.3 (Is right-Libertarian theory scientific in nature?)
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf23
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf23
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf21
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf23
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf23
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf21
11. http://204.181.81.182/zmag/articles/hermanjuly97.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAcon.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAcon.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
19. http://www.unicorn.com//lib/libertarian.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf64
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj510
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html#secf41
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf23
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secf12
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf23
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf63
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secf13
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secf13
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html#secf13
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf64
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj510
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt#secf41
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf23
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secf12
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf23
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf63
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secf13
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secf13
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt#secf13
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
diff --git a/txt/secA1.txt b/txt/secA1.txt
index 6c43782874788abfc98532da2c2a243ac0547e23..18b219a36e2f8b6809900e1050e3a374f49aa92d 100644
--- a/txt/secA1.txt
+++ b/txt/secA1.txt
@@ -822,19 +822,19 @@ A.1.5 Where does anarchism come from?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca54
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca54
diff --git a/txt/secA2.txt b/txt/secA2.txt
index d3827ea3096646ca13c61c947cc6bccff5c76505..ed937a7c6499272cb69bf52a65019a3b6ac4fbbe 100644
--- a/txt/secA2.txt
+++ b/txt/secA2.txt
@@ -3635,56 +3635,56 @@ A.2.20 Why are most anarchists atheists?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca22
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca26
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secB1
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb23
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb74
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca212
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca212
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca28
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca35
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci58
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca215
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca56
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca216
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca53
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca37
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca22
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca26
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secB1
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb23
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb74
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca212
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca212
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca28
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca35
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci58
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca215
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca56
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca216
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca53
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca37
diff --git a/txt/secA3.txt b/txt/secA3.txt
index 90d3a784d5e968086fbe73ff24ae283ece593a18..b3c9d4b02dd5448a820b478c4d6f048a3024207e 100644
--- a/txt/secA3.txt
+++ b/txt/secA3.txt
@@ -2683,31 +2683,31 @@ A.3.9 What is anarcho-primitivism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22"
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI.html#seci62
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj38
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj39
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca39
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj514
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca54
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca56
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb14
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb15
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj510
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca220
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca33
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22"
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI.txt#seci62
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj38
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj39
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca39
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj514
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca54
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca56
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb14
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb15
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj510
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca220
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca33
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
diff --git a/txt/secA4.txt b/txt/secA4.txt
index d4e232264ce7a7f0e7aa6d8ceba9511f17d369e0..9dd437c63499726721dc0fcd2c46f54e08897646 100644
--- a/txt/secA4.txt
+++ b/txt/secA4.txt
@@ -1276,11 +1276,11 @@ A.4.4 Are there any Marxist thinkers close to anarchism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca42
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca43
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca44
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca42
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca41
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca43
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca44
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca42
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca43
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca44
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca42
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca41
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca43
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca44
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secA5.txt b/txt/secA5.txt
index 79a2461c88d6b1d30f389c7905e877ef1644c0c3..61dec07012484992ca8fae784972f0e70bb04802 100644
--- a/txt/secA5.txt
+++ b/txt/secA5.txt
@@ -2534,22 +2534,22 @@ A.5.7 The May-June Revolt in France, 1968
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca56
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca218
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca52
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj39
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append42.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci83
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci84
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci85
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci86
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci810
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca56
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca218
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca52
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj39
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append42.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci83
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci84
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci85
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci86
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci810
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
diff --git a/txt/secAcon.txt b/txt/secAcon.txt
index d7d3063b65fb3d29b2577756427b188fa8ff947b..79dfccb8471787e48c454bbcc88cbfc32efae5ad 100644
--- a/txt/secAcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secAcon.txt
@@ -67,54 +67,54 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secAint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca21
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca22
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca23
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca24
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca26
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca27
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca28
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca29
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca210
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca212
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca213
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca215
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca216
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca217
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca218
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca219
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca220
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca31
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca32
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca33
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca34
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca35
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca36
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca37
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca38
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca39
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca41
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca42
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca43
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA4.html#seca44
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca51
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca52
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca53
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca54
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca56
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca57
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secAint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca21
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca22
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca23
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca24
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca26
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca27
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca28
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca29
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca210
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca212
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca213
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca215
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca216
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca217
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca218
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca219
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca220
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca31
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca32
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca33
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca34
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca35
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca36
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca37
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca38
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca39
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca41
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca42
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca43
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA4.txt#seca44
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca51
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca52
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca53
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca54
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca56
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca57
diff --git a/txt/secB1.txt b/txt/secB1.txt
index 204412c22e4df96e27339a0e510c1da0e55a9a3e..0411a4fee3bd3ab997119059a4f1979ed3dacede 100644
--- a/txt/secB1.txt
+++ b/txt/secB1.txt
@@ -1958,44 +1958,44 @@ B.1.6 Can hierarchy be ended?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb11
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb11
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb14
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca28
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca215
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb12
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb12
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb16
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca14
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca219
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb15
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb16
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca36
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj68
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secJ513
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca27
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj42
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj21
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/sec83.html#secc83
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj52
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj51
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb11
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb11
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb14
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca28
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca215
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb12
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb12
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb16
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca14
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca219
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb15
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb16
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca36
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj68
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secJ513
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca27
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj42
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj21
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/sec83.txt#secc83
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj52
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj51
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
diff --git a/txt/secB2.txt b/txt/secB2.txt
index 8c1ec179c438d828b6875c19bd8236cf2f38807f..5dd60e5b90c5698d1c24b872c539801fb477cd5e 100644
--- a/txt/secB2.txt
+++ b/txt/secB2.txt
@@ -2037,39 +2037,39 @@ B.2.6 Can the state be an independent power within society?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb24
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb21
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb23
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb26
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb22
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb24
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb32
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb31
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci58
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD6.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb23
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb21
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb26
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd13
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb23
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj22
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb22
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb21
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb24
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb21
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb23
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb26
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb22
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb24
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb32
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb31
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci58
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD6.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb23
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb21
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb26
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd13
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb23
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj22
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb22
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb21
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
diff --git a/txt/secB3.txt b/txt/secB3.txt
index 4d0757ef438274008c9a869bec4e55e6033b0add..6a7316da8a73fb76624e2818a94a0d0c010c9f7d 100644
--- a/txt/secB3.txt
+++ b/txt/secB3.txt
@@ -1440,31 +1440,31 @@ B.3.5 Is state owned property different from private property?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb32
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb33
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca31
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf83
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf83
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf84
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb33
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb32
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb33
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca31
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf83
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf83
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf84
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb33
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
diff --git a/txt/secB4.txt b/txt/secB4.txt
index b2d8792226a65efff3b6c97886b622347df83a60..13d2099d17ed1d7247af54ef4002e6344112ea87 100644
--- a/txt/secB4.txt
+++ b/txt/secB4.txt
@@ -1411,24 +1411,24 @@ B.4.5 But I want to be "left alone"!
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca28
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf22
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb44
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD4.html#secd41
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca28
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf22
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb44
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD4.txt#secd41
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
diff --git a/txt/secB5.txt b/txt/secB5.txt
index b6c92c136784c55437edd3092fd26aa33dfa4848..78e26cdaf6392ee70071c063f34095d95f717756 100644
--- a/txt/secB5.txt
+++ b/txt/secB5.txt
@@ -205,6 +205,6 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE5.txt
diff --git a/txt/secB6.txt b/txt/secB6.txt
index b887c088324f873b800ae3d06d3cc43336bcecf3..023165765a51b215ea9e5b2467f5e6bd69169aab 100644
--- a/txt/secB6.txt
+++ b/txt/secB6.txt
@@ -114,4 +114,4 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci56
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci56
diff --git a/txt/secB7.txt b/txt/secB7.txt
index a2f6bed5784828796e176a8f59cd6f8686e5d328..c8f1675f564335bdb1a6d8d8b4a8063b90a344d0 100644
--- a/txt/secB7.txt
+++ b/txt/secB7.txt
@@ -223,15 +223,15 @@ B.7.1 But do classes actually exist?
Changes in income, 1977-1999
- real income growth
- 1977-99 Share of total income
- 1977 1999 Change
- poorest 20% -9% 5.7% 4.2% -1.5%
- second 20% +1 11.5 9.7 -1.8
- middle 20% +8 16.4 14.7 -1.7
- fourth 20% +14 22.8 21.3 -1.5
- top 20% +43 44.2 50.4 +6.2
- top 1% +115 7.3 12.9 +5.6
+ real income growth
+ 1977-99 Share of total income
+ 1977 1999 Change
+ poorest 20% -9% 5.7% 4.2% -1.5%
+ second 20% +1 11.5 9.7 -1.8
+ middle 20% +8 16.4 14.7 -1.7
+ fourth 20% +14 22.8 21.3 -1.5
+ top 20% +43 44.2 50.4 +6.2
+ top 1% +115 7.3 12.9 +5.6
By far the biggest gainers from the wealth concentration since the
1980s have been the super-rich. The closer you get to the top, the
@@ -928,12 +928,12 @@ B.7.4 What do anarchists mean by "class consciousness"?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD9.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb71
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD9.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb71
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secBcon.txt b/txt/secBcon.txt
index 3c7abc4b2f9ef736d666bb3a37f3bc740accd936..3a53d44ef397d9f2085b5d1b066edb62a3f6f3ee 100644
--- a/txt/secBcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secBcon.txt
@@ -52,37 +52,37 @@ best?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb16
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb21
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb22
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb23
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb24
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb26
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb31
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb32
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb33
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb41
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb44
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb45
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB5.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB6.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb71
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb72
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb73
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb74
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb16
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb21
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb22
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb23
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb24
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb26
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb31
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb32
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb33
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb41
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb44
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb45
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB5.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB6.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb71
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb72
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb73
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb74
diff --git a/txt/secBint.txt b/txt/secBint.txt
index 38b283dedb23fb968436c9f62c23d8dfa7d2cadc..aa7e380838934637ec07f6a8fbdc8c71e1176343 100644
--- a/txt/secBint.txt
+++ b/txt/secBint.txt
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
diff --git a/txt/secC1.txt b/txt/secC1.txt
index f3ead3405281de8eb73dafdb0a8d6d92844d4053..d73689f0f53bd0ce626881f15c7beece84077d78 100644
--- a/txt/secC1.txt
+++ b/txt/secC1.txt
@@ -3138,35 +3138,35 @@ C.1.6 Is it possible to a non-equilibrium based capitalist economics?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc12
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc11
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc13
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc14
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc12
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc71
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc12
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc14
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb43
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf21
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci12
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc12
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc11
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc13
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc14
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc12
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc71
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc12
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc14
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb43
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf21
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci12
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secC10.txt b/txt/secC10.txt
index 90ce0737e58b4497979b040b6771274f449631e5..48c7f7439828f8f851a0fa642cf801d8d4fbf8f4 100644
--- a/txt/secC10.txt
+++ b/txt/secC10.txt
@@ -2026,25 +2026,25 @@ C.10.4 Does growth automatically mean people are better off?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc101
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc102
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc103
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc104
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc103
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb44
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc104
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc101
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc12
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html#secb71
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc101
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc102
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc103
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc104
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc103
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb44
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc104
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc101
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc12
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt#secb71
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
diff --git a/txt/secC11.txt b/txt/secC11.txt
index 3322ec0289d1ecc3319fe3a50cedb40c4b2adf18..c65b6a9ed783c89615bbd2900ac284051b325214 100644
--- a/txt/secC11.txt
+++ b/txt/secC11.txt
@@ -1159,9 +1159,9 @@ C.11.3 Did neo-liberal Chile confirm capitalist economics?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html#secc112
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt#secc112
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt
diff --git a/txt/secC2.txt b/txt/secC2.txt
index 507513986eaec27bdb154e88c686ec207cfa978a..39b90a1853ce46af17e1c34e77fa899aac6990ff 100644
--- a/txt/secC2.txt
+++ b/txt/secC2.txt
@@ -3686,48 +3686,48 @@ C.2.9 Do profits reflect a reward for risk?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc21
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc22
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc22
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc24
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc23
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc23
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc23
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc81
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC6.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc23
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc11
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc16
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc22
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb11
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj510
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc21
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc24
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc23
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc28
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc21
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc22
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc22
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc24
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc23
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc23
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc23
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc81
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC6.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc23
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc11
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc16
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc22
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb11
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj510
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc21
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc24
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc23
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc28
diff --git a/txt/secC3.txt b/txt/secC3.txt
index 9bfe9cc5c21ef038d6dd12319d9639d33cda122a..fd986d7ac4c5a403160bbdc6524102fecccc2075 100644
--- a/txt/secC3.txt
+++ b/txt/secC3.txt
@@ -319,6 +319,6 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc22
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc22
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
diff --git a/txt/secC4.txt b/txt/secC4.txt
index 2a7cc7d323040af2092c27e8b936323d90a7c967..26dc38ff9564102861d48e64315e50bfc44a8916 100644
--- a/txt/secC4.txt
+++ b/txt/secC4.txt
@@ -817,18 +817,18 @@ labour?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc14
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html#secc41
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc14
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt#secc41
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
diff --git a/txt/secC5.txt b/txt/secC5.txt
index c16c516bdb295ab5c17b4de385d5f79bc9258bf6..0d62b400310ecc280da39bd5b7e49cc4427f5b95 100644
--- a/txt/secC5.txt
+++ b/txt/secC5.txt
@@ -455,9 +455,9 @@ C.5.1 Aren't the super-profits of Big Business due to its higher efficiency?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech23
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech23
diff --git a/txt/secC6.txt b/txt/secC6.txt
index 77f3cd007eff48f1a9469696da69f7a4eb81ea3c..3451d07c6ba36ff3954d0ff43c5542bf2cb63304 100644
--- a/txt/secC6.txt
+++ b/txt/secC6.txt
@@ -179,6 +179,6 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html#secc42
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/seD5.html#secd53
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt#secc42
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/seD5.txt#secd53
diff --git a/txt/secC7.txt b/txt/secC7.txt
index aea5d08a90ee2a107b55077e4fb3c125e1ffbccf..740c8ff841d8d18a058881402106be0928e4d8d9 100644
--- a/txt/secC7.txt
+++ b/txt/secC7.txt
@@ -1179,28 +1179,28 @@ C.7.3 What role does investment play in the business cycle?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc71
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc92
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc71
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc71
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc92
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc71
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
diff --git a/txt/secC8.txt b/txt/secC8.txt
index 2807e40d68f15828a585ba76f91312dc5d0b98db..f450452cd7bad8b94ad76e67f780e635d52a6dea 100644
--- a/txt/secC8.txt
+++ b/txt/secC8.txt
@@ -1722,26 +1722,26 @@ C.8.3 How did capitalism adjust to the crisis in Keynesianism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc71
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc81
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc16
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc83
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html#secc15
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc81
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc83
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb44
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc71
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc81
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc16
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc83
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt#secc15
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc81
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc83
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb44
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt
diff --git a/txt/secC9.txt b/txt/secC9.txt
index b1e6223dceb55ef24f9301bfad43282e5af8adf4..34f74805c26e013da2954e4e248c8f620619cc9a 100644
--- a/txt/secC9.txt
+++ b/txt/secC9.txt
@@ -2520,31 +2520,31 @@ C.9.4 Is unemployment voluntary?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc16
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc71
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc92
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc92
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc12
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html#secc43
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc14
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc92
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc14
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd15
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj515
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj516
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc16
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc71
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc92
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc92
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc12
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt#secc43
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc14
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc92
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc14
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd15
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj515
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj516
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
diff --git a/txt/secCcon.txt b/txt/secCcon.txt
index 93b3531ca2650b203393594bde8f1ab8de07bcb8..2003f718a6502a855d3718304ceb6082501eb8af 100644
--- a/txt/secCcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secCcon.txt
@@ -81,52 +81,52 @@ everyone?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc16
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc21
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc22
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc23
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc24
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc28
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc29
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC3.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html#secc41
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html#secc42
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html#secc43
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC5.html#secc51
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC6.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc71
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc81
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc83
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc91
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc92
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc93
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html#secc94
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc101
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc102
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc103
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html#secc104
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html#secc111
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html#secc112
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html#secc113
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC12.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc16
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc21
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc22
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc23
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc24
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc28
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc29
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC3.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt#secc41
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt#secc42
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt#secc43
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC5.txt#secc51
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC6.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc71
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc81
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc83
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc91
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc92
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc93
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt#secc94
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc101
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc102
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc103
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt#secc104
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt#secc111
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt#secc112
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt#secc113
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC12.txt
diff --git a/txt/secCint.txt b/txt/secCint.txt
index 6f60874dfd9b6b5c3f41df101aac4ea2cf94d9b2..2e517424c3df88b2462d36c99d273d02209e36c2 100644
--- a/txt/secCint.txt
+++ b/txt/secCint.txt
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD1.txt b/txt/secD1.txt
index 92b37afe43ca2d1ffdc5fa36d9e623aec6b46835..8299427bbdec0af4e3d66c3be6c783bdf162c4c8 100644
--- a/txt/secD1.txt
+++ b/txt/secD1.txt
@@ -1627,21 +1627,21 @@ D.1.5 Do anarchists support state intervention?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd14
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD8.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd15
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj42
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC6.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd13
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj515
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj516
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd14
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD8.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd15
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj42
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC6.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd13
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj515
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj516
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD10.txt b/txt/secD10.txt
index 2fa624c2aca5553892c633875ac69dfd3db87eb2..6897a57dc36bc7e3679a3cf28e337d05bf6cb8ed 100644
--- a/txt/secD10.txt
+++ b/txt/secD10.txt
@@ -570,5 +570,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci49
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci49
diff --git a/txt/secD11.txt b/txt/secD11.txt
index 47ca849207d26d172072f6fe05ece176d4b98399..6218ede786d8ab3a78e82c03cd865c6261b8e1c6 100644
--- a/txt/secD11.txt
+++ b/txt/secD11.txt
@@ -678,10 +678,10 @@ freedom?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd14
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb41
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html#secc113
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd14
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb41
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt#secc113
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD2.txt b/txt/secD2.txt
index cb74ec49af3fbc3af42d297b2464221cc8a73a8f..b0bebe1f0fdde13a2797ead934b868d5b8ab9ed2 100644
--- a/txt/secD2.txt
+++ b/txt/secD2.txt
@@ -493,9 +493,9 @@ D.2.2 How extensive is business propaganda?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb23
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj22
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html#secd21
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb23
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj22
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt#secd21
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD3.txt b/txt/secD3.txt
index 80e1c1eac784ba7881cc22da7905616f7275a2aa..10854a2b3e493e301c51528b27720261e1e880f1 100644
--- a/txt/secD3.txt
+++ b/txt/secD3.txt
@@ -688,5 +688,5 @@ business failures?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd34
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd34
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD4.txt b/txt/secD4.txt
index d5144281d5ccc34da1b045b2f05953ca114c7577..2819356ff8ce7abb9d80107a0ba2f6778cec91c7 100644
--- a/txt/secD4.txt
+++ b/txt/secD4.txt
@@ -160,4 +160,4 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD5.txt b/txt/secD5.txt
index 01aa68daffd7c10cf4eadedf37dc1796c99ff255..9afaa1f4888b82c9f4c4118a23d7dab5b342bb81 100644
--- a/txt/secD5.txt
+++ b/txt/secD5.txt
@@ -1747,20 +1747,20 @@ capitalism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd53
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd51
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd51
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd53
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD7.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html#secd21
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd54
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd53
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd52
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd51
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD8.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd53
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd53
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd51
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd51
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd53
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD7.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt#secd21
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd54
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd53
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd52
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd51
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD8.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd53
diff --git a/txt/secD6.txt b/txt/secD6.txt
index fabc2dbfa2bd5c7895b58c3d91b00aeb38db4cd2..ce68e44ad9cd2ab247f524371ed98a3bf72f6ca8 100644
--- a/txt/secD6.txt
+++ b/txt/secD6.txt
@@ -262,5 +262,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD7.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD7.txt
diff --git a/txt/secD7.txt b/txt/secD7.txt
index 672eb597c0b80930d5d4f93a10a0c4a529c61636..f4b034a91a6ccc79674cef171a099a5344c6e255 100644
--- a/txt/secD7.txt
+++ b/txt/secD7.txt
@@ -331,6 +331,6 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD6.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci38
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD6.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci38
diff --git a/txt/secD9.txt b/txt/secD9.txt
index 0e34c6a9f3a05581c8671bc476102a867e650113..6acd41a96baabc2e24bb6995a391e9396059afa5 100644
--- a/txt/secD9.txt
+++ b/txt/secD9.txt
@@ -895,7 +895,7 @@ D.9.3 What causes justifications for racism to appear?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB7.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb14
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB7.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb14
diff --git a/txt/secDcon.txt b/txt/secDcon.txt
index 05cb6076ba108e62f9cb342d32d87865b552f069..e22f25d56a6ed969abbcf26099f6b3b6d27ae882 100644
--- a/txt/secDcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secDcon.txt
@@ -61,38 +61,38 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secDint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html#secd21
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html#secd22
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd31
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd32
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd33
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd34
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd35
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd36
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html#secd37
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD4.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd51
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd52
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd53
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD5.html#secd54
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD6.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD7.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD8.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD9.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD9.html#secd91
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD9.html#secd92
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD9.html#secd93
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html#secd111
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD11.html#secd112
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secDint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt#secd21
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt#secd22
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd31
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd32
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd33
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd34
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd35
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd36
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt#secd37
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD4.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd51
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd52
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd53
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD5.txt#secd54
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD6.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD7.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD8.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD9.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD9.txt#secd91
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD9.txt#secd92
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD9.txt#secd93
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt#secd111
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD11.txt#secd112
diff --git a/txt/secDint.txt b/txt/secDint.txt
index ff871ecdb3b0ce44fee952695bf90aaf5048d8ff..bfba90bcc0679eb3e7b72f3fa9184a48baffb70b 100644
--- a/txt/secDint.txt
+++ b/txt/secDint.txt
@@ -134,5 +134,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
diff --git a/txt/secE1.txt b/txt/secE1.txt
index c36f2e70f7fb8023bcef9d1d5acf86f89f4f485c..9bed7a34028d0b6406efaba05aeaa21717eb8ccd 100644
--- a/txt/secE1.txt
+++ b/txt/secE1.txt
@@ -630,16 +630,16 @@ E.1.2 What is the difference between environmentalism and ecology?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca33
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD4.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb21
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj51
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj52
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca39
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca33
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca33
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb21
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj51
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj52
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca39
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca33
diff --git a/txt/secE2.txt b/txt/secE2.txt
index 5b92d540d840eb95c5d7e0cb0343c675ef19f7cf..27dea69048b975ca58b5b68a55cda8a6daae9abd 100644
--- a/txt/secE2.txt
+++ b/txt/secE2.txt
@@ -490,14 +490,14 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html#sece12
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj514
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt#sece12
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj514
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
diff --git a/txt/secE3.txt b/txt/secE3.txt
index bd847cf80bf07f57984622313ce3b83cda2ab580..d8f0007a078abde4456c12be8c1a97a7220eee5d 100644
--- a/txt/secE3.txt
+++ b/txt/secE3.txt
@@ -1482,14 +1482,14 @@ ecological crisis?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece32
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece32
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html#secd15
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD8.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece32
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece32
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt#secd15
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD8.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE5.txt
diff --git a/txt/secE4.txt b/txt/secE4.txt
index 0cb92be50124b86c409f8a249920c48c10a9aff0..899f72e1243e799f749fae602f4604fb044006a1 100644
--- a/txt/secE4.txt
+++ b/txt/secE4.txt
@@ -895,21 +895,21 @@ E.4.2 Can wilderness survive under laissez-faire capitalism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece41
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece42
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece32
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece32
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece41
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece42
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB5.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html#secf41
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece41
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece42
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece32
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece32
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece41
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece42
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB5.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt#secf41
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
diff --git a/txt/secE5.txt b/txt/secE5.txt
index 1baf9d24d6d5a8808f078a3fa5d865e85d41c06b..62a58ce4f1432d230e2d39615d2a8118fe12f869 100644
--- a/txt/secE5.txt
+++ b/txt/secE5.txt
@@ -382,4 +382,4 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
diff --git a/txt/secEcon.txt b/txt/secEcon.txt
index 41914fe9203710cb7d2841a03e8078df89075ee5..2753fb0dc9e467217100f5b8a054b77818a6c53b 100644
--- a/txt/secEcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secEcon.txt
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html#sece11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html#sece12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece31
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece32
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html#sece33
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece41
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece42
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE5.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE6.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt#sece11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt#sece12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece31
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece32
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt#sece33
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece41
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece42
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE5.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE6.txt
diff --git a/txt/secEint.txt b/txt/secEint.txt
index dd52bc8b97412eb9499194077653324ceadafb4e..722a5021885611ac2953db493a80f83ecc8f0c2c 100644
--- a/txt/secEint.txt
+++ b/txt/secEint.txt
@@ -279,13 +279,13 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE1.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE5.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE6.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj24
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html#secj14
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE1.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE2.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE5.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE6.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj24
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj14
diff --git a/txt/secF1.txt b/txt/secF1.txt
index b7cb199a945eb1dcd0cde69b0bf57ad68d6e4eda..171964e7b4fde9573d67843db2b1babd4be1e6a2 100644
--- a/txt/secF1.txt
+++ b/txt/secF1.txt
@@ -579,13 +579,13 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html#secf41
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt#secf41
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
diff --git a/txt/secF2.txt b/txt/secF2.txt
index caf14f0771c14d8e6e551c6912f41199d64051fb..4f95490d3e6a5587beec64086973a7a6cfec05a4 100644
--- a/txt/secF2.txt
+++ b/txt/secF2.txt
@@ -847,11 +847,11 @@ F.2.2 Do "libertarian"-capitalists support slavery?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb42
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf22
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb42
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf22
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secF3.txt b/txt/secF3.txt
index 8c979d5d54bb5e3603dc05edb4fa50cf8fabb360..010cb5ea07f10c762cf1429acf9e229aa6ea425f 100644
--- a/txt/secF3.txt
+++ b/txt/secF3.txt
@@ -1095,22 +1095,22 @@ F.3.2 Can there be harmony of interests in an unequal society?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc25
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf31
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci512
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf32
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html#secf41
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf63
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc16
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc25
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf31
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci512
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf32
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt#secf41
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf63
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc16
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
diff --git a/txt/secF4.txt b/txt/secF4.txt
index f74c6194d551de70b4e44a62b3ccdc2339377d69..40a0ee6642b0f9958e7d74602bcfbbd5d2c14e2a 100644
--- a/txt/secF4.txt
+++ b/txt/secF4.txt
@@ -534,14 +534,14 @@ F.4.1 What is wrong with a "homesteading" theory of property?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html#secf41
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html#secb34
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html#sece42
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt#secf41
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt#secb34
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt#sece42
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secF5.txt b/txt/secF5.txt
index 88e4a191cc5cc0dd14bc276b96863e20a36c75e4..f9e02927e7a3b23e7c5768d786bf8cf3e690c505 100644
--- a/txt/secF5.txt
+++ b/txt/secF5.txt
@@ -241,5 +241,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE4.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE4.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
diff --git a/txt/secF6.txt b/txt/secF6.txt
index 2e844a79f14b4959192a5088be6b417a8c3a2258..9bf1d9e894e941891bf55900ead7eded958ed29d 100644
--- a/txt/secF6.txt
+++ b/txt/secF6.txt
@@ -1006,16 +1006,16 @@ F.6.4 Why are these "defence associations" states?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf64
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf32
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf63
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf72
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf31
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf31
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf63
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf64
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf32
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf63
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf72
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf31
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf31
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf63
diff --git a/txt/secF7.txt b/txt/secF7.txt
index 7a3ccf2d6b7541998b362371f653d79eeccba158..bdc13bc9f4c12fc4bbeed2e9cea51d485376bc74 100644
--- a/txt/secF7.txt
+++ b/txt/secF7.txt
@@ -970,12 +970,12 @@ F.7.3 Can there be a "right-wing" anarchism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf61
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf61
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf72
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf61
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf61
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf61
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf72
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf61
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
diff --git a/txt/secF8.txt b/txt/secF8.txt
index 17cbd0a7fc4889a18ad5195e06a16d8139fef8dd..4927a01e0072887b3f7cfa24a693e5d2b6b6eb7c 100644
--- a/txt/secF8.txt
+++ b/txt/secF8.txt
@@ -2142,23 +2142,23 @@ F.8.6 How did working people view the rise of capitalism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf83
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC10.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secBcon.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf83
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf83
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC10.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secBcon.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf83
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
diff --git a/txt/secFcon.txt b/txt/secFcon.txt
index e3d4463307f4c22a14824802b98b461446d750d2..8950569c31d98353d6f693a8e93e7890a9684612 100644
--- a/txt/secFcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secFcon.txt
@@ -62,30 +62,30 @@ F.8 What role did the state take in the creation of capitalism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf21
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf22
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf31
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf32
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF4.html#secf41
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF5.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf61
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf62
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf63
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf64
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf71
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf72
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf73
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf81
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf82
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf83
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf84
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf86
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf21
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf22
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf31
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf32
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF4.txt#secf41
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF5.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf61
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf62
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf63
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf64
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf71
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf72
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf73
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf81
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf82
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf83
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf84
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf86
diff --git a/txt/secFint.txt b/txt/secFint.txt
index 3c86a5c75f1d618de5b90a8d6e688e4e9fb03826..bc4a6663476abcddaaf4f004edbd859c3eac1149 100644
--- a/txt/secFint.txt
+++ b/txt/secFint.txt
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append1.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append1.txt
diff --git a/txt/secG1.txt b/txt/secG1.txt
index e86ea3d8d9c551394bd88170d25431bb92a87d2d..3eeda55038bac39b314a4a15e5f932dcf6fbe8b5 100644
--- a/txt/secG1.txt
+++ b/txt/secG1.txt
@@ -2229,29 +2229,29 @@ G.1.4 Why is the social context important in evaluating Individualist Anarchism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf72
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb31
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg13
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca28
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca31
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf72
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb31
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg13
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca28
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca31
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
diff --git a/txt/secG2.txt b/txt/secG2.txt
index db2696a748c377e3e414abe720b35eaeb795034d..04d03def624af9bf397e5f049fabf9362b471980 100644
--- a/txt/secG2.txt
+++ b/txt/secG2.txt
@@ -1175,28 +1175,28 @@ G.2.5 Do most anarchists agree with the individualists on communist-anarchism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg25
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca31
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci62
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg22
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca218
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg31
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca216
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci56
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG6.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci414
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci21
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech24
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI13.html#seci13
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg25
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca31
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci62
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg22
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca218
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg31
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca216
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci56
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG6.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci414
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci21
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech24
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI13.txt#seci13
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
diff --git a/txt/secG3.txt b/txt/secG3.txt
index b8fb50e183f61141f54e3d9a5fa55bdf2dc9c7fe..e9ccd6f3b327f8939338f0d1ab3801abf9cddda2 100644
--- a/txt/secG3.txt
+++ b/txt/secG3.txt
@@ -2185,40 +2185,40 @@ G.3.6 Would mutual banking simply cause inflation?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf61
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg33
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg36
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg32
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg13
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG5.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg34
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg14
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf61
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC9.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html#secf31
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc27
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc83
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc83
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf61
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg33
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg36
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg32
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg13
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG5.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg34
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg14
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf61
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC9.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt#secf31
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc27
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc83
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc83
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secG4.txt b/txt/secG4.txt
index 61dd65db1fd7ad2f358243a2656fe62743affbdf..b53624eaf7f4b9193c6658be9b98c965f6708e52 100644
--- a/txt/secG4.txt
+++ b/txt/secG4.txt
@@ -1895,30 +1895,30 @@ inconsistent Manchesterism." [Liberty, no. 123, p. 4]
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC4.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD1.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html#secc82
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg14
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg13
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF7.html#secf671
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF6.html#secf62
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg13
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC4.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD1.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt#secc82
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg14
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg13
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF7.txt#secf671
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF6.txt#secf62
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg13
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt
diff --git a/txt/secG5.txt b/txt/secG5.txt
index 0dcf20238bef05a34f8c464df1c03161272bf93e..084be1eabdd6167026f35bef6382d652e52b9e35 100644
--- a/txt/secG5.txt
+++ b/txt/secG5.txt
@@ -513,13 +513,13 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG6.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg13
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg14
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf85
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG6.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg13
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg14
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf85
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
diff --git a/txt/secG6.txt b/txt/secG6.txt
index 90cab1c5cf45623072428dd025f2a237dcc1c308..9339fb629413ceeaa64db9b98eed34fb6c99a73a 100644
--- a/txt/secG6.txt
+++ b/txt/secG6.txt
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIcon.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
diff --git a/txt/secG7.txt b/txt/secG7.txt
index 545118b3f518ea8eae43887d185d000688e15ec6..f22f1c56aa990a4e7a431c6a39875758d5a3e254 100644
--- a/txt/secG7.txt
+++ b/txt/secG7.txt
@@ -656,9 +656,9 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca31
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca31
diff --git a/txt/secGcon.txt b/txt/secGcon.txt
index 3bbd044bb6fecb37e93c6a27187ea72fc96655a4..b75f8400bb169358dd0ee8f3ddebef53beb58af5 100644
--- a/txt/secGcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secGcon.txt
@@ -47,28 +47,28 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secGint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg22
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg23
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg24
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg25
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg31
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg32
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg33
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg34
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg35
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg36
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG5.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG6.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG7.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secGint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg22
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg23
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg24
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg25
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg31
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg32
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg33
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg34
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg35
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg36
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG5.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG6.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG7.txt
diff --git a/txt/secGint.txt b/txt/secGint.txt
index a0740443ed07116b869b4fc28783ddef967b32e0..76008d2e13e428125934d6c1e27a936d6f2e3593 100644
--- a/txt/secGint.txt
+++ b/txt/secGint.txt
@@ -336,9 +336,9 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg14
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg14
diff --git a/txt/secH1.txt b/txt/secH1.txt
index 82d103aea677e6e6b96fdafe9a441b40be73db88..272196e194e9feec84704a76c30b553469c5fb6b 100644
--- a/txt/secH1.txt
+++ b/txt/secH1.txt
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ H.1.1 What was Bakunin's critique of Marxism?
name of knowledge, and an immense ignorant majority. And then, woe unto
the mass of ignorant ones!" Thus "every state, even the pseudo-People's
State concocted by Mr. Marx, is in essence only a machine ruling the
- masses from below, through a privileged minority of conceited
+ masses from above, through a privileged minority of conceited
intellectuals who imagine that they know what the people need and want
better than do the people themselves." The Russian anarchist predicted
that "the organisation and the rule of the new society by socialist
@@ -3058,53 +3058,53 @@ H.1.7 Haven't you read Lenin's "State and Revolution"?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech23
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj210
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech27
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech13
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech15
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech13
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca51
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech13
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech63
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech23
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj210
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech27
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech13
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech15
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech13
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca51
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech13
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech63
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
diff --git a/txt/secH2.16.txt b/txt/secH2.16.txt
index 257fb27d0b1c4e001652d9b7eba7f43851dcdc6b..25b43aa6b5604de23b3afbdb6b889397f769eb62 100644
--- a/txt/secH2.16.txt
+++ b/txt/secH2.16.txt
@@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ H.2.16 Does the Spanish Revolution show the failure of anarchism?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
diff --git a/txt/secH2.txt b/txt/secH2.txt
index 02e33fec8b2624de3d6f8c34f579c0ba5d8e34e2..ad9faeebe56a9937cc47d05b1ac42991762591b8 100644
--- a/txt/secH2.txt
+++ b/txt/secH2.txt
@@ -3093,7 +3093,7 @@ H.2.9 Do anarchists have "liberal" politics?
so the people must be protected against the
"petty-bourgeois"/"reactionary" narrowness of the people (to requote
Bakunin, "every state, even the pseudo-People's State concocted by Mr.
- Marx, is in essence only a machine ruling the masses from below,
+ Marx, is in essence only a machine ruling the masses from above,
through a privileged minority of conceited intellectuals who imagine
that they know what the people need and want better than do the people
themselves." [Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 338]). Rather than seeing free
@@ -4972,55 +4972,55 @@ bizarre"?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append3.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech47
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append2.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci38
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj39
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech211
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech56
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj75
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj210
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj25
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech15
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech512
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append3.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech47
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append2.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci38
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj39
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech211
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech56
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj75
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj210
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj25
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech15
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech512
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
diff --git a/txt/secH3.txt b/txt/secH3.txt
index cbb53d33a6929ed68f7f885ee97098051ca778c0..eff2a8b3522c10593f266c7d32bbfd85212c29cc 100644
--- a/txt/secH3.txt
+++ b/txt/secH3.txt
@@ -6778,101 +6778,101 @@ H.3.14 Don't Marxists believe in workers' control?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech24
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secFcon.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech32
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech17
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech47
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#secH.3.3
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech17
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech34
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 74. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 75. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 76. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 77. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 78. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 79. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 80. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 81. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 82. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 83. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 84. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 85. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 86. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 87. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 88. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 89. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 90. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci38
- 91. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 92. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 93. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 94. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 95. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 96. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 97. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech35
- 98. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech24
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secFcon.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech32
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech17
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech47
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#secH.3.3
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech17
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech34
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 74. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 75. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 76. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 77. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 78. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 79. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 80. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 81. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 82. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 83. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 84. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 85. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 86. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 87. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 88. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 89. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 90. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci38
+ 91. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 92. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 93. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 94. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 95. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 96. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 97. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech35
+ 98. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
diff --git a/txt/secH4.txt b/txt/secH4.txt
index 378535865dfa0b6ddfb09fc631a360ba7ea30651..8406284b0ecb0c10337dde8ddd9b1568981be475 100644
--- a/txt/secH4.txt
+++ b/txt/secH4.txt
@@ -1269,8 +1269,8 @@ H.4.7 Is revolution "the most authoritarian thing there is"?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech42
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech45
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech42
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech45
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
diff --git a/txt/secH5.txt b/txt/secH5.txt
index e6a11f563888af33dd16f3c26a813d57fca42f49..d7ace607d59d4fe155cdf6268996c4d75b059464 100644
--- a/txt/secH5.txt
+++ b/txt/secH5.txt
@@ -2847,43 +2847,43 @@ H.5.12 Surely the Russian Revolution proves that vanguard parties work?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech54
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech512
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech511
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech214
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/sech5.html#sech512
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech510
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech56
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech16
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech512
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech59
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech512
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech57
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#secH512
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech54
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech512
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech511
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech214
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/sech5.txt#sech512
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech510
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech56
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech16
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech512
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech59
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech512
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech57
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#secH512
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
diff --git a/txt/secH6.txt b/txt/secH6.txt
index 61476eb7e40651e27829368ebe69bcde9304dbb4..80c84a444be1b32784104c11eb9949f576c7aec1 100644
--- a/txt/secH6.txt
+++ b/txt/secH6.txt
@@ -2609,35 +2609,35 @@ H.6.3 Were the Russian workers "declassed" and "atomised"?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech63
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append4.html
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html'sech63
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech17
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech32
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech63
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append4.txt
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt'sech63
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech17
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech32
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
diff --git a/txt/secHcon.txt b/txt/secHcon.txt
index e37fc1c39bde57ba3119287447876217fd6ce5b0..a9556dba6be61c478ae4effb1b3ac1e509d66525 100644
--- a/txt/secHcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secHcon.txt
@@ -95,67 +95,67 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secHint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech16
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech17
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech22
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech23
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech24
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech26
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech27
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech29
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech210
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech211
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech212
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech213
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech214
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech31
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech32
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech33
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech34
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech35
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech36
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech310
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech311
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech41
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech42
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech43
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech45
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech46
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech47
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech51
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech52
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech53
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech54
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech55
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech56
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech57
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech58
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech59
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech510
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech511
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html#sech512
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech61
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech62
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html#sech63
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech16
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech17
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech22
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech23
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech24
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech26
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech27
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech29
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech210
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech211
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech212
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech213
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech214
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech31
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech32
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech34
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech35
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech36
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech310
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech311
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech41
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech42
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech43
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech45
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech46
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech47
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech51
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech52
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech53
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech54
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech55
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech56
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech57
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech58
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech59
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech510
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech511
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt#sech512
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech61
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech62
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt#sech63
diff --git a/txt/secHint.txt b/txt/secHint.txt
index cc4c760437613d3b6116c364bca80e2eb9fca724..089694dbab95a5f27476df90a759ae9a7ac0b26b 100644
--- a/txt/secHint.txt
+++ b/txt/secHint.txt
@@ -343,4 +343,4 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
diff --git a/txt/secI1.txt b/txt/secI1.txt
index a9d6ea837af271c2dc0a0683d82534feb279b180..933f2c808a4f7c2d2f3952436ac5d2b8efb4443d 100644
--- a/txt/secI1.txt
+++ b/txt/secI1.txt
@@ -3193,47 +3193,47 @@ I.1.5 Does capitalism efficiently allocate resources?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA1.html#seca13
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech313
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci32
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc21
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg11
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc73
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB6.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB5.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb13
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI.html#seci11
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci37
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci414
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC8.html
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA1.txt#seca13
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech313
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci32
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc21
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg11
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc73
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB6.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB5.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb13
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI.txt#seci11
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci37
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci414
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC8.txt
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt
diff --git a/txt/secI2.txt b/txt/secI2.txt
index ce673142bf2acbc83828c044198f83344d602fd5..02137c0f8bb12a7c76930abd06339dba407d9f0b 100644
--- a/txt/secI2.txt
+++ b/txt/secI2.txt
@@ -1077,13 +1077,13 @@ I.2.3 How is the framework of an anarchist society created?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca55
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech24
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj76
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech26
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJcon.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech24
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj76
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech26
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJcon.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
diff --git a/txt/secI3.txt b/txt/secI3.txt
index dfa38fa972d065c575998c135d9828936fd0d9ca..42d05e1b3723a55fc3f55ae0932465dac33230b2 100644
--- a/txt/secI3.txt
+++ b/txt/secI3.txt
@@ -2824,58 +2824,58 @@ production"?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci32
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci34
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci36
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci37
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci38
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf86
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci14
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci413
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci34
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci32
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg13
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg42
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci37
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech314
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj513
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech44
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci34
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci47
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci44
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC7.html#secc72
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb15
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF3.html
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci62
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci34
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech23
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech312
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci32
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci34
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci36
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci37
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci38
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf86
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci14
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci413
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci34
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci32
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg13
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg42
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci37
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech314
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj513
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech44
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci34
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci47
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci44
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC7.txt#secc72
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb15
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF3.txt
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci62
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci34
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech23
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech312
diff --git a/txt/secI4.txt b/txt/secI4.txt
index f0656857b19d80885a639898857b7fb87d5891a0..82776d4613484972202692ce149a236618d9edf8 100644
--- a/txt/secI4.txt
+++ b/txt/secI4.txt
@@ -4479,60 +4479,60 @@ I.4.16 Won't a libertarian communist society be inefficient?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secCcon.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca25
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html#seca52
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci415
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci32
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci413
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci48
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci45
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci413
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci46
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC1.html#secc15
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci44
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci44
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB6.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci48
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci413
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG3.html#secg36
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc26
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci44
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD10.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca39
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci415
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci512
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html#secf22
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb32
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci37
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci62
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf83
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF2.html
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci49
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci43
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci47
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secCcon.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca25
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca52
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci415
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci32
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci413
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci48
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci45
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci413
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci46
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC1.txt#secc15
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci44
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci44
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB6.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci48
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci413
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG3.txt#secg36
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc26
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci44
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD10.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca39
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci415
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci512
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt#secf22
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb32
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci37
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci62
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf83
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF2.txt
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci49
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci43
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci47
diff --git a/txt/secI5.txt b/txt/secI5.txt
index 7473dd971c9b462e23aed219e4e5778b5b35e9db..64ccb0cfd3eb07cad06df3f2b50277ff76ccc607 100644
--- a/txt/secI5.txt
+++ b/txt/secI5.txt
@@ -3414,40 +3414,40 @@ I.5.12 Would an anarchist society provide health care and other public services?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb26
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj51
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj52
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE2.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj54
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci52
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca211
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF1.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci56
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech211
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB5.html
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech42
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca212
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca214
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html#secb25
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci58
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci62
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci73
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb31
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci73
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD3.html
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca218
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech47
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj76
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci58
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci410
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj513
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb26
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj51
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj52
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE2.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj54
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci52
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca211
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF1.txt
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci56
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech211
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB5.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech42
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca212
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca214
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt#secb25
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci58
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci62
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci73
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb31
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci73
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD3.txt
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca218
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech47
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj76
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci58
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci410
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj513
diff --git a/txt/secI6.txt b/txt/secI6.txt
index 714f138e392ed75f1062b54f88e15fa73f045515..5a2bfd105c435583e7dae911127d91c4cba1f970 100644
--- a/txt/secI6.txt
+++ b/txt/secI6.txt
@@ -724,17 +724,17 @@ I.6.2 Doesn't communal ownership involve restricting individual liberty?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb35
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html#secb34
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE3.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB3.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci57
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG2.html#secg21
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html#secg12
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG1.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secG4.html#secg41
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb35
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt#secb34
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE3.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB3.txt
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci57
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG2.txt#secg21
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt#secg12
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG1.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secG4.txt#secg41
diff --git a/txt/secI7.txt b/txt/secI7.txt
index cbb14c37f73c5105dd44343d536c5e0a1206aac2..8a4c158bfe84c5b2185c9a267281a227a7e0e66e 100644
--- a/txt/secI7.txt
+++ b/txt/secI7.txt
@@ -929,15 +929,15 @@ I.7.4 Does capitalism protect individuality?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci74
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci71
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci73
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci38
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secF8.html#secf86
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca219
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci56
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB4.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci411
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci74
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci71
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci73
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci38
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secF8.txt#secf86
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca219
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci56
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB4.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci411
diff --git a/txt/secI8.txt b/txt/secI8.txt
index cafd8de37b4a6f33e6ccb80b266192b1cdb9242b..4a6d1bdf54947da83dc1cc88535a12e063eafc3b 100644
--- a/txt/secI8.txt
+++ b/txt/secI8.txt
@@ -3413,32 +3413,32 @@ I.8.14 What economic lessons were learned from the revolution?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append32.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci512
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci84
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech25
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci86
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci410
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci86
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC2.html#secc28
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci411
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci810
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci812
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci813
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci810
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci812
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech21
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech38
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci814
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH4.html#sech47
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech14
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci83
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci84
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append32.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci512
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci84
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech25
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci86
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci410
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci86
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC2.txt#secc28
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci411
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci810
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci812
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci813
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci810
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci812
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech38
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci814
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech47
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech14
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci83
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci84
diff --git a/txt/secIcon.txt b/txt/secIcon.txt
index 8562a9617e12a28c08d997ac7b0e25f2fdab7da3..fa716a79821a4018f2cc2a320fd2e6be97b1261e 100644
--- a/txt/secIcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secIcon.txt
@@ -112,76 +112,76 @@ practice?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI1.html#seci15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci21
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci31
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci32
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci33
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci34
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci35
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci36
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci37
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI3.html#seci38
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci41
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci42
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci43
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci44
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci45
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci46
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci47
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci48
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci49
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci410
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci411
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci412
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci413
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci414
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci415
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci416
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci51
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci52
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci53
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci54
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci55
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci56
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci57
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci58
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci59
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci510
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci511
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI5.html#seci512
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci61
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI6.html#seci62
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci71
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci72
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci73
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI7.html#seci74
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci81
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci82
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci83
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci84
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci85
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci86
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci87
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci88
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci89
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci810
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci811
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci812
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci813
- 73. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html#seci814
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secIint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI1.txt#seci15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci21
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci31
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci32
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci33
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci34
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci35
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci36
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci37
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI3.txt#seci38
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci41
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci42
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci43
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci44
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci45
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci46
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci47
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci48
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci49
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci410
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci411
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci412
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci413
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci414
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci415
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci416
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci51
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci52
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci53
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci54
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci55
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci56
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci57
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci58
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci59
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci510
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci511
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci512
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci61
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI6.txt#seci62
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci71
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci72
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci73
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI7.txt#seci74
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci81
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci82
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci83
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci84
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci85
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci86
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci87
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci88
+ 68. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci89
+ 69. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci810
+ 70. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 71. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci812
+ 72. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci813
+ 73. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci814
diff --git a/txt/secIint.txt b/txt/secIint.txt
index 4d8b0fb17a1487d8d19c02819e206cf4c975f237..1320991b79fd1f6e9cd3fa4de70a2a9997e5ab7d 100644
--- a/txt/secIint.txt
+++ b/txt/secIint.txt
@@ -414,4 +414,4 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
diff --git a/txt/secJ1.txt b/txt/secJ1.txt
index 6486522410bf0c774f61cddbe2b95c8e9d6bce67..3d48335126d2c8177c24f8ee57a8e8e1ab2eb422 100644
--- a/txt/secJ1.txt
+++ b/txt/secJ1.txt
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ J.1.5 Why do anarchists try to generalise social struggles?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech16
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj515
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca27
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech16
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj515
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca27
diff --git a/txt/secJ2.txt b/txt/secJ2.txt
index ba6b00f9dc374f9dc534732b85d4a9e577a312d5..c1a484739add556f4dacddb88e7fd8896d4cf061 100644
--- a/txt/secJ2.txt
+++ b/txt/secJ2.txt
@@ -1358,7 +1358,24 @@ J.2.8 Will abstentionism lead to the right winning elections?
stop the attacks upon us by whoever gets into office. A government
(left or right) which faces a mass movement based upon direct action
and solidarity will always think twice before proposing cuts or
- introducing authoritarian laws.
+ introducing authoritarian laws. Howard Zinn expressed it well:
+
+ "I think a way to behave is to think not in terms of representative
+ government, not in terms of voting, not in terms of electoral
+ politics, but thinking in terms of organising social movements,
+ organising in the workplace, organising in the neighborhood,
+ organising collectives that can become strong enough to eventually
+ take over -- first to become strong enough to resist what has been
+ done to them by authority, and second, later, to become strong
+ enough to actually take over the institutions . . . the crucial
+ question is not who is in office, but what kind of social movement
+ do you have. Because we have seen historically that if you have a
+ powerful social movement, it doesnt matter who is in office. Whoever
+ is in office, they could be Republican or Democrat, if you have a
+ powerful social movement, the person in office will have to yield,
+ will have to in some ways respect the power of social movements . .
+ . voting is not crucial, and organising is the important thing." [An
+ Interview with Howard Zinn on Anarchism: Rebels Against Tyranny]
Of course, all the parties claim that they are better than the others
and this is the logic of this question -- namely, we must vote for the
@@ -1901,21 +1918,21 @@ J.2.10 Does rejecting electioneering mean that anarchists are apolitical?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secD2.html#secd21
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secC11.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj514
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech39
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB2.html
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secEcon.html
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj23
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj25
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj29
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj22
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj29
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secD2.txt#secd21
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secC11.txt
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj514
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech39
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB2.txt
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secEcon.txt
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj23
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj25
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj29
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj22
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj29
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
diff --git a/txt/secJ3.txt b/txt/secJ3.txt
index aa32681368f7588f77a19fbc28200de65a00c7c3..29884b0b74638ca63b4f00af528eecdee1b02804 100644
--- a/txt/secJ3.txt
+++ b/txt/secJ3.txt
@@ -1187,7 +1187,8 @@ J.3.6 What role do these groups play in anarchist theory?
extensive literature; it must be capable of duelling with the
authoritarian movements that try to denature the intuitive libertarian
impulses of our time and channel social unrest into hierarchical forms
- of organisation." [Looking Back at Spain", p. 90]
+ of organisation." ["Looking Back at Spain," pp. 53-96, Dimitrios I.
+ Roussopoulos (ed.), The Radical Papers, p. 90]
These groups and federations play a key role in anarchist theory. This
is because anarchists are well aware that there are different levels of
@@ -2707,51 +2708,51 @@ J.3.9 Why are many anarchists not anarcho-syndicalists?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH1.html#sech16
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj31
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj32
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj35
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj38
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj39
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj32
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj35
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca38
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj35
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj32
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH6.html
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj35
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH5.html
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA2.html#seca27
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA3.html#seca32
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj52
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj210
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj51
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj53
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj54
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH2.html#sech28
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj39
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH1.txt#sech16
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj31
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj32
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj35
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj38
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj39
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj32
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj35
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca38
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj35
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj32
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/append46.txt
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj35
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH5.txt
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA2.txt#seca27
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA3.txt#seca32
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj52
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj210
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj51
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj53
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj54
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj39
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
diff --git a/txt/secJ4.txt b/txt/secJ4.txt
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--- a/txt/secJ4.txt
+++ b/txt/secJ4.txt
@@ -1,35 +1,33 @@
J.4 What trends in society aid anarchist activity?
In this section we will examine some modern trends which we regard as
- being potential openings for anarchists to organise. These trends are
- of a general nature, partly as a product of social struggle, partly as
- a response to economic and social crisis, partly involving people's
- attitudes to big government and big business partly in relation to the
- communications revolution we are currently living through, and so on.
- We do this because, as Kropotkin argued, the anarchist "studies human
- society as it is now and was in the past. . . He [or she] studies
- society and tries to discover its tendencies, past and present, its
- growing needs, intellectual and economical, and in his ideal he merely
- points out in which direction evolution goes." [Anarchism and Anarchist
- Communism, p. 24] In this section we highlight just a few of the
- tendencies in modern society which point in an anarchist direction.
+ being potential openings for anarchists to organise and which point in
+ an anarchist direction. These trends are of a general nature, partly as
+ a product of social struggle, partly as a response to economic and
+ social crisis, partly involving people's attitudes to big government
+ and big business, partly in relation to the communications revolution
+ we are currently living through, and so on.
Of course, looking at modern society we see multiple influences,
changes which have certain positive aspects in some directions but
negative ones in others. For example, the business-inspired attempts to
- decentralise or reduce (certain) functions of governments. In the
- abstract, such developments should be welcomed by anarchists for they
- lead to the reduction of government. In practice such a conclusion is
- deeply suspect simply because these developments are being pursued to
- increase the power and influence of business and capital and undermine
- working class power and autonomy. Similarly, increases in
- self-employment can be seen, in the abstract, as reducing wage slavery.
- However, if, in practice, this increase is due to corporations
- encouraging "independent" contractors to cut wages and worsen working
- conditions, increase job insecurity and undermine paying for health and
- other employee packages then is hardly a positive sign. Obviously
- increases in self-employment would be different if such an increase was
- the result of an increase in the number of co-operatives, for example.
+ decentralise or reduce (certain) functions of governments should in the
+ abstract be welcomed by anarchists for they lead to the reduction of
+ government. In practice such a conclusion is deeply suspect simply
+ because these developments are being pursued to increase the power and
+ influence of capital as well as to increase wage-labour to, and
+ exploitation by, the economic master class and to undermine working
+ class power and autonomy. As such, there are as anti-libertarian as the
+ status quo (as Proudhon stressed, anarchism is "the denial of
+ Government and of Property." [General Idea of the Revolution, p. 100]).
+ Similarly, increases in self-employment can be seen, in the abstract,
+ as reducing wage slavery. However, if, in practice, this increase is
+ due to corporations encouraging "independent" contractors in order to
+ cut wages and worsen working conditions, increase job insecurity and
+ undermine paying for health and other employee packages then it is
+ hardly a positive sign. Obviously increases in self-employment would be
+ different if it were the result of an increase in the number of
+ co-operatives, for example.
Thus few anarchists celebrate many apparently "libertarian"
developments as they are not the product of social movements and
@@ -41,48 +39,9 @@
the interests of the capitalist class -- nor could it, as it is the
ruling class who introduces and supports these developments.
- As an example of these multiple influences, we can point to the
- economic crisis which has staggered on since 1973 in many Western
- countries. This crisis, when it initially appeared, lead to calls to
- reduce taxation (at least for the wealthy, in most countries the
- tax-burden was shifted even more onto the working class -- as was the
- case in Thatcher's Britain). In most countries, as a result, government
- "got off the back" of the wealthy (and got even more comfy on our
- back!). This (along with slower growth) helped to create declining
- revenue bases in the advanced capitalist nations has given central
- governments an excuse to cut social services, leaving a vacuum that
- regional and local governments have had to fill along with voluntary
- organisations, thus producing a tendency toward decentralisation that
- dovetails with anarchist ideals.
-
- As Murray Bookchin points out, a sustainable ecological society must
- shift emphasis away from nation-states as the basic units of
- administration and focus instead on municipalities -- towns, villages,
- and human-scale cities. Interestingly, the ongoing dismantling of the
- welfare state is producing such a shift by itself. By forcing urban
- residents to fend for themselves more than ever before in meeting
- transportation, housing, social welfare, and other needs, the economic
- crisis is also forcing them to relearn the arts of teamwork,
- co-operation, and self-reliance (see his Remaking Society: Pathways to
- a Green Future, p. 183).
-
- Of course the economic crisis also has a downside for anarchists. As
- hardships and dislocations continue to swell the ranks and increase the
- militancy of progressive social movements, the establishment is being
- provoked to use ever more authoritarian methods to maintain control
- (see D.9). As the crisis deepens over the next few decades, the
- reactionary tendencies of the state will be reinforced (particularly as
- the neo-liberal consensus helps atomise society via the market
- mechanism and the resulting destruction of community and human
- relationships). However, this is not inevitable. The future depends on
- our actions in the here and now. In this section of the FAQ we
- highlight some developments which do, or could, work to the advantage
- of anarchists. Many of these examples are from the US, but they apply
- equally to Britain and many other advanced industrial states.
-
In this section, we aim to discuss tendencies from below, not above --
tendencies which can truly "roll back" the state rather than reduce its
- functions purely to that of the armed thug of Capital. The tendencies
+ functions purely to that of the armed thug of property. The tendencies
we discuss here are not the be all nor end all of anarchist activism or
tendencies. We discuss many of the more traditionally anarchist
"openings" in [1]section J.5 (such as industrial and community
@@ -93,10 +52,10 @@
with these more "traditional" forms of "anarchy in action."
For a lengthy discussion of anarchistic trends in society, we recommend
- Colin Ward's classic book Anarchy in Action. Ward's excellent book
- covers many areas in which anarchistic tendencies have been expressed,
- far more than we can cover here. The libertarian tendencies in society
- are many. No single work could hope to do them justice.
+ Colin Ward's classic book Anarchy in Action. Ward covers many areas in
+ which anarchistic tendencies have been expressed, far more than we can
+ cover here. The libertarian tendencies in society are many. No single
+ work could hope to do them justice.
J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
@@ -106,7 +65,7 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
on their situation and, potentially at least, seen that by their own
actions they can influence and change it for the better.
- Given that the ruling minority draws its strength of the acceptance and
+ Given that the ruling minority draws its strength by the acceptance and
acquiescence of the majority, the fact that a part of that majority no
longer accepts and acquiesces is a positive sign. After all, if the
majority did not accept the status quo and acted to change it, the
@@ -119,36 +78,32 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
which hold the system up, acting upon this rejection and creating new
ways of doing thinks.
- "Our social institutions," argues Alexander Berkman, "are founded on
+ "Our social institutions," argued Alexander Berkman, "are founded on
certain ideas; as long as the latter are generally believed, the
institutions built upon them are safe. Government remains strong
because people think political authority and legal compulsion
necessary. Capitalism will continue as long as such an economic system
is considered adequate and just. The weakening of the ideas which
support the evil and oppressive present-day conditions means the
- ultimate breakdown of government and capitalism." [The ABC of
- Anarchism, p. xv]
+ ultimate breakdown of government and capitalism." [What is Anarchism?,
+ p. xii]
Social struggle is the most obvious sign of this change of perspective,
this change in ideas, this progress towards freedom.
Social struggle is expressed by direct action. We have discussed both
- social struggle and direct action before (in sections [2]J.1 and [3]J.2
- respectively) and some readers may wonder why we are covering this
- again here. We do so for two reasons. Firstly, as we are discussing
- what trends in society help anarchist activity, it would be wrong not
- to highlight social struggle and direct action here. This is because
- these factors are key tendencies towards anarchism as anarchism will be
- created by people and social struggle is the means by which people
- create the new world in the shell of the old. Secondly, social struggle
- and direct action are key aspects of anarchist theory and we cannot
- truly present a picture of what anarchism is about without making clear
- what these are.
+ social struggle ([2]section J.1) and direct action ([3]section J.2)
+ before and some readers may wonder why we are covering this again here.
+ We do so as we are discussing what trends in society help anarchist
+ activity, it would be wrong not to highlight social struggle and direct
+ action here. This is because these factors are key tendencies towards
+ anarchism as social struggle is the means by which people create the
+ new world in the shell of the old, transforming themselves and society.
So social struggle is a good sign as it suggests that people are
thinking for themselves, considering their own interests and working
together collectively to change things for the better. As the French
- syndicalist Emile Pouget argues:
+ syndicalist Emile Pouget argued:
"Direct action . . . means that the working class, forever bridling
at the existing state of affairs, expects nothing from outside
@@ -157,10 +112,10 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
thus implies that the working class subscribes to notions of freedom
and autonomy instead of genuflecting before the principle of
authority. Now, it is thanks to this authority principle, the pivot
- of the modern world - democracy being its latest incarnation - that
- the human being, tied down by a thousand ropes, moral as well as
- material, is bereft of any opportunity to display will and
- initiative." [Direct Action]
+ of the modern world -- democracy being its latest incarnation --
+ that the human being, tied down by a thousand ropes, moral as well
+ as material, is bereft of any opportunity to display will and
+ initiative." [Direct Action, p. 1]
Social struggle means that people come into opposition with the boss
and other authorities such as the state and the dominant morality. This
@@ -172,14 +127,12 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
under the constant direction of the bosses or state, ceases, and they
have to think, act and co-ordinate their actions for themselves. This
reinforces the expression towards autonomy that the initial refusal
- that lead to the struggle indicates. Thus struggle re-enforces the
- initial act of refusal and autonomy by forcing those involves to act
- for themselves. Secondly, in the process of struggle those involved
- learn the importance of solidarity, of working with others in a similar
- situation, in order to win. This means the building of links of
- support, of common interests, of organisation. The practical need for
- solidarity to help win the struggle is the basis for the solidarity
- required for a free society to be viable.
+ that lead to the struggle indicates. Secondly, in the process of
+ struggle those involved learn the importance of solidarity, of working
+ with others in a similar situation, in order to win. This means the
+ building of links of support, of common interests, of organisation. The
+ practical need for solidarity to help win the struggle is the basis for
+ the solidarity required for a free society to be viable.
Therefore the real issue in social struggle is that it is an attempt by
people to wrestle at least part of the power over their own lives away
@@ -189,12 +142,12 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
property owners, often denouncing strikes and other forms of direct
action. This is logical. As direct action challenges the real
power-holders in society and because, if carried to its logical
- conclusion, it would have to replace them, social struggle and direct
- action can be considered in essence a revolutionary process.
+ conclusion, it would remove them, social struggle and direct action can
+ be considered in essence a revolutionary process.
Moreover, the very act of using direct action suggests a transformation
within the people using it. "Direct action's very powers to fertilise,"
- argues Pouget, "reside in such exercises in imbuing the individual with
+ argued Pouget, "reside in such exercises in imbuing the individual with
a sense of his own worth and in extolling such worth. It marshals human
resourcefulness, tempers characters and focuses energies. It teaches
self-confidence! And self-reliance! And self-mastery! And shifting for
@@ -207,23 +160,14 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
and far from being at odds with their common interests, it reconciles
and bolsters these: the individual's independence and activity can only
erupt into splendour and intensity by sending its roots deep into the
- fertile soil of common agreement." [Pouget, Op. Cit.]
-
- Emma Goldman also recognised the transforming power of direct action.
- Anarchists, she argues, "believe with Stirner that man has as much
- liberty as he is willing to take. Anarchism therefore stands for direct
- action, the open defiance of, and resistance to, all laws and
- restrictions, economic, social and moral. But defiance and resistance
- are illegal. Therein lies the salvation of man. Everything illegal
- necessitates integrity, self-reliance, and courage. In short, it calls
- for free independent spirits. . ." [Red Emma Speaks, p. 61-2]
+ fertile soil of common agreement." [Op. Cit., p. 2 and p. 5]
Social struggle is the beginning of a transformation of the people
involved and their relationships to each other. While its external
expression lies in contesting the power of existing authorities, its
inner expression is the transformation of people from passive and
isolated competitors into empowered, self-directing, self-governing
- co-operators. Moreover, this process widens considerable what people
+ co-operators. Moreover, this process widens considerably what people
think is "possible." Through struggle, by collective action, the fact
people can change things is driven home, that they have the power to
govern themselves and the society they live in. Thus struggle can
@@ -235,35 +179,33 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
part in those workers' organisations which carry on the direct
struggle of labour against capital and its protector -- the State.
- "Such a struggle, they say, . . . permits the worker to obtain some
- temporary improvements. . ., while it opens his [or her] eyes to the
- evil that is done by capitalism and the State. . . , and wakes up
- his thoughts concerning the possibility of organising consumption,
- production, and exchange without the intervention of the capitalist
- and the State."
- [Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets, p. 171]
+ "Such a struggle . . . permits the worker to obtain some temporary
+ improvements . . ., while it opens his [or her] eyes to the evil
+ that is done by capitalism and the State . . . , and wakes up his
+ [or her] thoughts concerning the possibility of organising
+ consumption, production, and exchange without the intervention of
+ the capitalist and the State." [Anarchism, p. 171]
In other words, social struggle has a radicalising and politicising
effect, an effect which brings into a new light existing society and
- the possibilities of a better world ("direct action", in Pouget's
- words, "develops the feeling for human personality as well as the
- spirit of initiative . . . it shakes people out of their torpor and
- steers them to consciousness."). The practical need to unite and resist
- the boss also helps break down divisions within the working class.
- Those in struggle start to realise that they need each other to give
- them the power necessary to get improvements, to change things. Thus
- solidarity spreads and overcomes divisions between black and white,
- male and female, heterosexual and homosexual, trades, industries,
- nationalities and so on. The real need for solidarity to win the fight
- helps to undermine artificial divisions and show that there are only
- two groups in society, the oppressed and the oppressors.
-
+ the possibilities of a better world (direct action, in Pouget's words,
+ "develops the feeling for human personality as well as the spirit of
+ initiative . . . it shakes people out of their torpor and steers them
+ to consciousness." [Op. Cit., p. 5]). The practical need to unite and
+ resist the boss also helps break down divisions within the working
+ class. Those in struggle start to realise that they need each other to
+ give them the power necessary to get improvements, to change things.
+ Thus solidarity spreads and overcomes divisions between black and
+ white, male and female, heterosexual and homosexual, trades,
+ industries, nationalities and so on. The real need for solidarity to
+ win the fight helps to undermine artificial divisions and show that
+ there are only two groups in society, the oppressed and the oppressors.
Moreover, struggle as well as transforming those involved is also the
basis for transforming society as a whole simply because, as well as
producing transformed individuals, it also produces new forms of
organisation, organisations created to co-ordinate their struggle and
which can, potentially at least, become the framework of a libertarian
- socialist society.
+ socialist society (see [4]section I.2.3).
Thus anarchists argue that social struggle opens the eyes of those
involved to self-esteem and a sense of their own strength, and the
@@ -275,37 +217,38 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
organisations such as workers' councils, factory committees,
neighbourhood assemblies and so on as a means of taking back the power
to govern their own lives, communities and workplaces. In this way
- social struggle and direct action lays the foundations for the future.
+ social struggle and direct action lay the foundations for the future.
By actively taking part in social life, people are drawn into creating
new forms of organisation, new ways of doing things. In this way they
educate themselves in participation, in self-government, in initiative
and in asserting themselves. They begin to realise that the only
alternative to management by others is self-management and organise to
- achieve thus.
+ achieve it.
Given that remaking society has to begin at the bottom, this finds its
- expression in direct action, individuals taking the initiative,
- building new, more libertarian forms of organisation and using the
- power they have just generated by collective action and organisation to
- change things by their own efforts. Social struggle is therefore a two
- way transformation -- the external transformation of society by the
- creation of new organisations and the changing of the power relations
- within it and the internal transformation of those who take part in the
- struggle. And because of this, social struggle, "[w]hatever may be the
- practical results of the struggle for immediate gains, the greatest
- value lies in the struggle itself. For thereby workers learn that the
- bosses interests are opposed to theirs and that they cannot improve
- their conditions, and much less emancipate themselves, except by
- uniting and becoming stronger than the bosses. If they succeed in
- getting what they demand, they will be better off . . . and immediately
- make greater demands and have greater needs. If they do not succeed
- they will be led to study the causes of their failure and recognise the
- need for closer unity and greater activism and they will in the end
- understand that to make their victory secure and definitive, it is
- necessary to destroy capitalism. The revolutionary cause, the cause of
- the moral elevation and emancipation of the workers must benefit by the
- fact that workers unite and struggle for their interests." [Errico
- Malatesta, Life and Ideas, p. 191]
+ expression in direct action, individuals taking the initiative and
+ using the power they have just generated by collective action and
+ organisation to change things by their own efforts. Social struggle is
+ therefore a two way transformation -- the external transformation of
+ society by the creation of new organisations and the changing of the
+ power relations within it and the internal transformation of those who
+ take part in the struggle. This is key:
+
+ "Whatever may be the practical results of the struggle for immediate
+ gains, the greatest value lies in the struggle itself. For thereby
+ workers learn that the bosses interests are opposed to theirs and
+ that they cannot improve their conditions, and much less emancipate
+ themselves, except by uniting and becoming stronger than the bosses.
+ If they succeed in getting what they demand, they will be better off
+ . . . and immediately make greater demands and have greater needs.
+ If they do not succeed they will be led to study the causes of their
+ failure and recognise the need for closer unity and greater activism
+ and they will in the end understand that to make their victory
+ secure and definitive, it is necessary to destroy capitalism. The
+ revolutionary cause, the cause of the moral elevation and
+ emancipation of the workers must benefit by the fact that workers
+ unite and struggle for their interests." [Malatesta, Errico
+ Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 191]
Hence Nestor Makhno's comment that "[i]n fact, it is only through that
struggle for freedom, equality and solidarity that you reach an
@@ -315,37 +258,36 @@ J.4.1 Why is social struggle a good sign?
anarchists look for, encourage and support. Its radicalising and
transforming nature is the key to the growth of anarchist ideas, the
creation of libertarian structures and alternatives within capitalism
- (structures which may, one day, replace capitalism and state) and the
- creation of anarchists and those sympathetic to anarchist ideas. Its
- importance cannot be underestimated!
+ (structures which may, one day, replace it) and the creation of
+ anarchists and those sympathetic to anarchist ideas. Its importance
+ cannot be underestimated!
J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
- It is often argued that social struggle, by resisting the powerful and
- the wealthy, will just do more harm than good. Employers often use this
+ It is often argued that social struggle, resisting the powerful and the
+ wealthy, will just do more harm than good. Employers often use this
approach in anti-union propaganda, for example, arguing that creating a
union will force the company to close and move to less "militant"
areas.
- There is, of course, some truth in this. Yes, social struggle can lead
- to bosses moving to more compliant workforces -- but, of course, this
- also happens in periods lacking social struggle too! If we look at the
- down-sizing mania that gripped the U.S. in the 1980s and 1990s, we see
- companies down-sizing tens of thousands of people during a period where
- unions were weak, workers scared about loosing their jobs and class
- struggle basically becoming mostly informal and "underground."
- Moreover, this argument actually indicates the need for anarchism. It
- is a damning indictment of any social system that it requires people to
- kow-tow to their masters otherwise they will suffer economic hardship.
- It boils down to the argument "do what you are told, otherwise you will
- regret it." Any system based on that maxim is an affront to human
- dignity!
+ There is some truth in this. Yes, social struggle can lead to bosses
+ moving to more compliant workforces -- but this also happens in periods
+ lacking social struggle too! If we look at the down-sizing mania that
+ gripped the U.S. in the 1980s and 1990s, we see companies firing tens
+ of thousands of people during a period when unions were weak, workers
+ scared about losing their jobs and class struggle basically becoming
+ mostly informal, atomised and "underground." Moreover, this argument
+ actually indicates the need for anarchism. It is a damning indictment
+ of any social system that it requires people to kow-tow to their
+ masters otherwise they will suffer economic hardship. It boils down to
+ the argument "do what you are told, otherwise you will regret it." Any
+ system based on that maxim is an affront to human dignity!
It would, in a similar fashion, be easy to "prove" that slave
rebellions are against the long term interests of the slaves. After
all, by rebelling the slaves will face the anger of their masters. Only
- by submitting to their master can they avoid this fate and, perhaps, be
- rewarded by better conditions. Of course, the evil of slavery would
+ by submitting without question can they avoid this fate and, perhaps,
+ be rewarded by better conditions. Of course, the evil of slavery would
continue but by submitting to it they can ensure their life can become
better. Needless to say, any thinking and feeling person would quickly
dismiss this reasoning as missing the point and being little more than
@@ -355,68 +297,61 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
unfitting for human beings (although fitting for those who desire to
live of the backs of workers or desire to serve those who do).
- Moreover, this kind of argument ignores a few key points. Firstly, by
- resistance the conditions of the oppressed can be maintained or even
- improved. After all, if the boss knows that their decisions will be
- resisted they may be less inclined to impose speed-ups, longer hours
- and so on. If they know that their employees will agree to anything
- then there is every reason to expect them to impose all kinds of
- oppressions, just as a state will impose draconian laws if it knows
- that it can get away with it. History is full of examples of
- non-resistance producing greater evils in the long term and of
- resistance producing numerous important reforms and improvements (such
- as higher wages, shorter hours, the right to vote for working class
- people and women, freedom of speech, the end of slavery, trade union
- rights and so on).
+ Moreover, this kind of argument ignores a few key points.
+
+ Firstly, by resistance the conditions of the oppressed can be
+ maintained or even improved. If the boss knows that their decisions
+ will be resisted they may be less inclined to impose speed-ups, longer
+ hours and so on. If, on the other hand, they know that their employees
+ will agree to anything then there is every reason to expect them to
+ impose all kinds of oppressions, just as a state will impose draconian
+ laws if it knows that it can get away with it. History is full of
+ examples of non-resistance producing greater evils in the long term and
+ of resistance producing numerous important reforms and improvements
+ (such as higher wages, shorter hours, the right to vote for working
+ class people and women, freedom of speech, the end of slavery, trade
+ union rights and so on).
So social struggle has been proven time and time again to gain
successful reforms. For example, before the 8 hour day movement of 1886
- in America, for example, most companies argued they could not introduce
- that reform without doing bust. However, after displaying a militant
- mood and conducting an extensive strike campaign, hundreds of thousands
- of workers discovered that their bosses had been lying and they got
+ in America most companies argued they could not introduce that reform
+ without doing bust. However, after displaying a militant mood and
+ conducting an extensive strike campaign, hundreds of thousands of
+ workers discovered that their bosses had been lying and they got
shorter hours. Indeed, the history of the labour movement shows what
bosses say they can afford and the reforms workers can get via struggle
are somewhat at odds. Given the asymmetry of information between
- workers and bosses, this is unsurprising. Workers can only guess at
+ workers and bosses, this is unsurprising as workers can only guess at
what is available and bosses like to keep their actual finances hidden.
Even the threat of labour struggle can be enough to gain improvements.
For example, Henry Ford's $5 day is often used as an example of
capitalism rewarding good workers. However, this substantial pay
increase was largely motivated by the unionisation drive by the
Industrial Workers of the World among Ford workers in the summer of
- 1913 [Harry Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capitalism, p. 144]. More
+ 1913. [Harry Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capitalism, p. 144] More
recently, it was the mass non-payment campaign against the poll-tax in
Britain during the late 1980s and early 1990s which helped ensure its
- defeat (and the 1990 poll-tax riot in London also helped and ensured
- that the New Zealand government did not introduce a similar scheme in
- their country too!). In the 1990s, France also saw the usefulness of
- direct action. Two successive prime ministers (Edouard Balladur and
- Alain Juppe) tried to impose large scale "reform" programmes that
- swiftly provoked mass demonstrations and general strikes amongst
- students, workers, farmers and others. Confronted by crippling
- disruptions, both governments gave in. Compared to the experience of,
- say Britain, France's tradition of direct action politics proved more
- effective in maintaining existing conditions or even improving on them.
-
- Secondly, and in some ways more importantly, it ignores that by
- resistance those who take part can the social system they live in can
- be changed. This radicalising effect of social struggle can open new
- doors for those involved, liberate their minds, empower them and create
- the potential for deep social change. Without resistance to existing
- forms of authority a free society cannot be created as people adjust
- themselves to authoritarian structures and accept what is as the only
- possibility. By resisting, people transform and empower themselves, as
- well as transforming society. In addition, new possibilities can be
- seen (possibilities before dismissed as "utopian") and, via the
- organisation and action required to win reforms, the framework for
- these possibilities (i.e. of a new, libertarian, society) created. The
- transforming and empowering effect of social struggle is expressed well
- by the Nick DiGaetano, an one time Wobbly who had joined during the
- 1912 Lawrence strike and then UAW-CIO shop floor militant from the late
- 1930s to the 1950s. By fighting their bosses for union recognition what
- the workers gained was not only better conditions and pay but also a
- changed mentality:
+ defeat. In the 1990s, France also saw the usefulness of direct action.
+ Two successive prime ministers (Edouard Balladur and Alain Juppe) tried
+ to impose large scale neo-liberal "reform" programmes that swiftly
+ provoked mass demonstrations and general strikes amongst students,
+ workers, farmers and others. Confronted by crippling disruptions, both
+ governments gave in.
+
+ Secondly, and in some ways more importantly, the radicalising effect of
+ social struggle can open new doors for those involved, liberate their
+ minds, empower them and create the potential for deep social change.
+ Without resistance to existing forms of authority a free society cannot
+ be created as people adjust themselves to authoritarian structures and
+ accept "what is" as the only possibility. By resisting, people
+ transform and empower themselves as well as transforming society. New
+ possibilities can be seen (possibilities before dismissed as "utopian")
+ and, via the organisation and action required to win reforms, the
+ framework for these possibilities (i.e. of a new, libertarian, society)
+ created. The transforming and empowering effect of social struggle is
+ expressed well by the Nick DiGaetano, a one-time Wobbly who had joined
+ during the 1912 Lawrence strike and then became a UAW-CIO shop floor
+ militant:
"the workers of my generation from the early days up to now [1958]
had what you might call a labour insurrection in changing from a
@@ -425,7 +360,7 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
talking about the working conditions and how they affected the men
in the plant . . . Before they were submissive. Today they are men."
[quoted by David Brody, "Workplace Contractualism in comparative
- perspective", pp. 176-205, Helson Lichtenstein and Howell john
+ perspective", pp. 176-205, Helson Lichtenstein and Howell John
Harris (eds.), Industrial Democracy in America, p. 204]
Other labour historians note the same radicalising process elsewhere
@@ -435,7 +370,7 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
that the ideology of acquisitive individualism, which explained and
justified a society regulated by market mechanisms and propelled by
the accumulation of capital, was challenged by an ideology of
- mutualism, rooted in working-class bondings and struggles. . .
+ mutualism, rooted in working-class bondings and struggles . . .
Contests over pennies on or off existing piece rates had ignited
controversies over the nature and purpose of the American republic
itself." [David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labour, p. 171]
@@ -444,7 +379,7 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
structures than better pay, more liberal laws and so on as they need
submissiveness to work. Little wonder that direct action is usually
denounced as pointless or harmful by those in power or their
- spokespersons, for direct action will, taken to its logical conclusion,
+ spokespersons for direct action will, taken to its logical conclusion,
put them out of a job! Struggle, therefore, holds the possibility of a
free society as well as of improvements in the here and now. It also
changes the perspectives of those involved, creating new ideas and
@@ -456,36 +391,32 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
move to Mexico if you do not "shut up and put up" then the obvious
solution is to make sure the workers in Mexico are also organised!
Bakunin argued this basic point over one hundred years ago, and it is
- still true -- "in the long run the relatively tolerable position of
+ still true: "in the long run the relatively tolerable position of
workers in one country can be maintained only on condition that it be
- more or less the same in other countries." If, for example, workers in
- Mexico have worse wages and conditions than you do, these same
- conditions will be used against you as the "conditions of labour cannot
- get worse or better in any particular industry without immediately
- affecting the workers in other industries, and that workers of all
- trades are inter-linked with real and indissoluble ties of solidarity,"
- ties which can be ignored only at your own peril. Ultimately, "in those
- countries the workers work longer hours for less pay; and the employers
- there can sell their products cheaper, successfully competing against
- conditions where workers working less earn more, and thus force the
- employers in the latter countries to cut wages and increase the hours
- of their workers." Bakunin's solution was to organise internationally,
- to stop this undercutting of conditions by solidarity between workers.
- As recent history shows, his argument was correct [The Political
- Philosophy of Bakunin, pp. 306-7]. Thus it is not social struggle or
- militancy which is bad, just isolated militancy, struggle which ignores
- the ties of solidarity required to win, extent and keep reforms and
+ more or less the same in other countries." The "conditions of labour
+ cannot get worse or better in any particular industry without
+ immediately affecting the workers in other industries, and that workers
+ of all trades are inter-linked with real and indissoluble ties of
+ solidarity." Ultimately, "in those countries the workers work longer
+ hours for less pay; and the employers there can sell their products
+ cheaper, successfully competing against conditions where workers
+ working less earn more, and thus force the employers in the latter
+ countries to cut wages and increase the hours of their workers." [The
+ Political Philosophy of Bakunin, pp. 306-7] Bakunin's solution was to
+ organise internationally, to stop this undercutting of conditions by
+ solidarity between workers. As history shows, his argument was correct.
+ Thus it is not social struggle or militancy which perhaps could have
+ negative results, just isolated militancy, struggle which ignores the
+ ties of solidarity required to win, extend and keep reforms and
improvements. In other words, our resistance must be as transnational
as capitalism is.
The idea that social struggle and working class organisation are
- harmful was expressed constantly in the 1970s. If we look at the
- arguments of the right in the 1970s, we also find evidence that the
- "struggle does more harm than good" viewpoint is flawed. With the
+ harmful was expressed constantly in the 1970s and 80s. With the
post-war Keynesian consensus crumbling, the "New Right" argued that
trade unions (and strikes) hampered growth and that wealth
redistribution (i.e. welfare schemes which returned some of the surplus
- value workers produced back into their own hands) hindered "wealth
+ value workers produced back into our own hands) hindered "wealth
creation" (i.e. economic growth). Do not struggle over income, they
argued, let the market decide and everyone will be better off.
@@ -495,56 +426,93 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
raising the standards of the working class as a whole. They are the
chief cause of the unnecessarily big differences between the best- and
worse-paid workers." He maintained that "the elite of the British
- working class. . . derive their relative advantages by keeping workers
+ working class . . . derive their relative advantages by keeping workers
who are worse off from improving their position." Moreover, he
"predict[ed] that the average worker's income would rise fastest in a
country where relative wages are flexible, and where the exploitation
of workers by monopolistic trade union organisations of specialised
- workers are effectively outlawed." ["1980s Unemployment and the Unions"
- reproduced in The Economic Decline of Modern Britain, p. 107, p. 108,
- p. 110]
+ workers are effectively outlawed." [1980s Unemployment and the Unions,
+ p. 107, p. 108 and p. 110]
Now, if von Hayek's claims were true we could expect that in the
aftermath of Thatcher government's trade union reforms we would have
seen: a rise in economic growth (usually considered as the means to
- improve living standards for workers by the right); a decrease in the
- differences between high and low paid workers; a reduction in the
- percentage of low paid workers as they improved their positions when
- freed from union "exploitation"; and that wages rise fastest in
- countries with the highest wage flexibility. Unfortunately for von
- Hayek, the actual trajectory of the British economy exposes his claims
- as nonsense.
+ improve living standards for workers by the right); that this growth
+ would be more equally distributed; a decrease in the differences
+ between high and low paid workers; a reduction in the percentage of low
+ paid workers as they improved their positions when freed from union
+ "exploitation"; and that wages rise fastest in countries with the
+ highest wage flexibility. Unfortunately for von Hayek, the actual
+ trajectory of the British economy exposed his claims as nonsense.
Looking at each of his claims in turn we discover that rather than
"exploit" other workers, trade unions are an essential means to shift
- income from capital to labour (which is way capital fights labour
+ income from capital to labour (which is why capital fights labour
organisers tooth and nail). And, equally important, labour militancy
aids all workers by providing a floor under which wages cannot drop
- (non-unionised/militant firms in the same industry or area have to
- offer similar programs to prevent unionisation and be able to hire
- workers) and by maintaining aggregate demand. This positive role of
- unions/militancy in aiding all workers can be seen by comparing Britain
- before and after Thatcher's von Hayek inspired trade union and labour
- market reforms.
-
- As far as economic growth goes, there has been a steady fall since
- trade union reforms. In the "bad old days" of the 1970s, with its
- strikes and "militant unions" growth was 2.4% in Britain. It fell to 2%
- in the 1980s and fell again to 1.2% in the 1990s [Larry Elliot and Dan
- Atkinson, The Age of Insecurity, p. 236]. So the rate of "wealth
- creation" (economic growth) has steadily fallen as unions were
- "reformed" in line with von Hayek's ideology (and falling growth means
- that the living standards of the working class as a whole do not rise
- as fast as they did under the "exploitation" of the "monopolistic"
- trade unions). If we look at the differences between the highest and
- lowest paid workers, we find that rather than decrease, they have in
- fact shown "a dramatic widening out of the distribution with the
- best-workers doing much better" since Thatcher was elected in 1979
- [Andrew Glyn and David Miliband (eds.), Paying for Inequality, p. 100]
-
- Given that inequality has also increased, the condition of the average
+ (non-unionised firms have to offer similar programs to prevent
+ unionisation and be able to hire workers) and by maintaining aggregate
+ demand. This positive role of unions in aiding all workers can be seen
+ by comparing Britain before and after Thatcher's von Hayek inspired
+ trade union and labour market reforms.
+
+ There has been a steady fall in growth in the UK since the trade union
+ "reforms". In the "bad old days" of the 1970s, with its strikes and
+ "militant unions" growth was 2.4% in Britain. It fell to 2% in the
+ 1980s and fell again to 1.2% in the 1990s. A similar pattern of slowing
+ growth as wage flexibility and market reform has increased can be seen
+ in the US economy (it was 4.4% in the 1960s, 3.2% in the 1970s, 2.8% in
+ the 1980s and 1.9% in the first half of the 1990s). [Larry Elliot and
+ Dan Atkinson, The Age of Insecurity, p. 236] Given that the free-market
+ right proclaims higher economic growth is the only way to make workers
+ better off, growth rates have steadily fallen internationally since the
+ domination of their ideology. Thus growth of output per head in the
+ USA, Europe, Japan and the OECD countries between 1979 to 1990 was
+ lower than in 1973-9, and 1990-2004 lower still. The deregulation,
+ privatisation, anti-union laws and other neo-liberal policies have
+ "failed to bring an increase in the growth rate." [Andrew Glyn,
+ Capitalism Unleashed, p. 131] What growth spurts there have been were
+ associated with speculative bubbles (in the American economy, dot.com
+ stocks in the late 1990s and housing in the 2000s) which burst with
+ disastrous consequences.
+
+ So the rate of "wealth creation" (economic growth) has steadily fallen
+ as unions were "reformed" in line with von Hayek's ideology (and lower
+ growth means that the living standards of the working class as a whole
+ do not rise as fast as they did under the "exploitation" of the
+ "monopolistic" trade unions).
+
+ If we look at the differences between the highest and lowest paid
+ workers, we find that rather than decrease, they have in fact shown "a
+ dramatic widening out of the distribution with the best-workers doing
+ much better" since Thatcher was elected in 1979 [Andrew Glyn and David
+ Miliband (eds.), Paying for Inequality, p. 100] This is important, as
+ average figures can hide how badly those in the bottom (80%!) are
+ doing. In an unequal society, the gains of growth are monopolised by
+ the few and we would expect rising inequality over time alongside
+ average growth. In America inequality has dramatically increased since
+ the 1970s, with income and wealth growth in the 1980s going
+ predominately to the top 20% (and, in fact, mostly to the top 1% of the
+ population). The bottom 80% of the population saw their wealth grow by
+ 1.2% and their income by 23.7% in the 1980s, while for the top 20% the
+ respective figures were 98.2% and 66.3% (the figures for the top 1%
+ were 61.6% and 38.9%, respectively). [Edward N. Wolff, "How the Pie is
+ Sliced", The American Prospect, no. 22, Summer 1995] There has been a
+ "fanning out of the pay distribution" with the gap between the top 10%
+ of wage-earners increasing compared to those in the middle and bottom
+ 10%. Significantly, in the neo-liberal countries the rise in inequality
+ is "considerably higher" than in European ones. In America, for
+ example, "real wages at the top grew by 27.2% between 1979 and 2003 as
+ compared to 10.2% in the middle" while real wages for the bottom 10%
+ "did not grow at all between 1979 and 2003." In fact, most of the gains
+ in the top 10% "occurred amongst the top 5%, and two-thirds of it
+ within the top 1%." Unsurprising, the neo-liberal countries of the UK,
+ USA and New Zealand saw the largest increases in inequality. [Glyn, Op.
+ Cit., pp. 116-8 and p. 168]
+
+ Given that inequality has increased, the condition of the average
worker must have suffered. For example, Ian Gilmore states that "[i]n
- the 1980s, for the first time for fifty years. . . the poorer half of
+ the 1980s, for the first time for fifty years . . . the poorer half of
the population saw its share of total national income shirk." [Dancing
with Dogma, p. 113] According to Noam Chomsky, "[d]uring the Thatcher
decade, the income share of the bottom half of the population fell from
@@ -552,17 +520,74 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
total income of the top 20% grew from 35% to 40% while that of the
bottom 20% fell from 10% to 5%. In addition, the number of UK employees
with weekly pay below the Council of Europe's "decency threshold"
- increased from 28.3% in 1979 to 37% in 1994 [World Orders, Old and New,
- p. 144, p. 145] Moreover, "[b]ack in the early 1960s, the heaviest
- concentration of incomes fell at 80-90 per cent of the mean. . . But by
- the early 1990s there had been a dramatic change, with the peak of the
- distribution falling at just 40-50 per cent of the mean. One-quarter of
- the population had incomes below half the average by the early 1990s as
- against 7 per cent in 1977 and 11 per cent in 1961. . ." [Elliot and
- Atkinson, Op. Cit., p. 235] "Overall," notes Takis Fotopoulos, "average
- incomes increased by 36 per cent during this period [1979-1991/2], but
- 70 per cent of the population had a below average increase in their
- income." [Towards an Inclusive Democracy, p. 113]
+ increased from 28.3% in 1979 to 37% in 1994. [World Orders, Old and
+ New, p. 144 and p. 145] Moreover, "[b]ack in the early 1960s, the
+ heaviest concentration of incomes fell at 80-90 per cent of the mean .
+ . . But by the early 1990s there had been a dramatic change, with the
+ peak of the distribution falling at just 40-50 per cent of the mean.
+ One-quarter of the population had incomes below half the average by the
+ early 1990s as against 7 per cent in 1977 and 11 per cent in 1961."
+ [Elliot and Atkinson, Op. Cit., p. 235] "Overall," notes Takis
+ Fotopoulos, "average incomes increased by 36 per cent during this
+ period [1979-1991/2], but 70 per cent of the population had a below
+ average increase in their income." [Towards an Inclusive Democracy, p.
+ 113]
+
+ The reason for this rising inequality is not difficult to determine.
+ When workers organise and strike, they can keep more of what they
+ produce in their own hands. The benefits of productivity growth,
+ therefore, can be spread. With unions weakened, such gains will
+ accumulate in fewer hands and flood upwards. This is precisely what
+ happened. Before (approximately) 1980 and the neo-liberal assault on
+ unions, productivity and wages rose hand-in-hand in America, afterward
+ productivity continued to rise while wages flattened. In fact, the
+ value of the output of an average worker "has risen almost 50 percent
+ since 1973. Yet the growing concentration of income in the hands of a
+ small minority had proceeded so rapidly that we're not sure whether the
+ typical American has gained anything from rising productivity." Rather
+ than "trickle down" "the lion's share of economic growth in America
+ over the past thirty years has gone to a small, wealthy minority." In
+ short: "The big winners . . . have been members of a very narrow elite:
+ the top 1 percent or less of the population." [Paul Krugman, The
+ Conscience of a Liberal, p. 124, p. 244 and p. 8]
+
+ Looking at America, after the Second World War the real income of the
+ typical family ("exploited" by "monopolistic" trade unions) grew by
+ 2.7% per year, with "incomes all through the income distribution grew
+ at about the same rate." Since 1980 (i.e., after working people were
+ freed from the tyranny of unions), "medium family income has risen only
+ about 0.7 percent a year" Median household income "grew modestly" from
+ 1973 to 2005, the total gain was about 16%. Yet this "modest gain" may
+ "overstate" how well American families were doing, as it was achieved
+ in part through longer working hours. For example, "a gain in family
+ income that occurs because a spouse goes to work isn't the same thing
+ as a wage increase. In particular it may carry hidden costs that offset
+ some of the gains in money." This stagnation is, of course, being
+ denied by the right. Yet, as Krugman memorably puts it: "Modern
+ economists debate whether American median income has risen or fallen
+ since the early 1970s. What's really telling is the fact that we're
+ even having this debate." So while the average values may have went up,
+ because of "rising inequality, good performance in overall numbers like
+ GDP hasn't translated into gains for ordinary workers." [Op. Cit., p.
+ 55, pp. 126-7, p. 124 and p. 201]
+
+ Luckily for American capitalism a poll in 2000 found that 39% of
+ Americans believe they are either in the wealthiest 1% or will be there
+ "soon"! [Glyn, Op. Cit., p. 179] In fact, as we discussed in [5]section
+ B.7.2, social mobility has fallen under neo-liberalism -- perhaps
+ unsurprisingly as it is easier to climb a hill than a mountain. This is
+ just as important as the explosion in inequality as the free-market
+ right argue that dynamic social mobility makes up for wealth and income
+ inequality. As Krugman notes, Americans "may believe that anyone can
+ succeed through hard work and determination, but the facts say
+ otherwise." In reality, mobility is "highest in the Scandinavian
+ countries, and most results suggest that mobility is lower in the
+ United States than it is in France, Canada, and maybe even in Britain.
+ Not only don't Americans have equal opportunity, opportunity is less
+ equal here than elsewhere in the West." Without the blinkers of free
+ market capitalist ideology this should be unsurprising: "A society with
+ highly unequal results is, more or less inevitably, a society with
+ highly unequal opportunity, too." [Op. Cit., p. 247 and p. 249]
Looking at the claim that trade union members gained their "relative
advantage by keeping workers who are worse off from improving their
@@ -573,122 +598,125 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
16.8% in 1984 to 26.2% in 1991 for men, 44.8% to 44.9% for women. For
manual workers it rose by 15% to 38.4%, and for women by 7.7% to 80.7%
(for non-manual workers the figures were 5.4% rise to 13.7% for men and
- a 0.5% rise to 36.6%). If unions were gaining at the expense of the
- worse off, you would expect a decrease in the number in low pay, not an
- increase. [Paying for Inequality, p.102] An OECD study concluded that
- "[t]ypically, countries with high rates of collective bargaining and
- trade unionisation tend to have low incidence of low paid employment."
- [OECD Employment Outlook, 1996, p. 94]
-
- Nor did unemployment fall after the trade union reforms. As Elliot and
- Atkinson point out, "[b]y the time Blair came to power [in 1997],
- unemployment in Britain was falling, although it still remained higher
- than it had been when the [the last Labour Government of] Callaghan
- left office in May 1979." [Op. Cit., p. 258] Von Hayek did argue that
- falls in unemployment would be "a slow process" but over 10 years of
- higher unemployment is moving at a snail's pace! And we must note that
- part of this fall in unemployment towards its 1970s level was due to
- Britain's labour force shrinking (and so, as the July 1997 Budget
- Statement correctly notes, "the lower 1990s peak [in unemployment] does
- not in itself provide convincing evidence of improved labour
- performance." [p. 77]).
+ a 0.5% rise to 36.6%). [Andrew Glyn and David Miliband (eds.), Op.
+ Cit., p.102] If unions were gaining at the expense of the worse off,
+ you would expect a decrease in the number in low pay, not an increase.
+ An OECD study concluded that "[t]ypically, countries with high rates of
+ collective bargaining and trade unionisation tend to have low incidence
+ of low paid employment." [OECD Employment Outlook, 1996, p. 94] Within
+ America, we also discover that higher union density is associated with
+ fewer workers earning around the minimum wage and that "right-to-work"
+ states (i.e., those that pass anti-union laws) "tend to have lower
+ wages, lower standard of living, and more workers earning around the
+ minimum wage." It is hard not to conclude that states "passed laws
+ aimed at making unionisation more difficult would imply that they
+ sought to maintain the monopoly power of employers at the expense of
+ workers." [Oren M. Levin-Waldman, "The Minimum Wage and Regional Wage
+ Structure: Implications for Income Distribution", pp. 635-57, Journal
+ of Economic Issues, Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, p. 639 and p. 655]
As far as von Hayek's prediction on wage flexibility leading to the
"average worker's income" rising fastest in a country where relative
wages are flexible, it has been proved totally wrong. Between 1967 and
- 1971, real wages grew (on average) by 2.95% per year (nominal wages
- grew by 8.94%) [P. Armstrong, A. Glyn and John Harrison, Capitalism
- Since World War II, p.272]. In comparison, in the 1990s real wages grew
- by 1.1 per cent, according to a TUC press release entitled Productivity
- Record, how the UK compares released in March 1999.
-
- Needless to say, these are different eras so it would also be useful to
- compare the UK (often praised as a flexible economy after Thatcher's
- "reforms") to France (considered far less flexible) in the 1990s. Here
- we find that the "flexible" UK is behind the "inflexible" France. Wages
- and benefits per worker rose by almost 1.2 per cent per year compared
- to 0.7% for the UK. France's GDP grew at a faster rate than Britain's,
- averaging 1.4 per cent per year, compared with 1.2 per cent. Worker
- productivity is also behind, since 1979 (Thatcher's arrival) Britain's
- worker productivity has been 1.9 per cent per year compared to France's
- 2.2 per cent [Seth Ackerman, "The Media Vote for Austerity", Extra!,
- September/October 1997]. And as Seth Ackerman also notes, "[w]hile
- France's dismal record of job creation is on permanent exhibit, it is
- never mentioned that Britain's is even more dismal." [Ibid.]
-
- Moving further afield, we find von Hayek's prediction falsified yet
- again. If we look at the USA, frequently claimed as a model economy in
- terms of wage flexibility and union weakness, we discover that the real
- wages of the average worker has decreased since 1973 (the weekly and
- hourly earnings of US production and non-supervisory workers, which
- accounts for 80% of the US workforce, have fallen in real terms by
- 19.2% and 13.4% respectively [Economic Report of the President 1995,
- Table B-45]). If we look at figures from U.S. Bureau of the Census
- (Current Population Survey) we can see how increased flexibility has
- affected income:
-
- Income Growth by Quintile
-
- Quintile 1950-1978 1979-1993
- Lowest 20% 138% -15%
- 2nd 20% 98 -7
- 3rd 20% 106 -3
- 4th 20% 111 5
- Highest 20% 99 18
-
- As can be seen, flexible wages and weaker unions have resulted in the
- direct opposite of von Hayek's predictions. Within the US itself, we
- discover that higher union density is associated with fewer workers
- earning around the minimum wage -- "the percentage of those earning
- around the minimum wage are both substantially higher in right-to-work
- states [i.e. those that pass anti-union laws] than overall and lower in
- high union density states that overall" and "in right-to-work states .
- . . wages have traditionally been lower." [Oren M. Levin-Waldman, The
- Minimum Wage and Regional Wage Structure] If unions did harm non-union
- workers, we would expect the opposite to occur. It does not. Of course,
- being utterly wrong has not dented his reputation with the right nor
- stopped him being quoted in arguments in favour of flexibility and free
- market reforms.
-
- Moreover, the growth of the US economy has also slowed down as wage
- flexibility and market reform has increased (it was 4.4% in the 1960s,
- 3.2% in the 1970s, 2.8% in the 1980s and 1.9% in the first half of the
- 1990s [Larry Elliot and Dan Atkinson, The Age of Insecurity, p. 236]).
- In addition, inequality in the US has dramatically increased since the
- 1970s, with income and wealth growth in the 1980s going predominately
- to the top 20% (and, in fact, mostly to the top 1% of the population).
- The bottom 80% of the population saw their wealth grow by 1.2% and
- their income by 23.7% in the 1980s, while for the top 20% the
- respective figures were 98.2% and 66.3% (the figures for the top 1%
- were 61.6% and 38.9%, respectively). [Edward N. Wolff, "How the Pie is
- Sliced", The American Prospect, no. 22, Summer 1995]
-
- Comparing the claims of von Hayek to what actually happened after trade
- union reform and the reduction of class struggle helps to suggest that
- the claims that social struggle is self-defeating are false (and
- probably self-serving, considering it is usually bosses and employer
+ 1971, real wages grew (on average) by 2.95% per year in the UK (nominal
+ wages grew by 8.94%) [P. Armstrong, A. Glyn and J. Harrison, Capitalism
+ Since World War II, p. 272]. In comparison, real household disposable
+ income grew by just 0.5 percent between June 2006 and 2007. Average
+ weekly earnings rose 2.9% between April 2006 and 2007 while inflation
+ rose by 3.6% (Retail Prices Index) and 2.8% (Consumer Prices Index).
+ [Elliot and Atkinson, The Gods That Failed, p. 163] This is part of a
+ general pattern, with UK Real Wages per employee being an average 3.17%
+ per year between 1960 and 1974, falling to 1.8% between 1980 and 1999.
+ In America, the equivalent figures are 2.37% and 1.02%. [Eckhard Hein
+ and Thorsten Schulten, Unemployment, Wages and Collective Bargaining in
+ the European Union, p. 9] Looking at the wider picture, during the
+ early 1970s when strikes and union membership increased, "real wage
+ increases rose steadily to reach over 4% per year" in the West.
+ However, after von Hayek's anti-union views were imposed, "real wages
+ have grown very slowly." In anti-union America, the median wage was
+ $13.62 in 2003 compared to $12.36 in 1979 (reckoned in 2003 prices). In
+ Europe and Japan "average wages have done only a little better, having
+ grown around 1% per year." [Glyn, Op. Cit., p. 5 and p. 116] It gets
+ worse as these are average figures. Given that inequality soared during
+ this period the limited gains of the neo-liberal era were not
+ distributed as evenly as before (in the UK, for example, wage growth
+ was concentrated at the top end of society. [Elliot and Atkinson,
+ Fantasy Island, p. 99]).
+
+ Nor can it be said that breaking the unions and lower real wages
+ translated into lower unemployment in the UK as the average
+ unemployment rate between 1996 and 1997 was 7.1% compared to 4.5%
+ between 1975 and 1979 (the year Thatcher took power). The average
+ between 1960 and 1974 was 1.87% compared to 8.7% over the whole
+ Thatcherite period of 1980 to 1999. Perhaps this is not too surprising,
+ given that (capitalist economic theology aside) unemployment
+ "systematically weakens the bargaining power of trade unions." In
+ short: "Neither on the theoretical nor empirical level can a strictly
+ inverse relation between the real wage rate and the level of
+ unemployment be derived." [Hein and Schulten, Op. Cit., p. 9, p. 3 and
+ p. 2] As we discussed in [6]section C.1.5 this should come as no
+ surprise to anyone with awareness of the real nature of unemployment
+ and the labour market. So unemployment did not fall after the trade
+ union reforms, quite the reverse: "By the time Blair came to power [in
+ 1997], unemployment in Britain was falling, although it still remained
+ higher than it had been when the [last Labour Government of] Callaghan
+ left office in May 1979." [Elliot and Atkinson, Age of Insecurity, p.
+ 258] To be fair, von Hayek did argue that falls in unemployment would
+ be "a slow process" but nearly 20 years of far higher unemployment is
+ moving backwards!
+
+ So we have a stark contrast between the assertions of the right and the
+ reality their ideology helped create. The reason for this difference is
+ not hard to discover. As economist Paul Krugman correctly argues unions
+ "raise average wages for their membership; they also, indirectly and to
+ a lesser extent, raise wages for similar workers . . . as nonunionised
+ employers try to diminish the appeal of union drives to their workers .
+ . . unions tend to narrow income gaps among blue-collar workers, by
+ negotiating bigger wage increases for their worse-paid members . . .
+ And nonunion employers, seeking to forestall union organisers, tend to
+ echo this effect." He argues that "if there's a single reason
+ blue-collar workers did so much better in the fifties than they had in
+ the twenties, it was the rise of unions" and that unions "were once an
+ important factor limiting income inequality, both because of their
+ direct effect in raising their members wages and because the union
+ pattern of wage settlements . . . was . . . reflected in the labour
+ market as a whole." With the smashing of the unions came rising
+ inequality, with the "sharpest increases in wage inequality in the
+ Western world have taken place in the United States and in Britain,
+ both of which experience sharp declines in union membership." Unions
+ restrict inequality because "they act as a countervailing force to
+ management." [Op. Cit., p. 51, p. 49, p. 149 and p. 263]
+
+ So under the neo-liberal regime instigated by Thatcher and Reagan the
+ power, influence and size of the unions were reduced considerably and
+ real wage growth fell considerably -- which is the exact opposite of
+ von Hayek's predictions. Flexible wages and weaker unions have harmed
+ the position of all workers (Proudhon: "Contrary to all expectation! It
+ takes an economist not to expect these things" [System of Economical
+ Contradictions, p. 203]). So comparing the claims of von Hayek to what
+ actually happened after trade union "reform" and the reduction of class
+ struggle suggests that claims that social struggle is self-defeating
+ are false (and self-serving, considering it is usually bosses, employer
supported parties and economists who make these claims). A lack of
- social struggle has been correlated with low economic growth, stagnant
- (even declining) wages and the creation of purely paid service jobs to
- replace highly paid manufacturing ones. So while social struggle may
- make capital flee and other problems, lack of it is no guarantee of
+ social struggle has been correlated with low economic growth and often
+ stagnant (even declining) wages. So while social struggle may make
+ capital flee and other problems, lack of it is no guarantee of
prosperity (quite the reverse, if the last quarter of the 20th century
- is anything to go by!). Indeed, a lack of social struggle will make
+ is anything to go by). Indeed, a lack of social struggle will make
bosses be more likely to cut wages, worsen working conditions and so on
-- after all, they feel they can get away with it! Which brings home
- the fact that "to make their [the working class'] victory secure and
- definitive, it is necessary to destroy capitalism." [Errico Malatesta,
- Life and Ideas, p. 191]
+ the fact that to make reforms last it is necessary to destroy
+ capitalism.
Of course, no one can know that struggle will make things better. It is
a guess; no one can predict the future. Not all struggles are
successful and many can be very difficult. If the "military is a role
model for the business world" (in the words of an ex-CEO of Hill &
- Knowlton Public Relations [quoted by John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton
- in Toxic Sludge Is Good For You!, p. 47]), and it is, then any struggle
- against it and other concentrations of power may, and often is,
- difficult and dangerous at times. But, as Zapata once said, "better to
- die on your feet than live on your knees!" All we can say is that
+ Knowlton Public Relations), and it is, then any struggle against it and
+ other concentrations of power may, and often is, difficult and
+ dangerous at times. [quoted by John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton in
+ Toxic Sludge Is Good For You!, p. 47] But, as Zapata once said, "better
+ to die on your feet than live on your knees!" All we can say is that
social struggle can and does improve things and, in terms of its
successes and transforming effect on those involved, well worth the
potential difficulties it can create. Moreover, without struggle there
@@ -704,23 +732,55 @@ J.4.2 Won't social struggle do more harm than good?
the all the petty (and not so petty) impositions of authority. If we do
not say "no" then the powers that be will walk all over us.
- As the history of the last 20 years shows, a lack of social struggle is
+ As the history of neo-liberalism shows, a lack of social struggle is
fully compatible with worsening conditions. Ultimately, if you want to
be treated as a human being you have to stand up for your dignity --
- and that means thinking and rebelling. As Bakunin often argued, human
- development is based on thought and rebellion (see God and the State).
- Without rebellion, without social struggle, humanity would stagnant
- beneath authority forever and never be in a position to be free. We
- would agree wholeheartedly with the Abolitionist Frederick Douglass:
+ and that means thinking and rebelling. As Bakunin argued in God and the
+ State, human freedom and development is based on these. Without
+ rebellion, without social struggle, humanity would stagnate beneath
+ authority forever and never be in a position to be free. So anarchists
+ agree wholeheartedly with the Abolitionist Frederick Douglass:
"If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to
- favour freedom and yet deprecate agitation are people who want crops
- without plowing up the ground. They want rain without thunder and
- lightning. That struggle might be a moral one; it might be a
- physical one; it might be both moral and physical, but it must be a
- struggle. Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and
- never will. People might not get all that they work for in this
- world, but they must certainly work for all they get."
+ favour freedom, and yet depreciate agitation, are men who want crops
+ without ploughing up the ground. They want rain without thunder and
+ lightning. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many
+ waters.
+
+ "This struggle may be a moral one; or it may be a physical one; or
+ it may be both moral and physical; but it must be a struggle. Power
+ concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.
+ Find out just what a people will submit to, and you have found out
+ the exact amount of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon
+ them; and these will continue till they are resisted with either
+ words or blows, or with both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed
+ by the endurance of those whom they oppress." [The Life and Writings
+ of Frederick Douglass, vol. 2, p. 437]
+
+ Of course, being utterly wrong has not dented von Hayek's reputation
+ with the right nor stopped him being quoted in arguments in favour of
+ flexibility and free market reforms (what can we expect? The right
+ still quote Milton Friedman whose track-record was equally impressive).
+ Still, why let the actual development of the economies influenced by
+ von Hayek's ideology get in the way? Perhaps it is fortunate that he
+ once argued that economic theories can "never be verified or falsified
+ by reference to facts. All that we can and must verify is the presence
+ of our assumptions in the particular case." [Individualism and Economic
+ Order, p. 73] With such a position all is saved -- the obvious problem
+ is that capitalism is still not pure enough and the "reforms" must not
+ only continue but be made deeper... As Kropotkin stressed, "economists
+ who continue to consider economic forces alone . . . without taking
+ into account the ideology of the State, or the forces that each State
+ necessarily places at the service of the rich . . . remain completely
+ outside the realities of the economic and social world." [quoted by
+ Ruth Kinna, "Fields of Vision: Kropotkin and Revolutionary Change", pp.
+ 67-86, SubStance, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 72-3]
+
+ And, needless to say, while three decades of successful capitalist
+ class war goes without mention in polite circles, documenting its
+ results gets you denounced as advocating "class war"! It is more than
+ pass the time when working class people should make that a reality --
+ particularly given the results of not doing so.
J.4.3 Are the new social movements a positive development for anarchists?
@@ -752,9 +812,9 @@ J.4.3 Are the new social movements a positive development for anarchists?
ecosystem, and preventing social breakdown, can never be attained
without a shift of mass consciousness involving widespread rejection of
hierarchy, which is based on the authoritarian principles of domination
- and exploitation. As C. George Bennello argued, "[s]ince peace involves
+ and exploitation. As C. George Bennello argued: "Since peace involves
the positive process of replacing violence by other means of settling
- conflict. . . it can be argued that some sort of institutional change
+ conflict . . . it can be argued that some sort of institutional change
is necessary. For if insurgency is satisfied with specific reform
goals, and does not seek to transform the institutional structure of
society by getting at its centralised make-up, the war system will
@@ -764,41 +824,42 @@ J.4.3 Are the new social movements a positive development for anarchists?
Up, p. 31]
When pursued along gender, class, racial, ethnic, or national lines,
- these two principles are the primary causes of resentment, hatred,
- anger, and hostility, which often explode into individual or organised
- violence. Therefore, both domestic and international peace depend on
- decentralisation, i.e. dismantling hierarchies, thus replacing
- domination and exploitation by the anarchist principles of
- co-operation, sharing, and mutual aid.
-
- But direct democracy is the other side of decentralisation. In order
- for an organisation to spread power horizontally rather than
- concentrating it at the apex of hierarchy, all of its members have to
- have an equal voice in making the decisions that affect them. Hence
- decentralisation implies direct democracy. So the peace movement
- implies anarchism, because world peace is impossible without both
- decentralisation and direct democracy. Moreover, "[s]o long as profits
- are tied to defence production, speaking truth to the elites involved
- is not likely to get very far" as "it is only within the boundaries of
- the profit system that the corporate elites would have any space to
- move." [Op. Cit., p. 34] Thus the peace movement implicitly contains a
- libertarian critique of both forms of the power system -- the political
- and economical.
+ domination and exploitation are the primary causes of resentment,
+ hatred, anger, and hostility, which often explode into individual or
+ organised violence. Given this, both domestic and international peace
+ depend on decentralisation, i.e. dismantling hierarchies, thus
+ replacing domination and exploitation by the anarchist principles of
+ co-operation and mutual aid.
+
+ Direct democracy is the other side of decentralisation. In order for an
+ organisation to spread power horizontally rather than concentrating it
+ at the apex of a hierarchy, all of its members have to have an equal
+ voice in making the decisions that affect them. Hence decentralisation
+ implies self-management. So, anarchists argue, the peace movement
+ implies anarchism because world peace is impossible without both
+ decentralisation and direct democracy ("a federated people would be a
+ people organised for peace; what would they do with armies?" [Proudhon,
+ Du Principe F�d�ratif, pp. 320-1]). As Benello correctly argued, the
+ "anarchist perspective has an unparalleled relevance today because
+ prevailing nuclear policies can be considered as an ultimate stage in
+ the divergence between the interests of governments and their peoples .
+ . . the implications when revealed serve to raise fundamental questions
+ regarding the advisability of entrusting governments with questions of
+ life and death . . . There is thus a pressing impetus to re-think the
+ role, scale, and structure of national governments." Moreover, "[s]o
+ long as profits are tied to defence production, speaking truth to the
+ elites involved is not likely to get very far" as "it is only within
+ the boundaries of the profit system that the corporate elites would
+ have any space to move." [Op. Cit., p. 138 and p. 34] Thus the peace
+ movement implicitly contains a libertarian critique of both forms of
+ the power system -- the political and economical.
In addition, certain of the practical aspects of the peace movement
also suggest anarchistic elements. The use of non-violent direct action
to protest against the war machine can only be viewed as a positive
development by anarchists. Not only does it use effective, anarchistic
methods of struggle it also radicalises those involved, making them
- more receptive to anarchist ideas and analysis (after all, as Benello
- correctly argues, the "anarchist perspective has an unparalleled
- relevance today because prevailing nuclear policies can be considered
- as an ultimate stage in the divergence between the interests of
- governments and their peoples . . . the implications when revealed
- serve to raise fundamental questions regarding the advisability of
- entrusting governments with questions of life and death. . . There is
- thus a pressing impetus to re-think the role, scale, and structure of
- national governments." [Op. Cit., p. 138]).
+ more receptive to anarchist ideas and analysis.
If we look at the implications of "nuclear free zones" we can detect
anarchistic tendencies within them. A nuclear free zone involves a town
@@ -807,7 +868,7 @@ J.4.3 Are the new social movements a positive development for anarchists?
transportation and deployment of nuclear weapons as well as renouncing
the right to be defended by nuclear power. This movement was popular in
the 1980s, with many areas in Europe and the Pacific Basin declaring
- that they were nuclear free zones. As Benello points out, "[t]he
+ that they were nuclear free zones. As Benello pointed out, "[t]he
development of campaigns for nuclear free zones suggests a strategy
which can educate and radicalise local communities. Indeed, by
extending the logic of the nuclear free zone idea, we can begin to
@@ -817,36 +878,29 @@ J.4.3 Are the new social movements a positive development for anarchists?
development of these initiatives did not have the radicalising effects
that Benello hoped for, they did "represent a local initiative that
does not depend on the federal government for action. Thus it is a step
- toward local empowerment. . . Steps that increase local autonomy change
- the power relations between the centre and its colonies. . . The
- nuclear free zone movement has a thrust which is clearly congruent with
- anarchist ideas. . . The same motives which go into the declaration of
- a nuclear free zone would dictate that in other areas where the state
- and the corporate systems services are dysfunctional and involve
- excessive costs, they should be dispensed with." [Op. Cit., p. 137, pp.
- 140-1]
+ toward local empowerment . . . Steps that increase local autonomy
+ change the power relations between the centre and its colonies . . .
+ The nuclear free zone movement has a thrust which is clearly congruent
+ with anarchist ideas . . . The same motives which go into the
+ declaration of a nuclear free zone would dictate that in other areas
+ where the state and the corporate systems services are dysfunctional
+ and involve excessive costs, they should be dispensed with." [Op. Cit.,
+ p. 137 and pp. 140-1]
The social justice movement is composed of people seeking fair and
compassionate solutions to problems such as poverty, unemployment,
economic exploitation, discrimination, poor housing, lack of health
- insurance, wealth and income inequalities, and the like. Such concerns
- have traditionally been associated with the left, especially with
- socialism and trade-unionism. Recently, however, many radicals have
- begun to perceive the limitations of both Marxist-Leninist and
- traditional trade-unionist solutions to social justice problems,
- particularly insofar as these solutions involve hierarchical
- organisations and authoritarian values.
-
- Following the widespread disillusionment with statism and centrally
- planned economies generated by the failure of "Communism" in the
- ex-Soviet Union and Eastern European nations, many radicals, while
- retaining their commitment to social justice issues, have been
- searching for new approaches. And in doing so they've been drawn into
- alliances with ecologists, feminists, and members of the peace
- movement. (This has occurred particularly among the German Greens, many
- of whom are former Marxists. So far, however, few of the latter have
- declared themselves to be anarchists, as the logic of the ecology
- movement requires.)
+ insurance, wealth and income inequalities, and the like. In the
+ aftermath of decades of especially single-minded pursuit of this
+ priority by neo-liberal administrations, the United States, for
+ example, is reaping the grim harvest: wages stagnate, personal debt
+ soars, homelessness stalks the streets; social welfare budgets are
+ slashed to the bone while poverty, unemployment, and underemployment
+ grow; sweatshops mushrooming in the large cities; millions of Americans
+ without any health insurance while others face rocketing costs; obscene
+ wealth inequalities and falling social mobility; and so on. Britain
+ under the neo-liberal policies of Thatcher, Major and Blair experienced
+ a social deterioration similar to that in the US.
It is not difficult to show that the major problems concerning the
social justice movement can all be traced back to the hierarchy and
@@ -855,85 +909,49 @@ J.4.3 Are the new social movements a positive development for anarchists?
own power and privileges, regardless of the suffering involved for
subordinate classes.
- Today, in the aftermath of 12 years of especially single-minded pursuit
- of this priority by two Republican administrations, the United States,
- for example, is reaping the grim harvest: armies of the homeless
- wandering the streets; social welfare budgets slashed to the bone as
- poverty, unemployment, and underemployment grow; sweatshops mushrooming
- in the large cities; over 43 million Americans without any health
- insurance; obscene wealth inequalities; and so on. This decay promises
- to accelerate in the US during the coming years, now that Republicans
- control both houses of Congress. Britain under the neo-liberal policies
- of Thatcher and Major has experienced a social deterioration similar to
- that in the US.
-
In short, social injustice is inherent in the exploitative functions of
the state, which are made possible by the authoritarian form of state
- institutions and of the state-complex as a whole. Similarly, the
- authoritarian form of the corporation (and capitalist companies in
- general) gives rise to social injustice as unfair income differentials
- and wealth disparity between owners/management and labour.
-
- Hence the success of the social justice movement, like that of the
- feminist, ecology, and peace movements, depends on dismantling
- hierarchies. This means not only that these movement all imply
- anarchism but that they are related in such a way that it's impossible
- to conceive one of them achieving its goals in isolation from any of
- the others.
-
- To take just one example, let's consider the relationship between
- social justice and peace, which can be seen by examining a specific
- social justice issue: labour rights.
-
- As Dimitrios Roussopoulos points out, the production of advanced
- weapons systems is highly profitable for capitalists, which is why more
- technologically complex and precise weapons keep getting built with
- government help (with the public paying the tab by way of rising
- taxes).
-
- Now, we may reasonably argue that it's a fundamental human right to be
- able to choose freely whether or not one will personally contribute to
- the production of technologies that could lead to the extinction of the
- human race. Yet because of the authoritarian form of the capitalist
- corporation, rank-and-file workers have virtually no say in whether the
- companies for which they work will produce such technologies. (To the
- objection that workers can always quit if they don't like company
- policy, the reply is that they may not be able to find other work and
- therefore that the choice is not free but coerced.) Hence the only way
- that ordinary workers can obtain the right to be consulted on
- life-or-death company policies is to control the production process
- themselves, through self-management.
-
- But we can't expect real self-management to emerge from the present
- labour relations system in which centralised unions bargain with
- employers for "concessions" but never for a dissolution of the
- authoritarian structure of the corporation. As Roussopoulos puts it,
- self-management, by definition, must be struggled for locally by
- workers themselves at the grassroots level:
-
- "Production for need and use will not come from the employer. The
- owners of production in a capitalist society will never begin to
- take social priorities into account in the production process. The
- pursuit of ever greater profits is not compatible with social
- justice and responsibility." [Dissidence]
+ institutions. Similarly, the authoritarian structure of capitalist
+ companies gives rise to social injustice due to exploitation producing
+ massive income differentials and wealth disparity between
+ owners/management and labour. Hence the success of the social justice
+ movement, like that of the feminist, ecology, and peace movements,
+ depends on dismantling hierarchies. This means not only that these
+ movements all imply anarchism but that they are related in such a way
+ that it is impossible to conceive one of them achieving its goals in
+ isolation from any of the others. To take just one example, let us
+ consider the relationship between social justice and peace, which can
+ be seen by examining a specific social justice issue: labour rights.
+
+ The production of advanced weapons systems is highly profitable for
+ capitalists, which is why more technologically complex and precise
+ weapons keep getting built with government help (with the public paying
+ the tab by way of taxes). Now, we may reasonably argue that it is a
+ fundamental human right to be able to choose freely whether or not one
+ will personally contribute to the production of technologies that could
+ lead to the extinction of the human race. Yet because of the
+ authoritarian form of the capitalist corporation, rank-and-file workers
+ have virtually no say in whether the companies for which they work will
+ produce such technologies. (To the objection that workers can always
+ quit if they don't like company policy, the reply is that they may not
+ be able to find other work and therefore that the choice is not
+ genuinely free). Hence the only way that ordinary workers can obtain
+ the right to be consulted on life-or-death company policies is to
+ control the production process themselves, through self-management as
+ production for need and use will never come from the employer. The
+ owners of production in a capitalist society will never begin to take
+ social priorities into account in the production process. The pursuit
+ of ever greater profits is not compatible with social justice and
+ responsibility.
For these reasons, the peace and social justice movements are
fundamentally linked through their shared need for a worker-controlled
- economy.
-
- We should also note in this context that the impoverished ghetto
- environments in which the worst victims of social injustice are forced
- to live tends to desensitise them to human pain and suffering -- a
- situation that is advantageous for military recruiters, who are thereby
- able to increase the ranks of the armed forces with angry, brutalised,
- violence-prone individuals who need little or no extra conditioning to
- become the remorseless killers prized by the military command.
- Moreover, extreme poverty makes military service one of the few legal
- economic options open to such individuals. These considerations
- illustrate further links between the peace and social justice movements
- -- and between those movements and anarchism, which is the conceptual
- "glue" that can potentially unite all the new social movement in a
- single anti-authoritarian coalition.
+ economy. Moreover, extreme poverty makes military service one of the
+ few legal options open for many individuals to improve their social
+ situation. These considerations illustrate further links between the
+ peace and social justice movements -- and between those movements and
+ anarchism, which is the conceptual "glue" that can potentially unite
+ all the new social movement in a single anti-authoritarian coalition.
J.4.4 What is the "economic structural crisis"?
@@ -944,174 +962,169 @@ J.4.4 What is the "economic structural crisis"?
higher, labour productivity lower as is investment. Average rates of
unemployment in the major industrialised countries have risen sharply
since 1973, especially after 1979. Unemployment "in the advanced
- capitalist countries (the 'Group of 7'. . .) increased by 56 per cent
- between 1973 and 1980 (from an average 3.4 per cent to 5.3 per cent of
- the labour force) and by another 50 per cent since then (from 5.3 per
- cent of the labour force in 1980 to 8.0 per cent in 19994)." [Takis
- Fotopoulos, Towards and Inclusive Democracy, p. 35] Job insecurity has
- increased (in the USA, for example, there is the most job insecurity
- since the depression of the 1930s [Op. Cit., p. 141]). In addition,
- both national economies and the international economy have become far
- less stable.
+ capitalist countries . . . increased by 56 per cent between 1973 and
+ 1980 (from an average 3.4 per cent to 5.3 per cent of the labour force)
+ and by another 50 per cent since then (from 5.3 per cent of the labour
+ force in 1980 to 8.0 per cent in 1994)." Job insecurity has increased
+ with, for example, the USA, having the worse job insecurity since the
+ depression of the 1930s. [Takis Fotopoulos, Towards and Inclusive
+ Democracy, p. 35 and p. 141] In addition, the world economy have become
+ far less stable with regular financial crises sweeping the world of
+ de-regulated capitalism every few years or so.
This crisis is not confined to the economy. It extends into the
- ecological and the social. "In recent years," point out Larry Elliot
- and Dan Atkinson, "some radical economics have tried to [create] . . .
- an all-embracing measure of well-being called the Index of Sustainable
- Economic Welfare [ISEW] . . . In the 1950s and 1960s the ISEW rose in
- tandem with per capita GDP. It was a time not just of rising incomes,
- but of greater social equity, low crime, full employment and expanding
- welfare states. But from the mid-1970s onwards the two measures started
- to move apart. GDP per head continued its inexorable rise, but the ISEW
- start to decline as a result of lengthening dole queues, social
- exclusion, the explosion in crime, habitat loss, environmental
- degradation and the growth of environment- and stress-related illness.
- By the start of the 1990s, the ISEW was almost back to the levels at
- which it started in the early 1990s." [The Age of Insecurity, p. 248]
- Which indicates well our comments in [4]section C.10, namely that
- economic factors cannot, and do not, indicate human happiness. However,
- here we discuss economic factors. This does not imply that the social
- and ecological crises are unimportant or are reducible to the economy.
- Far from it. We concentrate on the economic factor simply because this
- is the factor usually stressed by the establishment and it is useful to
+ ecological and the social, with the quality of life and well-being
+ decreasing as GDP grows (as we noted in [7]section C.10, economic
+ factors cannot, and do not, indicate human happiness). However, here we
+ discuss economic factors. This does not imply that the social and
+ ecological crises are unimportant or are reducible to the economy. Far
+ from it. We concentrate on the economic factor simply because this is
+ the factor usually stressed by the establishment and it is useful to
indicate the divergence of reality and hype we are currently being
subjected to.
- Ironically enough, as Robert Brenner points out, "as the neo-classical
- medicine has been administered in even stronger doses [since the
- 1960s], the economy has performed steadily less well. The 1970s were
- worse than the 1960s, the 1980s worse than the 1970s, and the 1990s
- have been worse than the 1980s." ["The Economics of Global Turbulence",
- New Left Review, no. 229, p. 236] This is ironic because during the
- crisis of Keynesianism in the 1970s the right argued that too much
- equality and democracy harmed the economy, and so us all in the long
- run (due to lower growth, sluggish investment and so on). However,
- after over a decade of pro-capitalist governments, rising inequality,
- increased freedom for capital and its owners and managers, the
- weakening of trade unions and so on, economic performance has become
- worse!
+ Ironically enough, as Marxist Robert Brenner points out, "as the
+ neo-classical medicine has been administered in even stronger doses,
+ the economy has performed steadily less well. The 1970s were worse than
+ the 1960s, the 1980s worse than the 1970s, and the 1990s have been
+ worse than the 1980s." ["The Economics of Global Turbulence", New Left
+ Review, no. 229, p. 236] This is ironic because during the crisis of
+ Keynesianism in the 1970s the right argued that too much equality and
+ democracy harmed the economy, and so us all worse-of in the long run
+ (due to lower growth, sluggish investment and so on). However, after
+ decades of pro-capitalist governments, rising inequality, increased
+ freedom for capital and its owners and managers, the weakening of trade
+ unions and so on, economic growth has become worse!
If we look at the USA in the 1990s (usually presented as an economy
that "got it right") we find that the "cyclical upturn of the 1990s
has, in terms of the main macro-economic indicators of growth --
output, investment, productivity, and real compensation -- has been
even less dynamic than its relatively weak predecessors of the 1980s
- and the 1970s (not to mention those of the 1950s and 1960s)." [Op.
- Cit., p. 5] Of course, the economy is presented as a success because
+ and the 1970s (not to mention those of the 1950s and 1960s)." [Brenner,
+ Op. Cit., p. 5] Of course, the economy is presented as a success --
inequality is growing, the rich are getting richer and wealth is
- concentrating into fewer and fewer hands. For the rich and finance
- capital, it can be considered a "Golden Age" and so is presented as
- such by the media. Indeed, it is for this reason that it may be wrong
- to term this slow rot a "crisis" as it is hardly one for the ruling
- elite. Their share in social wealth, power and income has steadily
- increased over this period. For the majority it is undoubtedly a crisis
- (the term "silent depression" has been accurately used to describe
- this) but for those who run the system it has by no means been a
- crisis.
-
- Indeed, the only countries which saw substantial and dynamic growth
- after 1973 where those which used state intervention to violate the
- eternal "laws" of neo-classical economics, namely the South East Asian
- countries (in this they followed the example of Japan which had used
- state intervention to grow at massive rates after the war). Of course,
- before the economic crisis of 1997, "free market" capitalists argued
- that these countries were classic examples of "free market" economies.
- For example, right-wing icon F.A von Hayek asserted that "South Korea
- and other newcomers" had "discovered the benefits of free markets"
- when, in fact, they had done nothing of the kind ["1980s Unemployment
- and the Unions" reproduced in The Economic Decline of Modern Britain,
- p. 113]. More recently, in 1995, the Heritage Foundation released its
- index of economic freedom. Four of the top seven countries were Asian,
- including Japan and Taiwan. All the Asian countries struggling just
- four years latter were qualified as "free." However, as Takis
- Fotopoulos argues, "it was not laissez-faire policies that induced
- their spectacular growth. As a number of studies have shown, the
- expansion of the Asian Tigers was based on massive state intervention
- that boosted their export sectors, by public policies involving not
- only heavy protectionism but even deliberate distortion of market
- prices to stimulate investment and trade." [Op. Cit., p. 115] After the
- crisis, the free-marketeers discovered the statism that had always been
- there and danced happily on the grave of what used to be called "the
- Asian miracle."
-
- Such hypocrisy is truly sickening and smacks of a Stalinist/Orwellian
- desire to re-write history so as to appear always right. Moreover, such
- a cynical analysis actually undermines their own case for the wonders
- of the "free market." After all, until the crisis appeared, the world's
- investors -- which is to say "the market" -- saw nothing but blue skies
- ahead for these economies. They showed their faith by shoving billions
- into Asian equity markets, while foreign banks contentedly handed out
- billions in loans. If Asia's problems are systemic and the result of
- these countries' statist policies, then investors' failure to recognise
- this earlier is a blow against the market, not for it.
-
- Still more perverse is that, even as the supporters of "free-market"
- capitalism conclude that history is rendering its verdict on the Asian
- model of capitalism, they seem to forget that until the recent crisis
- they themselves took great pains to deny that such a model existed.
- Until Asia fell apart, supporters of "free-market" capitalism happily
- held it up as proof that the only recipe for economic growth was open
- markets and non-intervention on the part of the state. Needless to say,
- this re-writing of history will be placed down the memory-hole, along
- with any other claims which have subsequently been proved utter
- nonsense.
+ concentrating into fewer and fewer hands and so for the rich and
+ finance capital, it can be considered a "Golden Age" and so is
+ presented as such by the media. As economist Paul Krugman summarises,
+ in America while the bulk of the population are working longer and
+ harder to make ends meet "the really big gains went to the really,
+ really rich." In fact, only the top 1 percent has done better since the
+ 1970s than it did in the generation after World War II. Once you get
+ way up the scale, however, the gains have been spectacular -- the top
+ tenth of a percent saw its income rise fivefold, and the top .01
+ percent of American is seven times richer than they were in 1973."
+ Significantly, the top 0.1% of Americans, a class with a minimum income
+ of about $1.3 million and an average of about $3.5 million, receives
+ more than 7 percent of all income -- up from just 2.2 percent in 1979."
+ [The Conscience of a Liberal, p. 129 and p. 259]
+
+ So it is for this reason that it may be wrong to term this slow rot a
+ "crisis" as it is hardly one for the ruling elite as their share in
+ social wealth, power and income has steadily increased over this
+ period. However, for the majority it is undoubtedly a crisis (the term
+ "silent depression" has been accurately used to describe this).
+ Unsurprisingly, when the chickens came home to roost under the Bush
+ Junta and the elite faced economic collapse, the state bailed them out.
+
+ The only countries which saw substantial and dynamic growth after 1973
+ where those which used state intervention to violate the eternal "laws"
+ of neo-classical economics, namely the South East Asian countries (in
+ this they followed the example of Japan which had used state
+ intervention to grow at massive rates after the war). Of course, before
+ the economic crisis of 1997, capitalist ideologues argued that these
+ countries were classic examples of "free market" economies. Right-wing
+ icon F.A von Hayek asserted that "South Korea and other newcomers" had
+ "discovered the benefits of free markets." [1980s Unemployment and the
+ Unions, p. 113] In 1995, the Heritage Foundation (a right-wing
+ think-tank) released its index of economic freedom. Four of the top
+ seven countries were Asian, including Japan and Taiwan. All the Asian
+ countries struggling just a few years later qualified as "free." Yet,
+ as mentioned in [8]section C.10.1, such claims were manifestly false:
+ "it was not laissez-faire policies that induced their spectacular
+ growth. As a number of studies have shown, the expansion of the Asian
+ Tigers was based on massive state intervention that boosted their
+ export sectors, by public policies involving not only heavy
+ protectionism but even deliberate distortion of market prices to
+ stimulate investment and trade." [Fotopoulos, Op. Cit., p. 115]
+ Moreover, for a long period these countries also banned unions and
+ protest, but then for the right "free markets" always seem compatible
+ with lack of freedom for workers to organise.
+
+ Needless to say, after the crisis of the late 1990s, the
+ free-marketeers discovered the statism that had always been there and
+ danced happily on the grave of what used to be called "the Asian
+ miracle". It was perverse to see the supporters of "free-market"
+ capitalism concluding that history was rendering its verdict on the
+ Asian model of capitalism while placing into the Memory Hole the
+ awkward fact that until the crisis they themselves had taken great
+ pains to deny that such a model existed! Such hypocrisy is not only
+ truly sickening, it also undermines their own case for the wonders of
+ "the market." For until the crisis appeared, the world's investors --
+ which is to say "the market" -- saw nothing but golden opportunities
+ ahead for these "free" economies. They showed their faith by shoving
+ billions into Asian equity markets, while foreign banks contentedly
+ handed out billions in loans. If Asia's problems were systemic and the
+ result of these countries' statist policies, then investors' failure to
+ recognise this earlier is a blow against the market, not for it.
So, as can be seen, the global economy has been marked by an increasing
- stagnation, the slowing down of growth, in the western economies (for
- example, the 1990s business upswing has been the weakest since the end
- of the Second World War). This is despite (or, more likely, because of)
- the free market reforms imposed and the deregulation of finance capital
- (we say "because of" simply because neo-classical economics argue that
- pro-market reforms would increase growth and improve the economy, but
- as we argued in [5]section C such economics have little basis in
- reality and so their recommendations are hardly going to produce
- positive results). Of course as the ruling class have been doing well
- in this New World Order this underlying slowdown has been ignored and
- obviously
-
- In recent years crisis (particularly financial crisis) has become
- increasingly visible, reflecting (finally) the underlying weakness of
- the global economy. This underlying weakness has been hidden by the
- speculator performance of the world's stock markets, whose performance,
- ironically enough, have helped create that weakness to begin with! As
+ stagnation, the slowing down of growth, weak (and jobless) recoveries,
+ speculative bubbles driving what growth there is and increasing
+ financial instability producing regular and deepening crisis. This is
+ despite (or, more likely, because of) the free market reforms imposed
+ and the deregulation of finance capital (we say "because of" simply
+ because neo-classical economics argue that pro-market reforms would
+ increase growth and improve the economy, but as we noted in [9]section
+ C.1 such economics has little basis in reality and so their
+ recommendations are hardly going to produce positive results). Of
+ course as the ruling class have been doing well this underlying
+ slowdown has been ignored and obviously claims of crisis are only
+ raised when economic distress reach the elite.
+
+ Crisis (particularly financial crisis) has become increasingly visible,
+ reflecting the underlying weakness of the global economy (rising
+ inequality, lack of investment in producing real goods in favour of
+ speculation in finance, etc.). This underlying weakness has been hidden
+ by the speculator performance of the world's stock markets, which,
+ ironically enough, has helped create that weakness to begin with! As
one expert on Wall Street argues, "Bond markets . . . hate economic
strength . . . Stocks generally behave badly just as the real economy
- is at its strongest. . . Stocks thrive on a cool economy, and wither in
- a hot one." [Wall Street, p. 124] In other words, real economic
- weakness is reflected in financial strength.
-
- Henwood also notes that "[w]hat might be called the rentier share of
- the corporate surplus -- dividends plus interest as a percentage of
- pre-tax profits and interest -- has risen sharply, from 20-30% in the
- 1950s to 60% in the 1990s." [Op. Cit., p. 73] This helps explain the
- stagnation which has afflicted the economies of the west. The rich have
- been placing more of their ever-expanding wealth in stocks, allowing
- this market to rise in the face of general economic torpor. Rather than
- being used for investment, surplus is being funnelled into the finance
- markets, markets which do concentrate wealth very successfully
- (retained earnings in the US have decreased as interest and dividend
- payments have increased [Brenner, Op. Cit., p. 210]). Given that "the
- US financial system performs dismally at its advertised task, that of
- efficiently directing society's savings towards their optimal
- investment pursuits. The system is stupefyingly expensive, gives
- terrible signals for the allocation of capital, and has surprisingly
- little to do with real investment." [Henwood, Op. Cit., p. 3] As most
- investment comes from internal funds, the rise in the rentiers (those
- who derive their incomes from returns on capital) share of the surplus
- has meant less investment and so the stagnation of the economy. And the
- weakening economy has increased financial strength, which in turn leads
- to a weakening in the real economy. A viscous circle, and one reflected
- in the slowing of economic growth over the last 30 years.
-
- In effect, especially since the end of the 1970s, has seen the
- increasing dominance of finance capital. This dominance has, in effect,
- created a market for government policies as finance capital has become
- increasingly global in nature. Governments must secure, protect and
+ is at its strongest . . . Stocks thrive on a cool economy, and wither
+ in a hot one." In other words, real economic weakness is reflected in
+ financial strength. Unsurprisingly, then, "[w]hat might be called the
+ rentier share of the corporate surplus -- dividends plus interest as a
+ percentage of pre-tax profits and interest -- has risen sharply, from
+ 20-30% in the 1950s to 60% in the 1990s." [Doug Henwood, Wall Street,
+ p. 124 and p. 73]
+
+ This helps explain the stagnation which has afflicted the economies of
+ the west. The rich have been placing more of their ever-expanding
+ wealth in stocks, allowing this market to rise in the face of general
+ economic torpor. Rather than being used for investment, surplus is
+ being funnelled into the finance market (retained earnings in the US
+ have decreased as interest and dividend payments have increased
+ [Brenner, Op. Cit., p. 210]). However, such markets do concentrate
+ wealth very successfully even if "the US financial system performs
+ dismally at its advertised task, that of efficiently directing
+ society's savings towards their optimal investment pursuits. The system
+ is stupefyingly expensive, gives terrible signals for the allocation of
+ capital, and has surprisingly little to do with real investment."
+ [Henwood, Op. Cit., p. 3] As most investment comes from internal funds,
+ the rise in the rentiers share of the surplus has meant less investment
+ and so the stagnation of the economy. The weakening economy has
+ increased financial strength, which in turn leads to a weakening in the
+ real economy. A vicious circle, and one reflected in the slowing of
+ economic growth over the last 30 years.
+
+ The increasing dominance of finance capital has, in effect, created a
+ market for government policies. As finance capital has become
+ increasingly global in nature governments must secure, protect and
expand the field of profit-making for financial capital and
- transnational corporations, otherwise they will be punished by the
- global markets (i.e. finance capital). These policies have been at the
- expense of the underlying economy in general, and of the working class
- in particular:
+ transnational corporations, otherwise they will be punished by
+ dis-investment by global markets (i.e. finance capital). These policies
+ have been at the expense of the underlying economy in general, and of
+ the working class in particular:
"Rentier power was directed at labour, both organised and
unorganised ranks of wage earners, because it regarded rising wages
@@ -1121,69 +1134,85 @@ J.4.4 What is the "economic structural crisis"?
capital required the suppression of labour incomes." [William
Greider, One World, Ready or Not, p. 302]
+ For example, "the practical effect of finance capital's hegemony was to
+ lock the advanced economies and their governments in a malignant
+ spiral, restricting them to bad choices. Like bondholders in general,
+ the new governing consensus explicitly assumed that faster economic
+ growth was dangerous -- threatening to the stable financial order -- so
+ nations were effectively blocked from measures that might reduce
+ permanent unemployment or ameliorate the decline in wages . . . The
+ reality of slow growth, in turn, drove the governments into their
+ deepening indebtedness, since the disappointing growth inevitably
+ undermined tax revenues while it expanded the public welfare costs. The
+ rentier regime repeatedly instructed governments to reform their
+ spending priorities -- that is, withdraw benefits from dependent
+ citizens." [Greider, Op. Cit., pp. 297-8]
+
Of course, industrial capital also hates labour, so there is a basis of
an alliance between the two sides of capital, even if they do disagree
over the specifics of the economic policies implemented. Given that a
key aspect of the neo-liberal reforms was the transformation of the
labour market from a post-war sellers' market to a nineteenth century
- buyers' market, with its effects on factory discipline, wage claims and
- proneness to strike, industrial capital could not but be happy with its
- effects. Doug Henwood correctly argues that "Liberals and populists
- often search for potential allies among industrialists, reasoning that
- even if financial interests suffer in a boom, firms that trade in real,
- rather than fictitious, products would thrive when growth is strong. In
- general, industrialists are less sympathetic to these arguments.
- Employers in any industry like slack in the labour market; it makes for
- a pliant workforce, one unlikely to make demands or resist speedups."
- In addition, "many non-financial corporations have heavy financial
- interests." [Op. Cit., p. 123, p. 135]
+ buyers' market with its related effects on workplace discipline, wage
+ claims and proneness to strike, industrial capital could not but be
+ happy even if its members quibbled over details. Doug Henwood correctly
+ argues that "Liberals and populists often search for potential allies
+ among industrialists, reasoning that even if financial interests suffer
+ in a boom, firms that trade in real, rather than fictitious, products
+ would thrive when growth is strong. In general, industrialists are less
+ sympathetic to these arguments. Employers in any industry like slack in
+ the labour market; it makes for a pliant workforce, one unlikely to
+ make demands or resist speedups." In addition, "many non-financial
+ corporations have heavy financial interests." [Op. Cit., p. 123 and p.
+ 135]
Thus the general stagnation afflicting much of the world, a stagnation
- which has developed into crisis as the needs of finance have undermined
- the real economy which, ultimately, it is dependent upon. The
+ which regularly develop into open crisis as the needs of finance
+ undermine the real economy which, ultimately, it is dependent upon. The
contradiction between short term profits and long term survival
inherent in capitalism strikes again.
Crisis, as we have noted above, has appeared in areas previously
considered as strong economies and it has been spreading. An important
aspect of this crisis is the tendency for productive capacity to
- outstrip effective demand (i.e. the tendency to over-invest relative to
- the available demand), which arises in large part from the imbalance
- between capitalists' need for a high rate of profit and their
+ outstrip effective demand, which arises in large part from the
+ imbalance between capitalists' need for a high rate of profit and their
simultaneous need to ensure that workers have enough wealth and income
- so that they can keep buying the products on which those profits depend
- (see [6]section C). Inequality has been increasing in the USA, which
- means that the economy faces as realisation crisis (see [7]section
- C.7), a crisis which has so far been avoided by deepening debt for
- working people (debt levels more than doubled between the 1950s to the
- 1990s, from 25% to over 60%).
-
- Over-investment has been magnified in the East-Asian Tigers as they
- were forced to open their economies to global finance. These economies,
- due to their intervention in the market (and repressive regimes against
- labour) ensured they were a more profitable place to invest than
- elsewhere. Capital flooded into the area, ensuring a relative
- over-investment was inevitable. As we argued in [8]section C.7.2,
- crisis is possible simply due to the lack of information provided by
- the price mechanism -- economic agents can react in such a way that the
- collective result of individually rational decisions is irrational.
- Thus the desire to reap profits in the Tiger economies resulted in a
- squeeze in profits as the aggregate investment decisions resulted in
- over-investment, and so over-production and falling profits.
-
- In effect, the South East Asian economies suffered from a problem
- termed the "fallacy of composition." When you are the first Asian
- export-driven economy, you are competing with high-cost Western
- producers and so your cheap workers, low taxes and lax environmental
- laws allow you to under-cut your competitors and make profits. However,
- as more tigers joined into the market, they end up competing against
- each other and so their profit margins would decrease towards their
- actual cost price rather than that of Western firms. With the decrease
- in profits, the capital that flowed into the region flowed back out,
- thus creating a crisis (and proving, incidentally, that free markets
- are destabilising and do not secure the best of all possible outcomes).
- Thus, the rentier regime, after weakening the Western economies, helped
- destabilise the Eastern ones too.
+ so that they can keep buying the products on which those profits
+ depend. Inequality has been increasing particularly in neo-liberal
+ countries like the UK and USA, which means that the economy faces as
+ realisation crisis (see [10]section C.7), a crisis which was avoided in
+ the short-term by deepening debt for working people (debt levels more
+ than doubled between the 1950s to the 1990s, from 25% to over 60%). In
+ 2007, the chickens came hole to roost with a global credit crunch much
+ worse than the previous finance crises of the neo-liberal era.
+
+ Over-investment has been magnified due to the East-Asian Tigers and
+ China which, thanks to their intervention in the market (and repressive
+ regimes against labour), ensured they were a more profitable place to
+ invest than elsewhere. Capital flooded into the area, ensuring a
+ relative over-investment was inevitable. As we argued in [11]section
+ C.7.2, crisis is possible simply due to the lack of information
+ provided by the price mechanism -- economic agents can react in such a
+ way that the collective result of individually rational decisions is
+ irrational. Thus the desire to reap profits in the Tiger economies
+ resulted in a squeeze in profits as the aggregate investment decisions
+ resulted in over-investment, and so over-production and falling
+ profits.
+
+ In effect, the South East Asian economies suffered from the "fallacy of
+ composition." When you are the first Asian export-driven economy, you
+ are competing with high-cost Western producers and so your cheap
+ workers, low taxes and lax environmental laws allow you to under-cut
+ your competitors and make profits. However, as more tigers joined into
+ the market, they end up competing against each other and so their
+ profit margins would decrease towards their actual cost price rather
+ than that of Western firms. With the decrease in profits, the capital
+ that flowed into the region flowed back out, thus creating a crisis
+ (and proving, incidentally, that free markets are destabilising and do
+ not secure the best of all possible outcomes). Thus, the rentier
+ regime, after weakening the Western economies, helped destabilise the
+ Eastern ones too.
So, in the short-run, many large corporations and financial companies
solved their profit problems by expanding production into
@@ -1195,161 +1224,97 @@ J.4.4 What is the "economic structural crisis"?
Corporations in third-world nations increases competition and so,
potentially, over-investment and, even more importantly, produces
resistance in the form of unions, rebellions and so on, which tend to
- exert a downward pressure on the level of exploitation and profits (for
- example, in South Korea, labour' share in value-added increased from 23
- to 30 per cent, in stark contrast to the USA, Germany and Japan, simply
- because Korean workers had rebelled and won new political freedoms).
+ exert a downward pressure on the level of exploitation and profits.
This process reflects, in many ways, the rise of finance capital in the
1970s. In the 1950s and 1960s, existing industrialised nations
- experienced increased competition from the ex-Axis powers (namely Japan
- and Germany). As these nations re-industrialised, they placed increased
- pressure on the USA and other nations, reducing the global "degree of
- monopoly" and forcing them to compete with lower cost producers (which,
- needless to say, reduced the existing companies profits). In addition,
- full employment produced increasing resistance on the shop floor and in
- society as a whole (see [9]section C.7.1), squeezing profits even more.
- Thus a combination of class struggle and global over-capacity resulted
- in the 1970s crisis. With the inability of the real economy, especially
- the manufacturing sector, to provide an adequate return, capital
- shifted into finance. In effect, it ran away from the success of
- working people asserting their rights at the point of production and
- elsewhere. This, combined with increased international competition from
- Japan and Germany, ensured the rise of finance capital, which in return
- ensured the current stagnationist tendencies in the economy (tendencies
- made worse by the rise of the Asian Tiger economies in the 1980s).
+ experienced increased competition from Japan and Germany. As these
+ nations re-industrialised, they placed increased pressure on the USA
+ and other nations, reducing the global "degree of monopoly" and forcing
+ them to compete with lower cost producers. In addition, full employment
+ produced increasing resistance on the shop floor and in society as a
+ whole (see [12]section C.7.1), squeezing profits even more. Thus a
+ combination of class struggle and global over-capacity resulted in the
+ 1970s crisis. With the inability of the real economy, especially the
+ manufacturing sector, to provide an adequate return, capital shifted
+ into finance. In effect, it ran away from the success of working people
+ asserting their rights at the point of production and elsewhere. This,
+ combined with increased international competition, ensured the rise of
+ finance capital which in return ensured the current stagnationist
+ tendencies in the economy (tendencies made worse by the rise of the
+ Asian Tiger economies in the 1980s).
From the contradictions between finance capital and the real economy,
between capitalists' need for profit and human needs, between
over-capacity and demand, and others, there has emerged what appears to
be a long-term trend toward permanent stagnation of the capitalist
- economy. This trend has been apparent for several decades, as evidenced
- by the continuous upward adjustment of the rate of unemployment
- officially considered to be "normal" or "acceptable" during those
- decades, and by other symptoms as well such as falling growth, lower
- rates of profit and so on.
-
- This stagnation has recently become even more obvious by the
- development of crisis in many countries and the reactions of central
- banks trying to revive the real economies that have suffered under
- their rentier inspired policies. Whether this crisis will become worse
- is hard to say. The Western powers may act to protect the real economy
- by adopting the Keynesian policies they have tried to discredit over
- the last thirty years. However, whether such a bailout will succeed is
- difficult to tell and may just ensure continued stagnation rather than
- a real up-turn, if it has any effect at all.
-
- Of course, a deep depression may solve the problem of over-capacity and
- over-investment in the world and lay the foundations of an up-turn.
- Such a strategy is, however, very dangerous due to working class
- resistance it could provoke, the deepness of the slump and the length
- it could last for. However, this, perhaps, has been the case in the USA
- in 1997-9 where over 20 years of one-sided class war may have paid off
- in terms of higher profits and profit rate. However, this may have more
- to do with the problems elsewhere in the world than a real economic
- change, in addition to rising consumer debt (there is now negative
- personal savings rate in the US), a worsening trade deficit and a stock
- market bubble. In addition, rising productivity has combined with
- stagnant wages to increase the return to capital and the profit rate
- (wages fell over much of the 1990s recovery and finally regained their
- pre-recession 1989 peak in 1999! Despite 8 years of economic growth,
- the typical worker is back only where they started at the peak of the
- last business cycle). This drop and slow growth of wages essentially
- accounts for the rising US profit rate, with the recent growth in real
- wages being hardly enough to make much of an impact (although it has
- made the US Federal Reserve increase interest rates to slow down even
- this increase, which re-enforces our argument that capitalist profits
- require unemployment and insecurity to maintain capitalist power at the
- point of production).
-
- Such a situation reflects 1920s America (see [10]section C.7.3 for
- details) which was also marked by rising inequality, a labour surplus
- and rising profits and suggests that the new US economy faces the same
- potential for a slump. This means that the US economy must face the
- danger of over-investment (relative to demand, of course) sooner or
- later, perhaps sooner due to the problems elsewhere in the world as a
- profits-lead growth economy is fragile as it is dependent on
- investment, luxury spending and working class debt to survive -- all of
- which are more unstable and vulnerable to shocks than workers'
- consumption.
-
- Given the difficulties in predicting the future (and the fact that
- those who try are usually proven totally wrong!), we will not pretend
- to know it and leave our discussion at highlighting a few
- possibilities. One thing is true, however, and that is the working
- class will pay the price of any "solution" -- unless they organise and
- get rid of capitalism and the state. Ultimately, capitalism need
- profits to survive and such profits came from the fact that workers do
- not have economic liberty. Thus any "solution" within a capitalist
- framework means the increased oppression and exploitation of working
- people.
-
- Faced with negative balance sheets during recessions, the upper strata
- occasionally panic and agree to some reforms, some distribution of
- wealth, which temporarily solves the short-run problem of stagnation by
- increasing demand and thus permits renewed expansion. However, this
- short-run solution means that the working class gradually makes
- economic and political gains, so that exploitation and oppresion, and
- hence the rate of profit, tends to fall (as happened during the
- post-war Keynesian "Golden Age"). Faced with the dangers of, on the one
- hand, economic collapse and, on the other, increased working class
- power, the ruling class may not act until it is too late. So, on the
- basis that the current crisis may get worse and stagnation turn into
- depression, we will discuss why the "economic structural crisis"
- we have lived through for the later quarter of the 20th century (and
- its potential crisis) is important to social struggle in the [11]next
- section.
+ economy with what growth spurts which do exist being fuelled by
+ speculative bubbles as well as its benefits being monopolised by the
+ few (so refuting the notion of "trickle down" economics). This trend
+ has been apparent for several decades, as evidenced by the continuous
+ upward adjustment of the rate of unemployment officially considered to
+ be "normal" or "acceptable" during those decades, and by other symptoms
+ as well such as falling growth, lower rates of profit and so on.
+
+ This stagnation has became even more obvious by the development of deep
+ crisis in many countries at the end of the 2000s. This caused central
+ banks to intervene in order to try and revive the real economies that
+ have suffered under their rentier inspired policies since the 1970s.
+ Such action may just ensure continued stagnation and reflated bubbles
+ rather than a real-up turn. One thing is true, however, and that is the
+ working class will pay the price of any "solution" -- unless they
+ organise and get rid of capitalism and the state. Ultimately,
+ capitalism need profits to survive and such profits came from the fact
+ that workers do not have economic liberty. Thus any "solution" within a
+ capitalist framework means the increased oppression and exploitation of
+ working class people.
J.4.5 Why is this "economic structural crisis" important to social struggle?
The "economic structural crisis"
- we out-lined in the [12]last section has certain implications for
+ we out-lined in the [13]last section has certain implications for
anarchists and social struggle. Essentially, as C. George Benello
- argues, "[i]f economic conditions worsen. . . then we are likely to
+ argued, "[i]f economic conditions worsen . . . then we are likely to
find an openness to alternatives which have not been thought of since
- the depression of the 1930s. . . It is important to plan for a possible
- economic crisis, since it is not only practical, but also can serve as
- a method of mobilising a community in creative ways." [From the Ground
- Up, p. 149]
-
- In the face of economic stagnation and depression, attempts to improve
- the rate of exploitation (i.e. increase profits) by increasing the
- authority of the boss grow. In addition, more people find it harder to
- make ends meet, running up debts to survive, face homelessness if they
- are made unemployed, and so on. Such effects make exploitation ever
- more visible and tend to push oppressed strata together in movements
- that seek to mitigate, and even remove, their oppression. As the
- capitalist era has worn on, these strata have become increasingly able
- to rebel and gain substantial political and economic improvements,
- which have, in addition, lead to an increasingly willing to do so
- because of rising expectations (about what is possible) and frustration
- (about what actually is). This is why, since 1945, the world-wide
- "family" of progressive movements has grown "ever stronger, ever
- bolder, ever more diverse, ever more difficult to contain." [Immanuel
- Wallerstein, Geopolitics and Geoculture, p. 110] It is true that
- libertarians, the left and labour have suffered a temporary setback
- during the past few decades, but with increasing misery of the working
- class due to neo-liberal policies (and the "economic structural crisis"
- they create), it is only a matter of time before there is a resurgence
- of radicalism.
+ the depression of the 1930s . . . It is important to plan for a
+ possible economic crisis, since it is not only practical, but also can
+ serve as a method of mobilising a community in creative ways." [From
+ the Ground Up, p. 149]
+
+ In the face of economic stagnation and depression, attempts to generate
+ more profits (i.e., increase exploitation) by increasing the authority
+ of the boss grow. In addition, more people find it harder to make ends
+ meet, running up debts to survive, face homelessness if they are made
+ unemployed, and so on. This makes exploitation ever more visible and
+ tend to push oppressed strata together in movements that seek to
+ mitigate, and even remove, their oppression. As the capitalist era has
+ worn on, these strata have become increasingly able to rebel and gain
+ substantial political and economic improvements, which have, in
+ addition, lead to an increasing willingness to do so because of rising
+ expectations (about what is possible) and frustration (about what
+ actually is). It is true that libertarians, the left and labour have
+ suffered setbacks since the 1970s, but with increasing misery of the
+ working class due to neo-liberal policies (and the "economic structural
+ crisis" they create), it is only a matter of time before there is a
+ resurgence of radicalism.
Anarchists will be in the forefront of this resurgence. For, with the
- discrediting of authoritarian state capitalism ("Communism") in the
- Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the anti-authoritarian faction of the
+ discrediting and eventual fall of authoritarian state capitalism
+ ("Communism") in Eastern Europe, the anti-authoritarian faction of the
left will increasingly be seen as its only credible one. Thus the
ongoing structural crisis of the global capitalist economy, combined
with the other developments springing from what Takis Fotopoulos calls
- (in his book Towards and Inclusive Democracy) a "multidimensional
- crisis" (which included economic, political, social, ecological and
- ideological aspects), could (potentially) lead over the next decade or
- two to a new international anti-authoritarian alliance linking together
- the new (and not so new) social movements in the West (feminism, the
- Green movement, rank-and-file labour militancy, etc.) with
- non-authoritarian liberation movements in the Third World and new
- anti-bureaucracy movements in formerly "communist" countries. However,
- this is only likely to happen if anarchists take the lead in promoting
- alternatives and working with the mass of the population. Ways in which
- anarchist can do this are discussed in some detail in [13]section J.5.
+ (in his book Towards an Inclusive Democracy) a "multidimensional
+ crisis" (which includes economic, political, social, ecological and
+ ideological aspects), could (potentially) lead to a new international
+ anti-authoritarian alliance linking together the new (and not so new)
+ social movements in the West (feminism, the Green movement,
+ rank-and-file labour militancy, etc.) with non-authoritarian liberation
+ movements in the Third World and new movements in formerly Stalinist
+ countries. However, this is only likely to happen if anarchists take
+ the lead in promoting alternatives and working with the mass of the
+ population. Ways in which anarchist can do this are discussed in some
+ detail in [14]section J.5.
Thus the "economic structural crisis" can aid social struggle by
placing the contrast of "what is" with what "could be" in a clear
@@ -1357,10 +1322,10 @@ J.4.5 Why is this "economic structural crisis" important to social struggle?
between the production of use values (things people need) and of
exchange value (capitalist profits), between capitalism's claims of
being based on liberty and the authoritarianism associated with wage
- labour ("[t]he general evidence of repression poses an ancient
+ labour ("The general evidence of repression poses an ancient
contradiction for capitalism: while it claims to promote human freedom,
it profits concretely from the denial of freedom, most especially
- freedom for the workers employed by capitalist enterprise" [William
+ freedom for the workers employed by capitalist enterprise." [William
Greider, One World, Ready or Not, p. 388]) and so on. It shakes to the
bone popular faith in capitalism's ability to "deliver the goods" and
gets more and more people thinking about alternatives to a system that
@@ -1370,82 +1335,63 @@ J.4.5 Why is this "economic structural crisis" important to social struggle?
organisation (such as unions or workplace-based assemblies and
councils), solidarity and direct action -- in other words, collective
self-help and the awareness that the problems of working class people
- can only be solved by themselves, by their own actions and
- organisations. The 1930s in the USA is a classic example of this
- process, with very militant struggles taking place in very difficult
- situations (see Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States
- or Jeremy Brecher's Strike! for details).
+ can only be solved by ourselves, by our own actions and organisations.
+ The 1930s in the USA is a classic example of this process, with very
+ militant struggles taking place in very difficult situations (see
+ Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States or Jeremy
+ Brecher's Strike! for details).
In other words, the "economic structural crisis" gives radicals a lot
potential to get their message across, even if the overall environment
- may make success seem difficult in the extreme at times!
+ may make success seem difficult at times!
As well as encouraging workplace organisation due to the
intensification of exploitation and authority provoked by the economic
stagnant/depression, the "economic structural crisis" can encourage
- other forms of libertarian alternatives. For example, "the practical
- effect of finance capital's hegemony was to lock the advanced economies
- and their governments in a malignant spiral, restricting them to bad
- choices. Like bondholders in general, the new governing consensus
- explicitly assumed that faster economic growth was dangerous --
- threatening to the stable financial order -- so nations were
- effectively blocked from measures that might reduce permanent
- unemployment or ameliorate the decline in wages. . . The reality of
- slow growth, in turn, drove the governments into their deepening
- indebtedness, since the disappointing growth inevitably undermined tax
- revenues while it expanded the public welfare costs. The rentier regime
- repeatedly instructed governments to reform their spending priorities
- -- that is, withdraw benefits from dependent citizens. . . " [Op. Cit.,
- pp. 297-8]
-
- Thus the "economic structural crisis" has resulted in the erosion of
- the welfare state (at least for the working class, for the elite, state
- aid is never far away). This development as potential libertarian
- possibilities. "The decline of the state," argues L. Gambone, "makes
- necessary a revitalisation of the notions of direct action and mutual
- aid. Without Mama State to do it for us, we must create our own social
- services through mutual aid societies." [Syndicalism in Myth and
- Reality, p. 12] As we argue in more depth in [14]section J.5.16, such a
- movement of mutual aid has a long history in the working class and, as
- it is under our control, it cannot be withdrawn from us to enrich and
- empower the ruling class as state run systems have been. Thus the
- decline of state run social services could, potentially, see the rise
- of a network of self-managed, working class alternatives (equally, of
- course, it could see the end of all services to the most weak sections
- of our society -- which possibility comes about depends on what we do
- in the here and now. see [15]section J.5.15 for an anarchist analysis
- of the welfare state).
-
- Food Not Bombs! is an excellent example of practical libertarian
- alternatives being generated by the economic crisis we are facing. Food
- Not Bombs helps the homeless through the direct action of its members.
- It also involves the homeless in helping themselves. It is a
- community-based group which helps other people in the community who are
- needy by providing free food to those in need. FNB! also helps other
- Anarchist political projects and activities.
-
- Food Not Bombs! serves free food in public places to dramatise the
- plight of the homeless, the callousness of the system and our capacity
- to solve social problems through our own actions without government or
- capitalism. The constant harassment of FNB! by the cops, middle classes
- and the government illustrates their callousness to the plight of the
- poor and the failure of their institutions to build a society which
- cares for people more than money and property (and arms, cops and
+ other forms of libertarian alternatives. For example, the "economic
+ structural crisis" has resulted in the erosion of the welfare state (at
+ least for the working class, for the elite state aid is never far
+ away). This development has potential libertarian possibilities. "The
+ decline of the state," argues L. Gambone, "makes necessary a
+ revitalisation of the notions of direct action and mutual aid. Without
+ Mama State to do it for us, we must create our own social services
+ through mutual aid societies." [Syndicalism in Myth and Reality, p. 12]
+ As we argue in more depth in [15]section J.5.16, such a movement of
+ mutual aid has a long history in the working class and, as it is under
+ our control, it cannot be withdrawn from us to enrich and empower the
+ ruling class as state run systems have been. Thus the decline of state
+ run social services could, potentially, see the rise of a network of
+ self-managed, working class alternatives (equally, of course, it could
+ see the end of all services to the weakest sections of our society --
+ which possibility comes about depends on what we do in the here and
+ now. See [16]section J.5.15 for an anarchist analysis of the welfare
+ state).
+
+ Food Not Bombs! (FNB) is an excellent example of practical libertarian
+ alternatives being generated by the economic crisis we are facing. FNB
+ is a community-based group which helps the homeless through the direct
+ action of its members. It also involves the homeless in helping
+ themselves. It serves free food in public places to expose the plight
+ of the homeless, the callousness of the system and our capacity to
+ solve social problems through our own actions without government or
+ capitalism. The constant harassment of FNB by the police, middle
+ classes and the government illustrates their callousness to the plight
+ of the poor and the failure of their institutions to build a society
+ which cares for people more than money and property (and the police and
prisons to protect them). The fact is that in the US many working and
unemployed people have no feeling that they are entitled to basic human
- needs such as medicine, clothes, shelter, and food. Food Not Bombs!
- does encourage poor people to make these demands, does provide a space
- in which these demands can be voiced, and does help to breakdown the
- wall between hungry and not-hungry. The repression directed towards
- FNB! by local police forces and governments also demonstrates the
- effectiveness of their activity and the possibility that it may
- radicalise those who get involved with the organisation. Charity is
- obviously one thing, mutual aid is something else. FNB! as it is a
- politicised movement from below, based on solidarity, is not charity,
- because, in Kropotkin's words, charity "bears a character of
- inspiration from above, and, accordingly, implies a certain superiority
- of the giver upon the receiver" and hardly libertarian [Mutual Aid, p.
- 222].
+ needs such as medicine, clothes, shelter, and food. FNB encourages poor
+ people to make these demands, provides a space in which these demands
+ can be voiced, and helps to breakdown the wall between hungry and
+ not-hungry. The repression directed towards FNB by local police forces
+ and governments also demonstrates the effectiveness of their activity
+ and the possibility that it may radicalise those who get involved with
+ the organisation. Charity is obviously one thing, mutual aid is
+ something else. FNB is a politicised movement from below, based on
+ solidarity, not charity as, in Kropotkin's words, charity "bears a
+ character of inspiration from above, and, accordingly, implies a
+ certain superiority of the giver upon the receiver." [Mutual Aid, p.
+ 222]
The last example of how economic stagnation can generate libertarian
tendencies can be seen from the fact that, "[h]istorically, at times of
@@ -1453,24 +1399,21 @@ J.4.5 Why is this "economic structural crisis" important to social struggle?
rely on their own resources. During the Great Depression, many cities
printed their own currency; this works to the extent that a community
is able to maintain a viable internal economy which provides the
- necessities of life, independent of transactions with the outside." [C.
- George Benello, Op. Cit., p. 150]
-
- These local currencies and economies can be used as the basis of a
- libertarian socialist economy. The currencies would be the basis of a
- mutual bank (see sections [16]J.5.5 and [17]J.5.6), providing
- interest-free loans to workers to form co-operatives and so build
- libertarian alternatives to capitalist firms. In addition, these local
- currencies could be labour-time based, eliminating the profits of
- capitalists by allowing workers to exchange the product of their labour
- with other workers. Moreover, "local exchange systems strength local
- communities by increasing their self-reliance, empowering community
- members, and helping to protect them from the excesses of the global
- market." [Frank Lindenfield, "Economics for Anarchists," Social
- Anarchism, no. 23, p. 24] In this way local self-managing communes
- could be created, communes that replace hierarchical, top-down,
- government with collective decision making of community affairs based
- on directly democratic community assemblies (see [18]section J.5.1).
+ necessities of life, independent of transactions with the outside."
+ [Benello, Op. Cit., p. 150]
+
+ These local currencies could be the basis of a mutual bank (see
+ [17]section J.5.5), providing interest-free loans to workers to form
+ co-operatives and so build libertarian alternatives to capitalist
+ firms, so eliminating the profits of capitalists by allowing workers to
+ exchange the product of their labour with other workers. Moreover,
+ "local exchange systems strength local communities by increasing their
+ self-reliance, empowering community members, and helping to protect
+ them from the excesses of the global market." [Frank Lindenfield,
+ "Economics for Anarchists," Social Anarchism, no. 23, p. 24] In this
+ way self-managing communes could be created, communes that replace
+ hierarchical, top-down, government with collective decision making of
+ community affairs based on directly democratic community assemblies.
These self-governing communities and economies could federate together
to co-operate on a wider scale and so create a counter-power to that of
state and capitalism.
@@ -1480,14 +1423,23 @@ J.4.5 Why is this "economic structural crisis" important to social struggle?
has to be found to keep capital at home and so preserve the jobs and
the communities that depend upon them. Protectionism is both
undesirable and unworkable. But worker-ownership or workers'
- co-operatives are alternatives." [L. Gambone, Syndicalism in Myth and
- Reality, pp.12-13] Local communities could provide the necessary
- support structures which could protect co-operatives from the
- corrupting effects of working in the capitalist market (see [19]section
- J.5.11). In this way, economic liberty (self-management) could replace
- capitalism (wage slavery) and show that anarchism is a practical
- alternative to the chaos and authoritarianism of capitalism, even if
- these examples are fragmentally and limited in nature.
+ co-operatives are alternatives." [Gambone, Op. Cit., pp. 12-13] Local
+ communities could provide the necessary support structures which could
+ protect co-operatives from the corrupting effects of working in the
+ capitalist market (see [18]section J.5.11). They could also demand that
+ rather than nationalise or bailout failing companies (or, for that
+ matter, privatise state services or public works), they should be
+ turned over (as Proudhon constantly argued) to workers co-operatives by
+ aiding "the Labour Unions to enter into a temporary possession of the
+ industrial concerns", anarchists would provide "an effective means to
+ check the State Nationalisation" in the period before a social
+ revolution when "State phases which we are traversing now seems to be
+ unavoidable." [quoted by Ruth Kinna, "Fields of Vision: Kropotkin and
+ Revolutionary Change", pp. 67-86, SubStance, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 77] In
+ this way, economic liberty (self-management) could replace capitalism
+ (wage slavery) and show that anarchism is a practical alternative to
+ the chaos and authoritarianism of capitalism, even if these examples
+ are initially fragmentally and limited in nature.
However, these developments should not be taken in isolation of
collective struggle in the workplace or community. It is in the class
@@ -1496,88 +1448,76 @@ J.4.5 Why is this "economic structural crisis" important to social struggle?
currencies and co-operatives are supplementary to the important task of
creating workplace and community organisations that can create
effective resistance to both state and capitalists, resistance that can
- overthrow both (see sections [20]J.5.2 and [21]J.5.1 respectively).
+ overthrow both (see sections [19]J.5.2 and [20]J.5.1 respectively).
"Volunteer and service credit systems and alternative currencies by
themselves may not be enough to replace the corporate capitalist
system. Nevertheless, they can help build the economic strength of
local currencies, empower local residents, and mitigate some of the
- consequences of poverty and unemployment. . . By the time a majority
+ consequences of poverty and unemployment . . . By the time a majority
[of a community are involved it] will be well on its way to becoming a
- living embodiment of many anarchist ideals." [Frank Lindenfield, Op.
- Cit., p. 28] And such a community would be a great aid in any strike or
- other social struggle which is going on!
-
- Therefore, the general economic crisis which we are facing has
- implications for social struggle and anarchist activism. It could be
- the basic of libertarian alternatives in our workplaces and
- communities, alternatives based on direct action, solidarity and
- self-management. These alternatives could include workplace and
- community unionism, co-operatives, mutual banks and other forms of
- anarchistic resistance to capitalism and the state. We discuss such
- alternatives in more detail in [22]section J.5, and so do not do so
- here.
-
- Before moving on to the [23]next section, we must stress that we are
- not arguing that working class people need an economic crisis to force
- them into struggle. Such "objectivism" (i.e. the placing of tendencies
- towards socialism in the development of capitalism, of objective
- factors, rather than in the class struggle, i.e. subjective factors) is
- best left to orthodox Marxists and Leninists as it has authoritarian
- underpinnings (see [24]section H). Rather we are aware that the class
- struggle, the subjective pressure on capitalism, is not independent of
- the conditions within which it takes place (and helped to create, we
- must add). Subjective revolt is always present under capitalism and, in
- the case of the 1970s crisis, played a role in creating it. Faced with
- an economic crisis we are indicating what we can do in response to it
- and how it could, potentially, generate libertarian tendencies within
- society. Economic crisis could, in other words, provoke social
- struggle, collective action and generate anarchic tendencies in
- society. Equally, it could cause apathy, rejection of collective
- struggle and, perhaps, the embracing of false "solutions" such as
- right-wing populism, Leninism, Fascism or right-wing "libertarianism."
- We cannot predict how the future will develop, but it is true that if
- we do nothing then, obviously, libertarian tendencies will not grow and
- develope.
+ living embodiment of many anarchist ideals." [Lindenfield, Op. Cit., p.
+ 28] And such a community would be a great aid in any strike or other
+ social struggle which is going on!
+
+ The general economic crisis which we are facing has implications for
+ social struggle and anarchist activism. It could be the basic of
+ libertarian alternatives in our workplaces and communities,
+ alternatives based on direct action, solidarity and self-management.
+ These alternatives could include workplace and community unionism,
+ co-operatives, mutual banks and other forms of anarchistic resistance
+ to capitalism and the state.
+
+ Finally, we must stress that we are not arguing that working class
+ people need an economic crisis to force them into struggle. Such
+ "objectivism" (i.e. the placing of tendencies towards socialism in the
+ development of capitalism, of objective factors, rather than in the
+ class struggle, i.e. subjective factors) is best left to orthodox
+ Marxists and Leninists as it has authoritarian implications. Rather we
+ are aware that the class struggle, the subjective pressure on
+ capitalism, is not independent of the conditions within which it takes
+ place (and helps to create, we must add). Subjective revolt is always
+ present under capitalism and, in the case of the 1970s, played a role
+ in creating crisis. Faced with an economic crisis we are indicating
+ what we can do in response to it and how it could, potentially,
+ generate libertarian tendencies within society. Economic crisis could,
+ in other words, provoke social struggle, collective action and generate
+ anarchic tendencies in society. Equally, it could cause apathy,
+ rejection of collective struggle and, perhaps, the embracing of false
+ "solutions" such as right-wing populism, Leninism, or Fascism. We
+ cannot predict how the future will develop, but it is true that if we
+ do nothing then, obviously, libertarian tendencies will not grow and
+ develop.
J.4.6 What are implications of anti-government and anti-big business feelings?
- According to a report in Newsweek ("The Good Life and its Discontents"
- Jan. 8, 1996), feelings of disappointment have devastated faith in
- government and big business. Here are the results of a survey in which
- which people were asked whether they had a "great deal of confidence"
- in various institutions:
-
- 1966 1975 1985 1994
- Congress 42% 13%
- 16% 8%
- Executive Branch 41% 13% 15% 12%
- The press 29% 26% 16% 13%
- Major Companies 55% 19% 17% 19%
-
- As can be seen, the public's faith in major companies plunged 36% over
- a 28-year period in the survey, an even worse vote of "no confidence"
- than that given to Congress (34%).
+ Public opinion polls show increasing feelings of disappointment and
+ lack of confidence in governments and big business.
Some of the feelings of disappointment with government can be blamed on
the anti-big-government rhetoric of conservatives and right-wing
- populists. But such rhetoric is of potential benefit to anarchists as
- well. Of course the Right would never dream of really dismantling the
- state, as is evident from the fact that government grew more
- bureaucratic and expensive under "conservative" administrations than
- ever before.
-
- Needless to say, this "decentralist" element of right-wing rhetoric is
- a con. When a politician, economist or business "leader" argues that
- the government is too big, he is rarely thinking of the same government
- functions you are. You may be thinking of subsidies for tobacco farmers
- or defence firms and they are thinking about pollution controls. You
- may be thinking of reforming welfare for the better, while their idea
- is to dismantle the welfare state totally. Moreover, with their support
- for "family values", "wholesome" television, bans on abortion, and so
- on their victory would see an increased level of government intrusion
- in many personal spheres (as well as increased state support for the
- power of the boss over the worker, the landlord over the tenant and so
- on).
+ populists. Of course the Right would never dream of really dismantling
+ the state, as is evident from the fact that government was as
+ bureaucratic and expensive under "conservative" administrations. So
+ this "decentralist" element of right-wing rhetoric is a con (and
+ quickly jettisoned as required by the capitalist class). The
+ "anti-Government" rhetoric is combined with the pro-business,
+ pro-private tyranny, racist, anti-feminist, and homophobic hogwash
+ disseminated by right-wing radio and TV propagandists and the
+ business-backed media which shows that capitalism is not genuinely
+ anti-authoritarian (nor could it ever be), as a social system based on
+ liberty must entail.
+
+ When a right-wing politician, economist or business "leader" argues
+ that the government is too big, they are rarely thinking of the same
+ government functions you are. You may be thinking of subsidies for
+ tobacco farmers or defence firms; they are thinking about pollution
+ controls. You may be thinking of reforming welfare for the better;
+ their idea is to dismantle the welfare state (for working class
+ people). Moreover, with their support for "family values", "wholesome"
+ television, bans on abortion and so on, their victory would see an
+ increased level of government intrusion in many personal spheres as
+ well as increased state support for the power of the boss over the
+ worker and the landlord over the tenant.
If you look at what the Right has done and is doing, rather than what
it is saying, you quickly see the ridiculous of claims of right-wing
@@ -1586,82 +1526,62 @@ J.4.6 What are implications of anti-government and anti-big business feelings?
opening national parks to logging and mining, or closing them entirely;
reducing taxes for the rich; eliminating the capital gains tax;
allowing companies to fire striking workers; making it easier for big
- telecommunications companies to make money; limiting companies'
- liability for unsafe products-- the program here is obviously to help
- big business do what it wants without government interference, and to
- help the rich get richer. In other words, increased "freedom" for
- private power combined with a state whose role is to protect that
+ telecommunications companies to dominate the media; limiting companies'
+ liability for unsafe products -- the objective here is obviously to
+ help big business and the wealthy do what they want without government
+ interference, helping the rich get richer and increasing "freedom" for
+ private power combined with a state whose sole role is to protect that
"liberty."
- Yet along with the pro-business, pro-private tyranny, racist,
- anti-feminist, and homophobic hogwash disseminated by right-wing radio
- propagandists and the business-backed media, important decentralist and
- anti-statist ideas are also being implanted in mass consciousness.
- These ideas, if consistently pursued and applied in all areas of life
- (the home, the community, the workplace), could lead to a revival of
- anarchism in the US -- but only if radicals take advantage of this
- opportunity to spread the message that capitalism is not genuinely
- anti-authoritarian (nor could it ever be), as a social system based on
- liberty must entail.
-
- This does not mean that right-wing tendencies have anarchistic
- elements. Of course not. Nor does it mean that anarchist fortunes are
- somehow linked to the success of the right. Far from it (the reverse is
- actually the case). Similarly, the anti-big government propaganda of
- big business is hardly anarchistic. But it does have the advantage of
- placing certain ideas on the agenda, such as decentralisation. What
- anarchists try to do is point out the totally contradictory nature of
- such right-wing rhetoric. After all, the arguments against big
- government are equally applicable to big business and wage slavery. If
- people are capable of making their own decisions, then why should this
- capability be denied in the workplace? As Noam Chomsky points out,
- while there is a "leave it alone" and "do your own thing" current
- within society, it in fact "tells you that the propaganda system is
- working full-time, because there is no such ideology in the U.S.
- Business, for example, doesn't believe it. It has always insisted upon
- a powerful interventionist state to support its interests -- still does
- and always has -- back to the origins of American society. There's
- nothing individualistic about corporations. Those are big conglomerate
- institutions, essentially totalitarian in character, but hardly
- individualistic. Within them you're a cog in a big machine. There are
- few institutions in human society that have such strict hierarchy and
- top-down control as a business organisation. Nothing there about 'Don't
- tread on me.' You're being tread on all the time. The point of the
- ideology is to try to get other people, outside of the sectors of
- co-ordinated power, to fail to associate and enter into decision-making
- in the political arena themselves. The point is to atomise everyone
- else while leaving powerful sectors integrated and highly organised and
- of course dominating resources." He goes on to note that:
-
- "There is a streak of independence and individuality in American
- culture which I think is a very good thing. This 'Don't tread on me'
- feeling is in many respects a healthy one. It's healthy up to the
- point where it atomises and keeps you from working together with
- other people. So it's got its healthy side and its negative side.
- It's the negative side that's emphasised naturally in the propaganda
- and indoctrination." [Keeping the Rabble in Line, pp. 279-80]
-
- As the opinion polls above show, must people direct their dislike and
- distrust of institutions equally to Big Business, which shows that
- people are not stupid. However, the slight decrease in distrust for big
- business even after a period of massive business-lead class war,
- down-sizing and so on, is somewhat worrying. Unfortunately, as Gobbels
- was well aware, tell a lie often enough and people start to believe it.
- And given the funds available to big business, its influence in the
- media, its backing of "think-tanks," the use of Public Relations
- companies, the support of economic "science," its extensive advertising
- and so on, it says a lot for the common sense of people that so many
- people see big business for what it is. You simply cannot fool all the
- people all of the time!
-
- However, these feelings can easily be turned into cynicism and a
- hopelessness that things can change for the better and than the
- individual can help change society. Or, even worse, they can be twisted
- into support for the right, authoritarian, populist or (so-called)
- "Libertarian"-Right. The job for anarchists is to combat this and help
- point the healthy distrust people have for government and business
- towards a real solution to societies problems, namely a decentralised,
- self-managed anarchist society.
+ Such right-wing tendencies do not have anarchistic elements. The
+ "anti-government" propaganda of big business is hardly anarchistic.
+ What anarchists try to do is point out the hypocritical and
+ contradictory nature of such rhetoric. The arguments against big
+ government are equally applicable to business. If people are capable of
+ making their own decisions, then why should this capability be denied
+ in the workplace? As Noam Chomsky points out, while there is a "leave
+ it alone" and "do your own thing" current within society, it in fact
+ "tells you that the propaganda system is working full-time, because
+ there is no such ideology in the US. Business, for example, doesn't
+ believe it. It has always insisted upon a powerful interventionist
+ state to support its interests -- still does and always has -- back to
+ the origins of American society. There's nothing individualistic about
+ corporations. Those are big conglomerate institutions, essentially
+ totalitarian in character, but hardly individualistic. Within them
+ you're a cog in a big machine. There are few institutions in human
+ society that have such strict hierarchy and top-down control as a
+ business organisation. Nothing there about 'Don't tread on me.' You're
+ being tread on all the time. The point of the ideology is to try to get
+ other people, outside of the sectors of co-ordinated power, to fail to
+ associate and enter into decision-making in the political arena
+ themselves. The point is to atomise everyone else while leaving
+ powerful sectors integrated and highly organised and of course
+ dominating resources." He goes on to note that there is "a streak of
+ independence and individuality in American culture which I think is a
+ very good thing. This 'Don't tread on me' feeling is in many respects a
+ healthy one. It's healthy up to the point where it atomises and keeps
+ you from working together with other people. So it's got its healthy
+ side and its negative side. It's the negative side that's emphasised
+ naturally in the propaganda and indoctrination." [Keeping the Rabble in
+ Line, pp. 279-80]
+
+ As opinion polls show, most people direct their dislike and distrust of
+ institutions equally to Big Business, which shows that people are not
+ stupid. Unfortunately, as Goebbels was well aware, tell a lie often
+ enough and people start to believe it. Given the funds available to big
+ business, its influence in the media, its backing of "think-tanks," the
+ use of Public Relations companies, the support of economic "science,"
+ its extensive advertising and so on, it says a lot for the common sense
+ of people that so many see big business for what it is. You simply
+ cannot fool all the people all of the time!
+
+ However, these feelings can easily be turned into cynicism as well as a
+ hopelessness that things can change for the better and that you cannot
+ help change society. Or, even worse, they can be twisted into support
+ for right, authoritarian, populism. The job for anarchists is to combat
+ this and help point the healthy distrust people have for government and
+ business towards a real solution to society's problems, namely a
+ decentralised, self-managed anarchist society.
J.4.7 What about the communications revolution?
@@ -1674,72 +1594,67 @@ J.4.7 What about the communications revolution?
-- a phenomenon that tends to reduce the effectiveness of repression by
central authorities. The electronic-media and personal-computer
revolutions also make it more difficult for elitist groups to maintain
- their previous monopolies of knowledge. In short, the advent of the
- Information Age is potentially one of the most subversive variables in
- the modern equation.
-
- Indeed the very existence of the Internet provides anarchists with a
- powerful argument that decentralised structures can function
- effectively in today's highly complex world. For the net has no
- centralised headquarters and is not subject to regulation by any
- centralised regulatory agency, yet it still manages to function quite
- effectively. Moreover, the net is also an effective way of anarchists
- and other radicals to communicate their ideas to others, share
- knowledge and work on common projects (such as this FAQ, for example)
- and co-ordinate activities and social struggle. By using the Internet,
+ their previous monopolies of knowledge. Copy-left software and text,
+ user-generated and shared content, file-sharing, all show that
+ information, and its users, reaches its full potential when it is free.
+ In short, the advent of the Information Age is potentially extremely
+ subversive.
+
+ The very existence of the Internet provides anarchists with a powerful
+ argument that decentralised structures can function effectively in a
+ highly complex world. For the net has no centralised headquarters and
+ is not subject to regulation by any centralised regulatory agency, yet
+ it still manages to function effectively. Moreover, the net is also an
+ effective way of anarchists and other radicals to communicate their
+ ideas to others, share knowledge, work on common projects and
+ co-ordinate activities and social struggle. By using the Internet,
radicals can make their ideas accessible to people who otherwise would
- not come across anarchist ideas (obviously we are aware that the vast
- majority of people in the world do not have access to telephones, never
- mind computers, but computer access is increasing in many countries,
- making it available, via work, libraries, schools, universities, and so
- on to more and more working people). In addition, and far more
- important than anarchists putting their ideas across, the fact is that
- the net allows everyone with access to express themselves freely, to
+ not come across anarchist ideas. In addition, and far more important
+ than anarchists putting their ideas across, the fact is that the net
+ allows everyone with access to express themselves freely, to
communicate with others and get access (by visiting webpages and
joining mailing lists and newsgroups) and give access (by creating
webpages and joining in with on-line arguments) to new ideas and
viewpoints. This is very anarchistic as it allows people to express
themselves and start to consider new ideas, ideas which may change how
- they think and act. Of course most people on the planet do not have a
- telephone, let alone a computer, but that does not undermine the fact
- that the internet is a medium in which people can communicate freely
- (at least until it is totally privatised, then it may prove to be more
- difficult as the net could become a giant shopping centre).
+ they think and act.
+
+ Obviously we are aware that the vast majority of people in the world do
+ not have access to telephones, never mind computers, but computer
+ access is increasing in many countries, making it available, via work,
+ libraries, schools, universities, and so on to more and more working
+ class people.
Of course there is no denying that the implications of improved
communications and information technology are ambiguous, implying Big
Brother as well the ability of progressive and radical movements to
organise. However, the point is only that the information revolution in
- combination with the other new social developments we are considering
- could (but will not necessarily) contribute to a social paradigm shift.
- Obviously such a shift will not happen automatically. Indeed, it will
- not happen at all unless there is strong resistance to governmental
- attempts to limit public access to information technology (e.g.
- encryption programs) and censor citizens' communications.
-
- How anarchists are very effectively using the Internet to co-ordinate
- struggles and spread information is discussed in [25]section J.4.9.
+ combination with the other social developments could (but will not
+ necessarily) contribute to a social paradigm shift. Obviously such a
+ shift will not happen automatically. Indeed, it will not happen at all
+ unless there is strong resistance to governmental and corporate
+ attempts to limit public access to information, technology (e.g.
+ encryption programs), censor peoples' communications and use of
+ electronic media and track them on-line.
This use of the Internet and computers to spread the anarchist message
is ironic. The rapid improvement in price-performance ratios of
- computers, software, and other technology today seems to validate the
- faith in free markets. But to say that the information revolution
- proves the inevitable superiority of markets requires a monumental
- failure of short-term historical memory. After all, not just the
- Internet, but the computer sciences and computer industry represent a
- spectacular success of public investment. As late as the 1970s and
- early 1980s, according to Kenneth Flamm's 1988 book Creating the
- Computer, the federal government was paying for 40 percent of all
- computer-related research and probably 60 to 75 percent of basic
+ computers, software, and other technology today is often used to
+ validate the faith in free market capitalism but that requires a
+ monumental failure of historical memory as not just the Internet but
+ also the computer represents a spectacular success of public
+ investment. As late as the 1970s and early 1980s, according to Kenneth
+ Flamm's Creating the Computer, the federal government was paying for 40
+ percent of all computer-related research and 60 to 75 percent of basic
research. Even such modern-seeming gadgets as video terminals, the
light pen, the drawing tablet, and the mouse evolved from
Pentagon-sponsored research in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Even
- software was not without state influence, with database software having
- its roots in US Air Force and Atomic Energy Commission projects,
- artificial intelligence in military contracts back in the 1950s and
- airline reservation systems in 1950s air-defence systems. More than
- half of IBM's Research and Development budget came from government
- contracts in the 1950s and 1960s.
+ software was not without state influence, with databases having their
+ root in US Air Force and Atomic Energy Commission projects, artificial
+ intelligence in military contracts back in the 1950s and airline
+ reservation systems in 1950s air-defence systems. More than half of
+ IBM's Research and Development budget came from government contracts in
+ the 1950s and 1960s.
The motivation was national security, but the result has been the
creation of comparative advantage in information technology for the
@@ -1758,23 +1673,16 @@ J.4.7 What about the communications revolution?
Looking beyond state aid to the computer industry we discover a
"do-it-yourself" (and so self-managed) culture which was essential to
its development. The first personal computer, for example, was invented
- by amateurs who wanted to build their own cheap machines. The existence
- of a "gift" economy among these amateurs and hobbyists was a necessary
+ by amateurs who wanted their own cheap machines. The existence of a
+ "gift" economy among these amateurs and hobbyists was a necessary
precondition for the development of PCs. Without this free sharing of
information and knowledge, the development of computers would have been
- hindered. In other words, socialistic relations between developers and
- within the working environment created the necessary conditions for the
- computer revolution. If this community had been marked by commercial
- relations, the chances are the necessary breakthroughs and knowledge
- would have remained monopolised by a few companies or individuals, so
- hindering the industry as a whole.
-
- The first 20 years of the Internet's development was almost completely
- dependent on state aid -- such as the US military or the universities
- -- plus an anti-capitalist "gift economy" between hobbyists. Thus a
- combination of public funding and community based sharing helped create
- the framework of the Internet, a framework which is now being claimed
- as one of capitalism's greatest successes!
+ hindered and so socialistic relations between developers and within the
+ working environment created the necessary conditions for the computer
+ revolution. If this community had been marked by commercial relations,
+ the chances are the necessary breakthroughs and knowledge would have
+ remained monopolised by a few companies or individuals, so hindering
+ the industry as a whole.
Encouragingly, this socialistic "gift economy" is still at the heart of
computer/software development and the Internet. For example, the Free
@@ -1797,112 +1705,58 @@ J.4.7 What about the communications revolution?
Many will think that this essentially anarchistic system would be a
failure. In fact, code developed in this way is far more reliable and
sturdy than commercial software. Linux, for example, is a far superior
- operating system than DOS, for example, precisely because it draws on
- the collective experience, skill and knowledge of thousands of
- developers. Apache, the most popular web-server, is another freeware
- product and is acknowledged as the best available. While non-anarchists
- may be surprised, anarchists are not. Mutual aid and co-operation are
- beneficial in evolution of life, why not in the evolution of software?
-
- For anarchists, this "gift economy" at the heart of the communications
- revolution is an important development. It shows the superiority of
- common development and the walls to innovation and decent products
- generated by property systems. We hope that such an economy will spread
- increasingly into the "real" world.
-
-J.4.8 What is the significance of the accelerating rate of change and the
-information explosion?
-
- As Philip Slater points out in A Dream Deferred, the cumbersomeness of
- authoritarian structures becomes more and more glaring as the rate of
- change speeds up. This is because all relevant information in
- authoritarian systems must be relayed to a central command before any
- decisions can be made, in contrast to decentralised systems where
- important decisions can be made by individuals and small autonomous
- groups responding immediately to new information. This means that
- decision making is slower in authoritarian structures, putting them at
- a disadvantage relative to more decentralised and democratic
- structures.
-
- The failure of centrally planned state-capitalist ("Communist")
- economies due to overwhelming bureaucratic inertia provides an
- excellent illustration of the problem in question. Similarly, under
- private-property capitalism, small and relatively decentralised
- companies are generally more innovative and productive than large
- corporations with massive bureaucracies, which tend to be nearly as
- inflexible and inefficient as their "Communist" counterparts. In a
- world where the proliferation of information is accelerating at the
- same time that crucial economic and political decisions must be made
- ever more quickly, authoritarian structures are becoming increasingly
- maladaptive. As Slater notes, authoritarian systems simply cannot cope
- effectively with the information explosion, and for this reason more
- and more nations are realising they must either "democratise" or fall
- behind. He cites the epidemic of "democratisation" in Eastern Europe as
- well as popular pressure for democracy in Communist China as
- symptomatic of this phenomenon.
-
- Unfortunately, Slater fails to note that the type of "democracy" to
- which he refers is ultimately a fraud (though better than
- state-capitalist totalitarianism), since the representative type of
- government at which it aims is a disguised form of political domination
- by the corporate rich. Nevertheless, the cumbersomeness of
- authoritarian structures on which he bases his argument is real enough,
- and it will continue to lend credibility to the anarchist argument that
- "representative" political structures embedded in a corporate-state
- complex of authoritarian institutions is very far from being either
- true democracy or an efficient way of organising society. Moreover, the
- critique of authoritarian structures is equally applicable to the
- workplace as capitalist companies are organised as mini-centrally
- planned states, with (official) power concentrated in the hands of
- bosses and managers. Any struggle for increased participation will
- inevitably take place in the workplace as well (as it has continually
- done so as long as wage slavery has existed).
-
-J.4.9 What are Netwars?
-
- Netwars refers to the use of the Internet by autonomous groups and
+ operating system than DOS precisely because it draws on the collective
+ experience, skill and knowledge of thousands of developers. Apache, the
+ most popular web-server, is another freeware product and is
+ acknowledged as the best available. The same can be said of other key
+ web-technologies (most obviously PHP) and projects (Wikipedia springs
+ to mind, although that project while based on co-operative and free
+ activity is owned by a few people who have ultimate control). While
+ non-anarchists may be surprised, anarchists are not. Mutual aid and
+ co-operation are beneficial in the evolution of life, why not in the
+ evolution of software? For anarchists, this "gift economy" at the heart
+ of the communications revolution is an important development. It shows
+ both the superiority of common development as well as the walls built
+ against innovation and decent products by property systems. We hope
+ that such an economy will spread increasingly into the "real" world.
+
+ Another example of co-operation being aided by new technologies is
+ Netwar. This refers to the use of the Internet by autonomous groups and
social movements to co-ordinate action to influence and change society
and fight government or business policy. This use of the Internet has
steadily grown over the years, with a Rand corporation researcher,
David Ronfeldt, arguing that this has become an important and powerful
- force (Rand is, and has been since it's creation in 1948, a private
+ force (Rand is, and has been since its creation in 1948, a private
appendage of the military industrial complex). In other words, activism
- and activists power and influence has been fuelled by the advent of the
- information revolution. Through computer and communication networks,
- especially via the world-wide Internet, grassroots campaigns have
+ and activists' power and influence has been fuelled by the advent of
+ the information revolution. Through computer and communication
+ networks, especially via the Internet, grassroots campaigns have
flourished, and the most importantly, government elites have taken
notice.
Ronfeldt specialises in issues of national security, especially in the
areas of Latin American and the impact of new informational
technologies. Ronfeldt and another colleague coined the term "netwar"
- a couple years ago in a Rand document entitled "Cyberwar is Coming!".
- "Netwars" are actions by autonomous groups -- especially advocacy
- groups and social movements -- that use informational networks to
- co-ordinate action to influence, change or fight government policy.
-
- Ronfeldt's work became a flurry of discussion on the Internet in
- mid-March 1995 when Pacific News Service corespondent Joel Simon wrote
- an article about Ronfeldt's opinions on the influence of netwars on the
- political situation in Mexico after the Zapatista uprising. According
- to Simon, Ronfeldt holds that the work of social activists on the
- Internet has had a large influence -- helping to co-ordinate the large
+ in a Rand document entitled "Cyberwar is Coming!". Ronfeldt's work
+ became a source of discussion on the Internet in mid-March 1995 when
+ Pacific News Service correspondent Joel Simon wrote an article about
+ Ronfeldt's opinions on the influence of netwars on the political
+ situation in Mexico after the Zapatista uprising. According to Simon,
+ Ronfeldt holds that the work of social activists on the Internet has
+ had a large influence -- helping to co-ordinate the large
demonstrations in Mexico City in support of the Zapatistas and the
- proliferation of EZLN communiques across the world via computer
+ proliferation of EZLN communiqu�s across the world via computer
networks. These actions, Ronfeldt argues, have allowed a network of
groups that oppose the Mexican Government to muster an international
response, often within hours of actions by it. In effect, this has
- forced the Mexican government to maintain the facade of nnegotiations
+ forced the Mexican government to maintain the facade of negotiations
with the EZLN and has on many occasions, actually stopped the army from
just going in to Chiapas and brutally massacring the Zapatistas.
- Given that Ronfeldt is an employee of the Rand Corporation (described
- by Paul Dickson, author of the book "Think Tanks", as the "first
- military think tank. . . undoubtedly the most powerful research
- organisation associated with the American military") his comments
- indicate that the U.S. government and it's military and intelligence
- wings are very interested in what the Left and anarchists are doing on
- the Internet. Given that they would not be interested in this if it was
+ Given that Ronfeldt was an employee of the Rand Corporation his
+ comments indicate that the U.S. government and its military and
+ intelligence wings are very interested in what the Left is doing on the
+ Internet. Given that they would not be interested in this if it were
not effective, we can say that this use of the "Information
Super-Highway" is a positive example of the use of technology in ways
un-planned of by those who initially developed it (let us not forget
@@ -1911,197 +1765,55 @@ J.4.9 What are Netwars?
marketplace, it is being subverted by activists -- an example of
anarchistic trends within society worrying the powers that be.
- Ronfeldt argues that "the information revolution. . . disrupts and
- erodes the hierarchies around which institutions are normally designed.
- It diffuses and redistributes power, often to the benefit of what may
- be considered weaker, smaller actors." He continues,
- "multi-organisational networks consist of (often small) organisations
- or parts of institutions that have linked together to act jointly...
- making it possible for diverse, dispersed actors to communicate,
- consult, co-ordinate, and operate together across greater distances,
- and on the basis of more and better information than ever." He
- emphasises that "some of the heaviest users of the new communications
- networks and technologies are progressive, centre-left, and social
- activists... [who work on] human rights, peace, environmental,
- consumer, labour, immigration, racial and gender-based issues." In
- other words, social activists are on the cutting edge of the new and
- powerful "network" system of organising.
-
- All governments, especially the U.S. government, have been extremely
- antagonistic to this idea of effective use of information, especially
- by the political Left and anarchists. The use of the Internet may
- facilitate another "crisis in democracy" (i.e. the development of real
- democracy rather than the phoney elite kind favoured by capitalism). To
- fight this possible use of the internet to combat the elite, Ronfeldt
- maintains that the lesson is clear: "institutions can be defeated by
- networks, and it may take networks to counter networks." He argues that
- if the U.S. government and/or military is to fight this ideological war
- properly with the intend of winning -- and he does specifically mention
- ideology -- it must completely reorganise itself, scrapping
- hierarchical organisation for a more autonomous and decentralised
- system: a network. In this way, he states, "we expect that. . . netwar
- may be uniquely suited to fighting non-state actors".
-
- Ronfeldt's research and opinion should be flattering for the political
- Left. He is basically arguing that the efforts of activists on
- computers not only has been very effective or at least has the
- potential, but more importantly, argues that the only way to counter
- this work is to follow the lead of social activists. Ronfeldt
- emphasised in a personal correspondence that the "information
- revolution is also strengthening civil-society actors in many positive
- ways, and moreover that netwar is not necessarily a 'bad' thing that
- necessarily is a 'threat' to U.S. or other interests. It depends." At
- the same time, anarchists and other activists should understand the
- important implications of Ronfeldt's work: government elites are not
- only watching these actions (big surprise), but are also attempting to
- work against them.
-
- This can be seen in many countries. For example, in 1995 a number of
- computer networks, so far confined to Europe, have been attacked or
- completely shut down. In Italy, members of the Carabinieri Anti-Crime
- Special Operations Group raided the homes of a number of activists --
- many active in the anarchist movement. They confiscated journals,
- magazines, pamphlets, diaries, and video tapes. They also took their
- personal computers, one of which hosted "BITS Against the Empire", a
- node of Cybernet and Fidonet networks. The warrant ridiculously charged
- them for "association with intent to subvert the democratic order",
- carrying a penalty of 7 to 15 years imprisonment for a conviction.
-
- In Britain, Terminal Boredom bulletin board system (BBS) in Scotland
- was shutdown by police in 1995 after the arrest of a hacker who was
- affiliated with the BBS. In the same year Spunk Press, the largest
- anarchist archive of published material catalogued on computer networks
- faced a media barrage in the UK press which has falsely accused them of
- working with known terrorists like the Red Army Faction of Germany, of
- providing recipes for making bombs and of co-ordinating the "disruption
- of schools, looting of shops and attacks on multinational firms."
- Articles by the computer trade magazine, Computing, and the Sunday
- Times, entitled "Anarchism Runs Riot on the Superhighway" and
- "Anarchists Use Computer Highway For Subversion" respectively, nearly
- lead one of the organisers of Spunk Press loosing his job after the
- firm he works for received bad publicity. According to the book Turning
- up the Heat: MI5 after that cold war by Lara O'Hara, one of the
- journalists who wrote the Sunday Times article has contacts with MI5
- (the British equivalent of the FBI).
-
- It is not coincidence that this attack has started first against
- anarchists and libertarian-socialists. They are currently one of the
- most organised political grouping on the Internet. Even Simon Hill,
- editor of Computing magazine, admits that "we have been amazed at the
- level of organisation of these... groups who have appeared on the
- Internet in a short amount of time". According to Ronfeldt's thesis,
- this makes perfect sense. Who best can exploit a system that "erodes
- hierarchy" and requires the co-ordination of decentralised, autonomous
- groups in co-operative actions than anarchists and
- libertarian-socialists?
-
- These attacks may not be confined to anarchists for long. Indeed, many
- countries have attempted to control the internet, using a number of
- issues as a means to do so (such as "terrorism", pornography and so
- on). Government is not the only institution to notice the power of the
- Internet in the hands of activists. In America, the Washington Post
- ("Mexican Rebels Using a High-Tech Weapon; Internet Helps Rally
- Support", by Tod Robberson), Newsweek ("When Words are the Best Weapon:
- How the Rebels Use the Internet and Satellite TV", by Russell Watson)
- and even CNN have done stories about the importance of the Internet and
- network communication organisation with respect to the Zapatistas.
-
- It is important to point out that the mainstream media is not
- interested in the information that circulates across the Internet. No,
- they are interested in sensationalising the activity, even demonising
- it. They correctly see that the "rebels" possess an incredibly powerful
- tool, but the media does not report on what they either are missing or
- omitting.
-
A good example of this powerful tool is the incredible speed and range
at which information travels the Internet about events concerning
Mexico and the Zapatistas. When Alexander Cockburn wrote an article
exposing a Chase Manhattan Bank memo about Chiapas and the Zapatistas
in Counterpunch, only a small number of people read it because it is
only a newsletter with a limited readership. The memo, written by
- Riordan Roett, was very important because it argued that "the [Mexican]
- government will need to eliminate the Zapatistas to demonstrate their
- effective control of the national territory and of security policy". In
- other words, if the Mexican government wants investment from Chase, it
- will have to crush the Zapatistas. This information was relatively
- ineffective when just confined to print. But when it was uploaded to
- the Internet (via a large number of List-servers and the USENET), it
- suddenly reached a very large number of people. These people in turn
+ Riordan Roett, argued that "the [Mexican] government will need to
+ eliminate the Zapatistas to demonstrate their effective control of the
+ national territory and of security policy". In other words, if the
+ Mexican government wants investment from Chase, it would have to crush
+ the Zapatistas. This information was relatively ineffective when just
+ confined to print but when it was uploaded to the Internet, it suddenly
+ reached a very large number of people. These people in turn
co-ordinated protests against the U.S and Mexican governments and
especially Chase Manhattan. Chase was eventually forced to attempt to
- distance itself from the Roett memo that it commissioned.
-
- Anarchists and the Zapatistas is just the tip of the proverbial
- iceberg. Currently there are a myriad of social activist campaigns on
- the Internet. From local issues like the anti-Proposition 187 movement
- in California to a progressive college network campaign against the
- Republican "Contract [on] America," the network system of activism is
- not only working -- and working well as Ronfeldt admits -- but is
- growing. It is growing rapidly in numbers of people involved and
- growing in political and social effectiveness. There are many parallels
- between the current situation in Chiapas and the drawn out civil war in
- Guatemala, yet the Guatemalan military has been able to nearly kill
- without impunity while the Mexican military received a co-ordinated,
- international attack literally hours after they mobilise their troops.
- The reason is netwars are effective as Ronfeldt concedes, and when they
- are used they have been very influential.
-
- It is clear than Rand, and possibly other wings of the establishment,
- are not only interested in what activists are doing on the Internet,
- but they think it is working. It is also clear that they are studying
- our activities and analysing our potential power. We should do the
- same, but obviously not from the perspective of inhibiting our work,
- but the opposite: how to further facilitate it. Also, we should turn
- the tables as it were. They are studying our behaviour and actions --
- we should study theirs. As was outlined above, we should analyse their
- movements and attempt to anticipate attacks as much as possible.
-
- As Ronfeldt argues repeatedly, the potential is there for us to be more
- effective. Information is getting out as is abundantly clear. But we
- can do better than just a co-ordination of raw information, which has
- been the majority of the "networking" so far on the Internet. To
- improve on the work that is being done, we should attempt to provide
- more -- especially in the area of in-depth analysis. Not just what we
- are doing and what the establishment is doing, but more to the point,
- we should attempt to co-ordinate the dissemination of solid analysis of
- important events. In this way members of the activist network will not
- only have the advantage of up-to-date information of events, but also a
- good background analysis of what each event means, politically,
- socially and/or economically as the case may be.
-
- Thus Netwars are a good example of anarchistic trends within society,
- the use of communications technology (developed for the state and used
- by capitalism as a means to aid the selling process) has become a means
- of co-ordinating activity across the world in a libertarian fashion.
-
- (This section of the FAQ is based on an article by Jason Wehling called
- "'NetWars' and Activists' Power on the Internet" which has appeared in
- issue 2 of Scottish Anarchist magazine as well as Z Magazine)
+ distance itself from the Roett memo that it commissioned. Since then
+ net-activism has grown.
+
+ Ronfeldt's research and opinion should be flattering for the Left. He
+ is basically arguing that the efforts of activists on computers not
+ only has been very effective (or at least has that potential), but more
+ importantly, argues that the only way to counter this work is to follow
+ the lead of social activists. Activists should understand the important
+ implications of Ronfeldt's work: government elites are not only
+ watching these actions (big surprise) but are also attempting to work
+ against them. Thus Netwars and copyleft are good examples of
+ anarchistic trends within society, using communications technology as a
+ means of co-ordinating activity across the world in a libertarian
+ fashion for libertarian goals.
References
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- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj49
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
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@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
J.5 What alternative social organisations do anarchists create?
- Anarchism is all about "do it yourself," people helping each other out
+ Anarchism is all about "do it yourself": people helping each other out
in order to secure a good society to live within and to protect, extend
and enrich their personal freedom. As such anarchists are keenly aware
of the importance of building alternatives to both capitalism and the
@@ -14,19 +14,31 @@
quoted by Graham Kelsey, Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism
and the State,p. 79]
- By building the new world in the shell of the old, we help create the
- environment within which individuals can manage their own affairs and
- develop their abilities to do so. In other words, we create "schools of
- anarchism" which lay the foundations for a better society as well as
- promoting and supporting social struggle against the current system.
- Make no mistake, the alternatives we discuss in this section are not an
- alternative to direct action and the need for social struggle - they
- are an expression of social struggle and a form of direct action. They
- are the framework by which social struggle can build and strengthen the
- anarchist tendencies within capitalist society which will ultimately
- replace it.
-
- Therefore it is wrong to think that anarchists are indifferent to
+ This idea (to quote the IWW) of "building a new world in the shell of
+ the old" is a long standing one in anarchism. Proudhon during the 1848
+ revolution "propose[d] that a provisional committee be set up" in Paris
+ and "liaise with similar committees" elsewhere in France. This would be
+ "a body representative of the proletariat . . ., a state within the
+ state, in opposition to the bourgeois representatives." He proclaimed
+ to working class people that "a new society be founded in the heart of
+ the old society" for "the government can do nothing for you. But you
+ can do everything for yourselves." ["Aux Pariotes", La Repr�santant du
+ Peuple, No. 33] This was echoed by Bakunin (see [1]section H.2.8) while
+ for revolutionary syndicalists the aim was "to constitute within the
+ bourgeois State a veritable socialist (economic and anarchic) State."
+ [Fernand Pelloutier, quoted by Jeremy Jennings, Syndicalism in France,
+ p. 22] By so doing we help create the environment within which
+ individuals can manage their own affairs and develop their abilities to
+ do so. In other words, we create "schools of anarchism" which lay the
+ foundations for a better society as well as promoting and supporting
+ social struggle against the current system. Make no mistake, the
+ alternatives we discuss in this section are not an alternative to
+ direct action and the need for social struggle - they are an expression
+ of social struggle and a form of direct action. They are the framework
+ by which social struggle can build and strengthen the anarchist
+ tendencies within capitalist society which will ultimately replace it.
+
+ Therefore it is wrong to think that libertarians are indifferent to
making life more bearable, even more enjoyable, under capitalism. A
free society will not just appear from nowhere, it will be created be
individuals and communities with a long history of social struggle and
@@ -38,257 +50,403 @@
decrees. It has to evolve organically." [The Mass Psychology of
Fascism, p. 241]
- And it is this organic evolution that anarchists promote when they
- create anarchist alternatives within capitalist society. The
- alternatives anarchists create (be they workplace or community unions,
- co-operatives, mutual banks, and so on) are marked by certain common
- features such as being self-managed, being based upon equality and
- decentralisation and working with other groups and associations within
- a confederal network based upon mutual aid and solidarity. In other
- words, they are anarchist in both spirit and structure and so create a
- practical bridge between what is and what is possible.
-
- Therefore, anarchists consider the building of alternatives as a key
- aspect of their activity under capitalism. This is because they, like
- all forms of direct action, are "schools of anarchy" and also because
- they make the transition to a free society easier. "Through the
- organisations set up for the defence of their interests," in
- Malatesta's words, "the workers develop an awareness of the oppression
- they suffer and the antagonism that divides them from the bosses and as
- a result begin to aspire to a better life, become accustomed to
- collective struggle and solidarity and win those improvements that are
- possible within the capitalist and state regime." [The Anarchist
- Revolution, p. 95] By creating viable examples of "anarchy in action"
- we can show that our ideas are practical and convince people of
- anarchist ideas by "good examples." Therefore this section of the FAQ
- will indicate the alternatives anarchists support and why we support
- them.
+ It is this organic evolution that anarchists promote when they create
+ libertarian alternatives within capitalist society. These alternatives
+ (be they workplace or community unions, co-operatives, mutual banks,
+ and so on) are marked by certain common features such as being
+ self-managed, being based upon equality, decentralised and working with
+ other groups and associations within a confederal network based upon
+ mutual aid and solidarity. In other words, they are anarchist in both
+ spirit and structure and so create a practical bridge between now and
+ the future free society.
+
+ Anarchists consider the building of alternatives as a key aspect of
+ their activity under capitalism. This is because they, like all forms
+ of direct action, are "schools of anarchy" and also because they make
+ the transition to a free society easier. "Through the organisations set
+ up for the defence of their interests," in Malatesta's words, "the
+ workers develop an awareness of the oppression they suffer and the
+ antagonism that divides them from the bosses and as a result begin to
+ aspire to a better life, become accustomed to collective struggle and
+ solidarity and win those improvements that are possible within the
+ capitalist and state regime." [The Anarchist Revolution, p. 95] By
+ creating viable examples of "anarchy in action"
+ we can show that our ideas are practical and convince people that they
+ are not utopian. Therefore this section of the FAQ will indicate the
+ alternatives anarchists support and why we support them.
The approach anarchists take to this activity could be termed "social
unionism" -- the collective action of groups to change certain aspects
- (and, ultimately, all aspects) of their lives. This "social unionism"
- takes many different forms in many different areas (some of which, not
- all, are discussed here) -- but they share the same basic aspects of
- collective direct action, self-organisation, self-management,
- solidarity and mutual aid. These "social unions" would be a means (like
- the old labour movement) "of raising the morale of the workers,
+ (and, ultimately, all aspects) of their lives. This takes many
+ different forms in many different areas (some of which, not all, are
+ discussed here) -- but they share the same basic aspects of collective
+ direct action, self-organisation, self-management, solidarity and
+ mutual aid. These are a means "of raising the morale of the workers,
accustom them to free initiative and solidarity in a struggle for the
good of everyone and render them capable of imagining, desiring and
- putting into practice an anarchist life." [Errico Malatesta, The
- Anarchist Revolution, p. 28]
+ putting into practice an anarchist life." [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 28]
+ Kropotkin summed up the anarchist perspective well when he argued that
+ working class people had "to form their own organisations for a direct
+ struggle against capitalism" and to "take possession of the necessaries
+ for production, and to control production." [Memiors of a
+ Revolutionist, p. 359] As historian J. Romero Maura correctly
+ summarised, the "anarchist revolution, when it came, would be
+ essentially brought about by the working class. Revolutionaries needed
+ to gather great strength and must beware of underestimating the
+ strength of reaction" and so anarchists "logically decided that
+ revolutionaries had better organise along the lines of labour
+ organisations." ["The Spanish case", pp. 60-83, Anarchism Today, D.
+ Apter and J. Joll (eds.), p. 66]
As will quickly become obvious in this discussion (as if it had not
been so before!) anarchists are firm supporters of "self-help," an
expression that has been sadly corrupted (like freedom) by the right in
- recent times. Like "freedom", "self-help" should be saved from the
- clutches of the right who have no real claim to that expression.
- Indeed, anarchism was created from and based itself upon working class
- self-help -- for what other interpretation can be gathered from the
- famous slogan of the First International that "the emancipation of the
- working class must be the task of the working class itself"? So,
+ recent times. Like freedom, self-help should be saved from the clutches
+ of the right who have no real claim to that expression. Indeed,
+ anarchism was created from and based itself upon working class
+ self-help -- for what other interpretation can be gathered from
+ Proudhon's 1848 statement that "the proletariat must emancipate
+ itself"? [quoted by George Woodcock, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, p. 125] So
Anarchists have great faith in the abilities of working class people to
work out for themselves what their problems are and act to solve them.
- Anarchist support, and promotion, of alternatives is a key aspect of
- this process of self-liberation, and so a key aspect of anarchism.
- While strikes, boycotts, and other forms of high profile direct action
- may be more sexy than the long and hard task of creating and building
- social alternatives, these are the nuts and bolts of creating a new
- world as well as the infrastructure which supports the "high profile"
- activities. Hence the importance of highlighting the alternatives
- anarchists support and build. The alternatives we discuss here is part
- of the process of building the new world in the shell of the old -- and
- involve both combative organisations (such as community and workplace
- unions) as well as more defensive/supportive ones (such as
- co-operatives and mutual banks). Both have their part to play in the
- class struggle, although the combative ones are the most important in
- creating the spirit of revolt and the possibility of creating an
- anarchist society (which will be reflected in the growth of supportive
- organisations to aid that struggle).
-
- We must also stress that anarchists look to "natural" tendencies within
+ Anarchist support and promotion of alternatives is a key aspect of this
+ process of self-liberation, and so a key aspect of anarchism. While
+ strikes, boycotts, and other forms of high profile direct action may be
+ more "sexy" than the long and hard task of creating and building social
+ alternatives, these are the nuts and bolts of creating a new world as
+ well as the infrastructure which supports the other activities. These
+ alternatives involve both combative organisations (such as community
+ and workplace unions) as well as more defensive and supportive ones
+ (such as co-operatives and mutual banks). Both have their part to play
+ in the class struggle, although the combative ones are the most
+ important in creating the spirit of revolt and the possibility of
+ creating an anarchist society.
+
+ We must also stress that anarchists look to organic tendencies within
social struggle as the basis of any alternatives we try to create. As
Kropotkin put it, anarchism is based "on an analysis of tendencies of
an evolution that is already going on in society, and on induction
- thereform as to the future." It is "representative . . . of the
+ therefrom as to the future." It is "representative . . . of the
creative, instructive power of the people themselves who aimed at
developing institutions of common law in order to protect them from the
- power-seeking minority." In other words, anarchism bases itself on
- those tendencies that are created by the self-activity of working class
- people and while developing within capitalism are in opposition to it
- -- such tendencies are expressed in organisational form as trade unions
- and other forms of workplace struggle, cooperatives (both productive
- and credit), libertarian schools, and so on. For anarchists, anarchism
- is "born among the people - in the struggles of real life and not in
- the philosopher's studio" and owes its "origin to the constructive,
- creative activity of the people . . . and to a protest - a revolt
- against the external force which hd thrust itself upon [communal] . . .
- institutions." [Kropotkin's Revolutionary Pamphlets, p. 158, p. 147, p.
- 150, p. 149] This "creative activity" is expressed in the organisations
- created in the class struggle by working people, some of which we
- discuss in this section of the FAQ. Therefore, the alternatives
- anarchists support should not be viewed in isolation of social struggle
- and working class resistance to hierarchy - the reverse in fact, as
- these alternatives are almost always expressions of that struggle.
-
- Lastly, we should note that this list of alternatives does not list all
- the forms of organisation anarchists create. For example, we have
- ignored solidarity groups and organisations which are created to
- campaign against or for certain issues or reforms. Anarchists are in
- favour of such organisations and work within them to spread anarchist
- ideas, tactics and organisational forms. However, these interest groups
- (while very useful) do not provide a framework for lasting change as do
- the ones we highlight below although we stress that anarchists do not
- ignore such organisations and struggles (see sections [1]J.1.4 and
- [2]J.1.5 for more details on anarchist opinions on such "single issue"
- campaigns).
-
- We have also ignored what have been called "intentional communities".
- This is when a group of individuals squat or buy land and other
- resources within capitalism and create their own anarchist commune in
- it. Most anarchists reject this idea as capitalism and the state must
- be fought, not ignored. In addition, due to their small size, they are
- rarely viable experiments in communal living and nearly always fail
- after a short time (for a good summary of Kropotkin's attitude to such
- communities, which can be taken as typical, to such schemes see Graham
- Purchase's book Evolution & Revolution, pp. 122-125). Dropping out will
- not stop capitalism and the state and while such communities may try to
- ignore the system, they will find that the system will not ignore them
- -- they will come under competitive and ecological pressures from
- capitalism whether they like it or not.
-
- Therefore the alternatives we discuss here are attempts to create
- anarchist alternatives within capitalism and which aim to change it
- (either by revolutionary or evolutionary means). They are based upon
- challenging capitalism and the state, not ignoring them by dropping
- out. Only by a process of direct action and building alternatives which
- are relevant to our daily lives can we revolutionise and change both
- ourselves and society.
+ power-seeking minority." Anarchism bases itself on those tendencies
+ that are created by the self-activity of working class people and while
+ developing within capitalism are in opposition to it -- such tendencies
+ are expressed in organisational form as unions and other forms of
+ workplace struggle, co-operatives (both productive and credit),
+ libertarian schools, and so on. For anarchism was "born among the
+ people -- in the struggles of real life and not in the philosopher's
+ studio" and owes its "origin to the constructive, creative activity of
+ the people . . . and to a protest -- a revolt against the external
+ force which had thrust itself upon" social institutions. [Anarchism, p.
+ 158, p. 147, p. 150 and p. 149] This "creative activity" is expressed
+ in the organisations created in the class struggle by working people,
+ some of which we discuss in this section of the FAQ. Therefore, the
+ alternatives anarchists support should not be viewed in isolation of
+ social struggle and working class resistance to hierarchy -- the
+ reverse in fact, as these alternatives are almost always expressions of
+ that struggle.
+
+ Lastly, we should note we do not list all the forms of organisation
+ anarchists create. For example, we have ignored solidarity groups (for
+ workers on strike or in defence of struggles in other countries) and
+ organisations which are created to campaign against or for certain
+ issues or reforms. Anarchists are in favour of such organisations and
+ work within them to spread anarchist ideas, tactics and organisational
+ forms. However, these interest groups (while very useful) do not
+ provide a framework for lasting change as do the ones we highlight
+ below (see [2]section J.1.4 for more details on anarchist opinions on
+ such "single issue" campaigns). We have also ignored what have been
+ called "intentional communities." This is when a group of individuals
+ squat or buy land and other resources within capitalism and create
+ their own anarchist commune in it. Most anarchists reject this idea as
+ capitalism and the state must be fought, not ignored. In addition, due
+ to their small size, they are rarely viable experiments in communal
+ living and nearly always fail after a short time (for a good summary of
+ Kropotkin's attitude to such communities, which can be taken as
+ typical, see Graham Purchase's Evolution & Revolution [pp. 122-125]).
+ Dropping out will not stop capitalism and the state and while such
+ communities may try to ignore the system, they will find that the
+ system will not ignore them -- they will come under competitive and
+ ecological pressures from capitalism whether they like it or not
+ assuming they avoid direct political interference.
+
+ So the alternatives we discuss here are attempts to create anarchist
+ alternatives within capitalism and which aim to change it (either by
+ revolutionary or evolutionary means). They are based upon challenging
+ capitalism and the state, not ignoring them by dropping out. Only by a
+ process of direct action and building alternatives which are relevant
+ to our daily lives can we revolutionise and change both ourselves and
+ society.
J.5.1 What is community unionism?
Community unionism is our term for the process of creating
participatory communities (called "communes" in classical anarchism)
- within the state.
+ within the current society in order to transform it.
Basically, a community union is the creation of interested members of a
community who decide to form an organisation to fight against injustice
- in their local community and for improvements within it. It is a forum
- by which inhabitants can raise issues that affect themselves and others
- and provide a means of solving these problems. As such, it is a means
- of directly involving local people in the life of their own communities
- and collectively solving the problems facing them as both individuals
- and as part of a wider society. Politics, therefore, is not separated
- into a specialised activity that only certain people do (i.e.
- politicians). Instead, it becomes communalised and part of everyday
- life and in the hands of all.
+ and improvements locally. It is a forum by which inhabitants can raise
+ issues that affect themselves and others and provide a means of solving
+ these problems. As such, it is a means of directly involving local
+ people in the life of their own communities and collectively solving
+ the problems facing them as both individuals and as part of a wider
+ society. In this way, local people take part in deciding what effects
+ them and their community and create a self-managed "dual power" to the
+ local and national state. They also, by taking part in self-managed
+ community assemblies, develop their ability to participate and manage
+ their own affairs, so showing that the state is unnecessary and harmful
+ to their interests. Politics, therefore, is not separated into a
+ specialised activity that only certain people do (i.e. politicians).
+ Instead, it becomes communalised and part of everyday life and in the
+ hands of all.
As would be imagined, like the participatory communities that would
- exist in an anarchist society, the community union would be based upon
- a mass assembly of its members. Here would be discussed the issues that
- effect the membership and how to solve them. Like the communes of a
- future anarchy, these community unions would be confederated with other
- unions in different areas in order to co-ordinate joint activity and
- solve common problems. These confederations, like the basic union
- assemblies themselves, would be based upon direct democracy, mandated
- delegates and the creation of administrative action committees to see
- that the memberships decisions are carried out.
+ exist in an anarchist society (see [3]section I.5), the community union
+ would be based upon a mass assembly of its members. Here would be
+ discussed the issues that effect the membership and how to solve them.
+ Thus issues like rent increases, school closures, rising cost of
+ living, taxation, cuts and state-imposed "reforms" to the nature and
+ quality of public services, utilities and resources, repressive laws
+ and so on could be debated and action taken to combat them. Like the
+ communes of a future anarchy, these community unions would be
+ confederated with other unions in different areas in order to
+ co-ordinate joint activity and solve common problems. These
+ confederations would be based upon self-management, mandated and
+ recallable delegates and the creation of administrative action
+ committees to see that the memberships decisions are carried out.
The community union could also raise funds for strikes and other social
- protests, organise pickets and boycotts and generally aid others in
+ protests, organise pickets, boycotts and generally aid others in
struggle. By organising their own forms of direct action (such as tax
and rent strikes, environmental protests and so on) they can weaken the
state while building an self-managed infrastructure of co-operatives to
replace the useful functions the state or capitalist firms currently
- provide.
-
- So, in addition to organising resistance to the state and capitalist
- firms, these community unions could play an important role in creating
- an alternative economy within capitalism. For example, such unions
- could have a mutual bank or credit union associated with them which
- could allow funds to be gathered for the creation of self-managed
+ provide. So, in addition to organising resistance to the state and
+ capitalist firms, these community unions could play an important role
+ in creating an alternative economy within capitalism. For example, such
+ unions could have a mutual bank or credit union associated with them
+ which could allow funds to be gathered for the creation of self-managed
co-operatives and social services and centres. In this way a
communalised co-operative sector could develop, along with a communal
confederation of community unions and their co-operative banks.
Such community unions have been formed in many different countries in
- recent years to fight against particularly evil attacks on the working
- class. In Britain, groups were created in neighbourhoods across the
- country to organise non-payment of the conservative government's
- community charge (popularly known as the poll tax). Federations of
- these groups and unions were created to co-ordinate the struggle and
- pull resources and, in the end, ensured that the government withdrew
- the hated tax and helped push Thatcher out of government. In Ireland,
- similar groups were formed to defeat the privatisation of the water
- industry by a similar non-payment campaign.
+ recent years to fight against numerous attacks on the working class. In
+ the late 1980s and early 1990s groups were created in neighbourhoods
+ across Britain to organise non-payment of the Conservative government's
+ Community Charge (popularly known as the poll tax, this tax was
+ independent on income and was based on the electoral register).
+ Federations of these groups were created to co-ordinate the struggle
+ and pull resources and, in the end, ensured that the government
+ withdrew the hated tax and helped push Thatcher out of government. In
+ Ireland, similar groups were formed to defeat the privatisation of the
+ water industry by a similar non-payment campaign in the mid-1990s.
However, few of these groups have been taken as part of a wider
strategy to empower the local community but the few that have indicate
the potential of such a strategy. This potential can be seen from two
- examples of community organising in Europe, one in Italy and another in
- Spain.
-
- In Italy, anarchists have organised a very successful Municipal
- Federation of the Base (FMB) in Spezzano Albanese (in the South of that
- country). This organisation is "an alternative to the power of the town
- hall" and provides a "glimpse of what a future libertarian society
- could be" (in the words of one activist). The aim of the Federation is
- "the bringing together of all interests within the district. In
- intervening at a municipal level, we become involved not only in the
- world of work but also the life of the community. . . the FMB make
- counter proposals [to Town Hall decisions], which aren't presented to
- the Council but proposed for discussion in the area to raise people's
- level of consciousness. Whether they like it or not the Town Hall is
- obliged to take account of these proposals." ["Community Organising in
- Southern Italy", pp. 16-19, Black Flag no. 210, p. 17, p. 18]
-
- In this way, local people take part in deciding what effects them and
- their community and create a self-managed "dual power" to the local,
- and national, state. They also, by taking part in self-managed
- community assemblies, develop their ability to participate and manage
- their own affairs, so showing that the state is unnecessary and harmful
- to their interests. In addition, the FMB also supports co-operatives
- within it, so creating a communalised, self-managed economic sector
- within capitalism. Such a development helps to reduce the problems
- facing isolated co-operatives in a capitalist economy -- see section
- [3]J.5.11 -- and was actively done in order to "seek to bring together
- all the currents, all the problems and contradictions, to seek
- solutions" to such problems facing co-operatives [Ibid.].
+ examples of libertarian community organising in Europe, one in Italy
+ and another in Spain, while the neighbourhood assemblies in Argentina
+ show that such popular self-government can and does develop
+ spontaneously in struggle.
+
+ In Southern Italy, anarchists organised a very successful Municipal
+ Federation of the Base (FMB) in Spezzano Albanese. This organisation,
+ in the words of one activist, is "an alternative to the power of the
+ town hall" and provides a "glimpse of what a future libertarian society
+ could be." Its aim is "the bringing together of all interests within
+ the district. In intervening at a municipal level, we become involved
+ not only in the world of work but also the life of the community . . .
+ the FMB make counter proposals [to Town Hall decisions], which aren't
+ presented to the Council but proposed for discussion in the area to
+ raise people's level of consciousness. Whether they like it or not the
+ Town Hall is obliged to take account of these proposals." In addition,
+ the FMB also supports co-operatives within it, so creating a
+ communalised, self-managed economic sector within capitalism. Such a
+ development helps to reduce the problems facing isolated co-operatives
+ in a capitalist economy -- see [4]section J.5.11 -- and was actively
+ done in order to "seek to bring together all the currents, all the
+ problems and contradictions, to seek solutions" to such problems facing
+ co-operatives. ["Community Organising in Southern Italy", pp. 16-19,
+ Black Flag, no. 210, p. 17 and p. 18]
Elsewhere in Europe, the long, hard work of the C.N.T. in Spain has
also resulted in mass village assemblies being created in the Puerto
Real area, near Cadiz. These community assemblies came about to support
- an industrial struggle by shipyard workers. As one C.N.T. member
- explains, "[e]very Thursday of every week, in the towns and villages in
- the area, we had all-village assemblies where anyone connected with the
+ an industrial struggle by shipyard workers. One C.N.T. member explains:
+ "Every Thursday of every week, in the towns and villages in the area,
+ we had all-village assemblies where anyone connected with the
particular issue [of the rationalisation of the shipyards], whether
they were actually workers in the shipyard itself, or women or children
- or grandparents, could go along. . . and actually vote and take part in
- the decision making process of what was going to take place."
- [Anarcho-Syndicalism in Puerto Real: from shipyard resistance to direct
- democracy and community control, p. 6]
-
- With such popular input and support, the shipyard workers won their
+ or grandparents, could go along . . . and actually vote and take part
+ in the decision making process of what was going to take place." With
+ such popular input and support, the shipyard workers won their
struggle. However, the assembly continued after the strike and "managed
to link together twelve different organisations within the local area
- that are all interested in fighting. . . various aspects [of
- capitalism]" including health, taxation, economic, ecological and
+ that are all interested in fighting . . . various aspects" of
+ capitalism including health, taxation, economic, ecological and
cultural issues. Moreover, the struggle "created a structure which was
very different from the kind of structure of political parties, where
the decisions are made at the top and they filter down. What we managed
to do in Puerto Real was make decisions at the base and take them
- upwards." [Ibid.]
-
- In these ways, a grassroots movement from below has been created, with
+ upwards." [Anarcho-Syndicalism in Puerto Real: from shipyard resistance
+ to direct democracy and community control, p. 6]
+
+ More recently, the December 2001 revolt against neo-liberalism in
+ Argentina saw hundreds of neighbourhood assemblies created across the
+ country. These quickly federated into inter-barrial assemblies to
+ co-ordinate struggles. The assemblies occupied buildings, created
+ communal projects like popular kitchens, community centres, day-care
+ centres and built links with occupied workplaces. As one participant
+ put it: "The initial vocabulary was simply: Let's do things for
+ ourselves, and do them right. Let's decide for ourselves. Let's decide
+ democratically, and if we do, then let's explicitly agree that we're
+ all equals here, that there are no bosses . . . We lead ourselves. We
+ lead together. We lead and decide amongst ourselves . . . no one
+ invented it . . . It just happened. We met one another on the corner
+ and decided, enough! . . . Let's invent new organisational forms and
+ reinvent society." Another notes that this was people who "begin to
+ solve problems themselves, without turning to the institutions that
+ caused the problems in the first place." The neighbourhood assemblies
+ ended a system in which "we elected people to make our decisions for us
+ . . . now we will make our own decisions." While the "anarchist
+ movement has been talking about these ideas for years" the movement
+ took them up "from necessity." [Marina Sitrin (ed.), Horizontalism:
+ Voices of Popular Power in Argentina, p. 41 and pp. 38-9]
+
+ The idea of community organising has long existed within anarchism.
+ Kropotkin pointed to the directly democratic assemblies of Paris during
+ the French Revolution> These were "constituted as so many mediums of
+ popular administration, it remained of the people, and this is what
+ made the revolutionary power of these organisations." This ensured that
+ the local revolutionary councils "which sprang from the popular
+ movement was not separated from the people." In this popular
+ self-organisation "the masses, accustoming themselves to act without
+ receiving orders from the national representatives, were practising
+ what was described later on as Direct Self-Government." These
+ assemblies federated to co-ordinate joint activity but it was based on
+ their permanence: "that is, the possibility of calling the general
+ assembly whenever it was wanted by the members of the section and of
+ discussing everything in the general assembly." In short, "the Commune
+ of Paris was not to be a governed State, but a people governing itself
+ directly -- when possible -- without intermediaries, without masters"
+ and so "the principles of anarchism . . . had their origin, not in
+ theoretic speculations, but in the deeds of the Great French
+ Revolution." This "laid the foundations of a new, free, social
+ organisation"and Kropotkin predicted that "the libertarians would no
+ doubt do the same to-day." [Great French Revolution, vol. 1, p. 201, p.
+ 203, pp. 210-1, p. 210, p. 204 and p. 206]
+
+ In Chile during 1925 "a grass roots movement of great significance
+ emerged," the tenant leagues (ligas do arrendatarios). The movement
+ pledged to pay half their rent beginning the 1st of February, 1925, at
+ huge public rallies (it should also be noted that "Anarchist labour
+ unionists had formed previous ligas do arrendatarios in 1907 and
+ 1914."). The tenants leagues were organised by ward and federated into
+ a city-wide council. It was a vast organisation, with 12,000 tenants in
+ just one ward of Santiago alone. The movement also "press[ed] for a law
+ which would legally recognise the lower rents they had begun paying . .
+ . the leagues voted to declare a general strike . . . should a rent law
+ not be passed." The government gave in, although the landlords tried to
+ get around it and, in response, on April 8th "the anarchists in
+ Santiago led a general strike in support of the universal rent
+ reduction of 50 percent." Official figures showed that rents "fell
+ sharply during 1915, due in part to the rent strikes" and for the
+ anarchists "the tenant league movement had been the first step toward a
+ new social order in Chile." [Peter DeShazo, Urban Workers and Labor
+ Unions in Chile 1902-1927, p. 223, p. 327, p. 223, p. 225 and p. 226]
+ As one Anarchist newspaper put it:
+
+ "This movement since its first moments had been essentially
+ revolutionary. The tactics of direct action were preached by
+ libertarians with highly successful results, because they managed to
+ instil in the working classes the idea that if landlords would not
+ accept the 50 percent lowering of rents, they should pay nothing at
+ all. In libertarian terms, this is the same as taking possession of
+ common property. It completes the first stage of what will become a
+ social revolution." [quoted by DeShazo, Op. Cit., p. 226]
+
+ A similar concern for community organising and struggle was expressed
+ in Spain. While the collectives during the revolution are well known,
+ the CNT had long organised in the community and around non-workplace
+ issues. As well as neighbourhood based defence committees to organise
+ and co-ordinate struggles and insurrections, the CNT organised various
+ community based struggles. The most famous example of this must be the
+ rent strikes during the early 1930s in Barcelona. In 1931, the CNT's
+ Construction Union organised a "Economic Defence Commission" to
+ organise against high rents and lack of affordable housing. Its basic
+ demand was for a 40% rent decrease but it also addressed unemployment
+ and the cost of food. The campaign was launched by a mass meeting on
+ May 1st, 1931. A series of meetings were held in the various working
+ class neighbourhoods of Barcelona and in surrounding suburbs. This
+ culminated in a mass meeting held at the Palace of Fine Arts on July
+ 5th which raised a series of demands for the movement. By July, 45,000
+ people were taking part in the rent strike and this rose to over
+ 100,000 by August. As well as refusing to pay rent, families were
+ placed back into their homes from which they had been evicted. The
+ movement spread to a number of the outlying towns which set up their
+ own Economic Defence Commissions. The local groups co-ordinated actions
+ their actions out of CNT union halls or local libertarian community
+ centres. The movement faced increased state repression but in many
+ parts of Barcelona landlords had been forced to come to terms with
+ their tenants, agreeing to reduced rents rather than facing the
+ prospect of having no income for an extended period or the landlord
+ simply agreed to forget the unpaid rents from the period of the rent
+ strike. [Nick Rider, "The Practice of Direct Action: the Barcelona rent
+ strike of 1931", For Anarchism, David Goodway (ed.), pp. 79-105] As
+ Abel Paz summarised:
+
+ "Unemployed workers did not receive or ask for state aid . . . The
+ workers' first response to the economic crisis was the rent, gas,
+ and electricity strike in mid-1933, which the CNT and FAI's Economic
+ Defence Committee had been laying the foundations for since 1931.
+ Likewise, house, street, and neighbourhood groups began to turn out
+ en masse to stop evictions and other coercive acts ordered by the
+ landlords (always with police support). The people were constantly
+ mobilised. Women and youngsters were particularly active; it was
+ they who challenged the police and stopped the endless evictions."
+ [Durrutu in the Spanish Revolution, p. 308]
+
+ In Gijon, the CNT "reinforced its populist image by . . . its direct
+ consumer campaigns. Some of these were organised through the
+ federation's Anti-Unemployment Committee, which sponsored numerous
+ rallies and marches in favour of 'bread and work.' While they focused
+ on the issue of jobs, they also addressed more general concerns about
+ the cost of living for poor families. In a May 1933 rally, for example,
+ demonstrators asked that families of unemployed workers not be evicted
+ from their homes, even if they fell behind on the rent." The
+ "organisers made the connections between home and work and tried to
+ draw the entire family into the struggle." However, the CNT's "most
+ concerted attempt to bring in the larger community was the formation of
+ a new syndicate, in the spring of 1932, for the Defence of Public
+ Interests (SDIP). In contrast to a conventional union, which comprised
+ groups of workers, the SDIP was organised through neighbourhood
+ committees. Its specific purpose was to enforce a generous renters'
+ rights law of December 1931 that had not been vigorously implemented.
+ Following anarchosyndicalist strategy, the SDIP utilised various forms
+ of direct action, from rent strikes, to mass demonstrations, to the
+ reversal of evictions." This last action involved the local SDIP group
+ going to a home, breaking the judge's official eviction seal and
+ carrying the furniture back in from the street. They left their own
+ sign: "opened by order of the CNT." The CNT's direct action strategies
+ "helped keep political discourse in the street, and encouraged people
+ to pursue the same extra-legal channels of activism that they had
+ developed under the monarchy." [Pamela Beth Radcliff, From mobilization
+ to civil war, pp. 287-288 and p. 289]
+
+ In these ways, grassroots movements from below were created, with
direct democracy and participation becoming an inherent part of a local
political culture of resistance, with people deciding things for
themselves directly and without hierarchy. Such developments are the
- embryonic structures of a world based around direct democracy and
- participation, with a strong and dynamic community life. For, as Martin
- Buber argued, "[t]he more a human group lets itself be represented in
- the management of its common affairs. . . the less communal life there
- is in it and the more impoverished it becomes as a community." [Paths
- in Utopia, p. 133]
+ embryonic structures of a world based around participation and
+ self-management, with a strong and dynamic community life. For, as
+ Martin Buber argued, "[t]he more a human group lets itself be
+ represented in the management of its common affairs . . . the less
+ communal life there is in it and the more impoverished it becomes as a
+ community." [Paths in Utopia, p. 133]
Anarchist support and encouragement of community unionism, by creating
the means for communal self-management, helps to enrich the community
@@ -299,27 +457,25 @@ J.5.1 What is community unionism?
mutual support network which can be very effective in helping winning
struggles. For example, in Glasgow, Scotland in 1916, a massive rent
strike was finally won when workers came out in strike in support of
- the rent strikers who been arrested for non-payment.
-
- Such developments indicate that Isaac Puente was correct to argue that:
+ the rent strikers who been arrested for non-payment. Such developments
+ indicate that Isaac Puente was correct:
"Libertarian Communism is a society organised without the state and
without private ownership. And there is no need to invent anything
- or conjure up some new organization for the purpose. The centres
+ or conjure up some new organisation for the purpose. The centres
about which life in the future will be organised are already with us
in the society of today: the free union and the free municipality
[or Commune].
- "The union: in it combine spontaneiously the workers from factories
+ "The union: in it combine spontaneously the workers from factories
and all places of collective exploitation.
- "And the free municipality: an assembly with roots stretching back
- into the past where, again in spontaneity, inhabitants of village
- and hamlet combine together, and which points the way to the
- solution of problems in social life in the countryside.
+ "And the free municipality: an assembly . . . where, again in
+ spontaneity, inhabitants . . . combine together, and which points
+ the way to the solution of problems in social life . . .
"Both kinds of organisation, run on federal and democratic
- principles, will be soveriegn in their decision making, without
+ principles, will be sovereign in their decision making, without
being beholden to any higher body, their only obligation being to
federate one with another as dictated by the economic requirement
for liaison and communications bodies organised in industrial
@@ -330,50 +486,48 @@ J.5.1 What is community unionism?
present [but collectively used] and will regulate production and
consumption (in a word, the economy) in each locality.
- "The very bringing together of the two terms (communism and
- libertarian) is indicative in itself of the fusion of two ideas: one
- of them is collectivist, tending to bring about harmony in the whole
- through the contributions and cooperation of individuals, without
- undermining their independence in any way; while the other is
- individualist, seeking to reassure the individual that his
- independence will be respected."
- [Libertarian Communism, pp. 6-7]
+ "The very bringing together of the two terms (communism and
+ libertarian) is indicative in itself of the fusion of two ideas: one of
+ them is collectivist, tending to bring about harmony in the whole
+ through the contributions and co-operation of individuals, without
+ undermining their independence in any way; while the other is
+ individualist, seeking to reassure the individual that his independence
+ will be respected." [Libertarian Communism, pp. 6-7]
The combination of community unionism, along with industrial unionism
- (see [4]next section), will be the key of creating an anarchist
+ (see [5]next section), will be the key to creating an anarchist
society, Community unionism, by creating the free commune within the
state, allows us to become accustomed to managing our own affairs and
seeing that an injury to one is an injury to all. In this way a social
power is created in opposition to the state. The town council may still
be in the hands of politicians, but neither they nor the central
- government can move without worrying about what the people's reaction
- might be, as expressed and organised in their community unions and
- assemblies.
+ government would be able to move without worrying about what the
+ people's reaction might be, as expressed and organised in their
+ community assemblies and federations.
J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
- Simply because it is effective, expresses our ideas on how industry
- will be organised in an anarchist society and is a key means of ending
- capitalist oppression and exploitation. As Max Stirner pointed out the
- "labourers have the most enormous power in their hands, and, if they
- once become thoroughly conscious of it and used it, nothing could
- withstand them; they would only have to stop labour, regard the product
- of labour as theirs, and enjoy it. This is the sense of the labour
- disturbances which show themselves here and there." [The Ego and Its
- Own, p. 116]
-
- Libertarian workplace organisation is the best way of organising and
- exercising this power. However, before discussing why anarchists
- support industrial unionism, we must point out that the type of
- unionism anarchists support has very little in common with that
- associated with reformist or business unions like the TUC in Britain or
- the AFL-CIO in the USA (see [5]next section).
-
- In such unions, as Alexander Berkman points out, the "rank and file
- have little say. They have delegated their power to leaders, and these
- have become the boss. . . Once you do that, the power you have
- delegated will be used against you and your interests every time." [The
- ABC of Anarchism, p. 58] Reformist unions, even if they do organise by
+ Simply because it is effective in resisting capitalist exploitation and
+ winning reforms, ending capitalist oppression and expresses our ideas
+ on how industry will be organised in an anarchist society. For workers
+ "have the most enormous power in their hands, and, if they once become
+ thoroughly conscious of it and used it, nothing could withstand them;
+ they would only have to stop labour, regard the product of labour as
+ theirs, and enjoy it. This is the sense of the labour disturbances
+ which show themselves here and there." [Max Stirner, The Ego and Its
+ Own, p. 116] Industrial unionism is simply libertarian workplace
+ organisation and is the best way of organising and exercising this
+ power.
+
+ Before discussing why anarchists support industrial unionism, we must
+ point out that the type of unionism anarchists support has very little
+ in common with that associated with reformist unions like the TUC in
+ Britain or the AFL-CIO in the USA (see [6]next section). In such
+ unions, as Alexander Berkman pointed out, the "rank and file have
+ little say. They have delegated their power to leaders, and these have
+ become the boss . . . Once you do that, the power you have delegated
+ will be used against you and your interests every time." [What is
+ Anarchism?, p. 205] Reformist unions, even if they do organise by
industry rather than by trade or craft, are top-heavy and bureaucratic.
Thus they are organised in the same manner as capitalist firms or the
state -- and like both of these, the officials at the top have
@@ -382,27 +536,83 @@ J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
their members. The long history of union officials betraying their
members is proof enough of this.
- Therefore anarchists propose a different kind of workplace
- organisation, one that is organised in a totally different manner than
- the current, mainstream, unions. We will call this new kind of
- organisation "industrial unionism" (although perhaps industrial
- syndicalism or workplace assemblies may be a better, less confusing,
- name for it).
-
- Industrial unionism is based upon the idea that workers should directly
- control their own organisations and struggles. As such, it is based
- upon workplace assemblies and their confederation between different
- workplaces in the same industry as well as between different workplaces
- in the same locality. An industrial union is a union which organises
- all workers in a given type of industry together into one body. This
- means that all workers regardless of their actual trade would ideally
- be in the one union. On a building site, for example, brick-layers,
- plumbers, carpenters and so on would all be a member of the Building
- Workers Union. Each trade may have its own sections within the union
- (so that plumbers can discuss issues relating to their trade for
- example) but the core decision making focus would be an assembly of all
- workers employed in a workplace. As they all have the same boss it is
- logical for them to have the same union.
+ Anarchists propose a different kind of workplace organisation, one that
+ is organised in a different manner than the mainstream unions. We will
+ call this new kind of organisation "industrial unionism" (although
+ perhaps industrial syndicalism, or just syndicalism, might be a better
+ name for it). Some anarchists (particularly communist-anarchists)
+ reject calling these workplace organisations "unions" and instead
+ prefer such terms as workplace resistance groups, workplace assemblies
+ and workers councils. No matter what they are called, all class
+ struggle anarchists support the same organisational structure we are
+ going to outline. It is purely for convenience that we term this
+ industrial unionism.
+
+ An industrial union is a union which organises all workers in a given
+ workplace and so regardless of their actual trade everyone would be in
+ the one union. On a building site, for example, brick-layers, plumbers,
+ carpenters and so on would all be a member of the Building Workers
+ Union. Each trade may have its own sections within the union (so that
+ plumbers can discuss issues relating to their trade for example) but
+ the core decision making focus would be an assembly of all workers
+ employed in a workplace. As they all have the same employer, the same
+ exploiter, it is logical for them to have the same union.
+
+ It is organised by the guiding principle that workers should directly
+ control their own organisations and struggles. It is based upon
+ workplace assemblies because workers have "tremendous power" as the
+ "creator of all wealth" but "the strength of the worker is not in the
+ union meeting-hall; it is in the shop and factory, in the mill and
+ mine. It is there that he [or she] must organise; there, on the job."
+ It is there that workers "decide the matters at issue and carry their
+ decisions out through the shop committees" (whose members are "under
+ the direction and supervision of the workers" and can be "recalled at
+ will"). These committees are "associated locally, regionally and
+ nationally" to produce "a power tremendous in its scope and
+ potentialities." [Berkman, Op. Cit., pp. 205-6] This confederation is
+ usually organised on two directions, between different workplaces in
+ the same industry as well as between different workplaces in the same
+ locality.
+
+ So industrial unionism is different from ordinary trade unionism
+ (usually called business unionism by anarchists and syndicalists as it
+ treats the union's job purely as the seller of its members' labour
+ power). It is based on unions managed directly by the rank and file
+ membership rather than by elected officials and bureaucrats. The
+ industrial union is not based on where the worker lives (as is the case
+ with many trade unions). Instead, the union is based and run from the
+ workplace. It is there that union meetings are held, where workers are
+ exploited and oppressed and where their economic power lies. Industrial
+ unionism is based on local branch autonomy, with each branch managing
+ its own affairs. No union officials have the power to declare strikes
+ "unofficial" as every strike is decided upon by the membership is
+ automatically "official" simply because the branch decided it in a mass
+ meeting.
+
+ Power in such an organisation would be decentralised into the hands of
+ the membership, as expressed in local workplace assemblies. To
+ co-ordinate strikes and other forms of action, these autonomous
+ branches are part of a federal structure. The mass meeting in the
+ workplace mandates delegates to express the wishes of the membership at
+ "labour councils" and "industrial federations." The labour council
+ ("Brouse du Travail", in French) is the federation of all workplace
+ branches of all industries in a geographical area (say, for example, in
+ a city or region) and it has the tasks of, among other things,
+ education, propaganda and the promotion of solidarity between the
+ different workplaces in its area. Due to the fact it combines all
+ workers into one organisation, regardless of industry or union, the
+ labour council plays a key role in increasing class consciousness and
+ solidarity. The industrial federation organises all workplaces in the
+ same industry so ensuring that workers in one part of the country or
+ world are not producing goods so that the bosses "can supply the market
+ and lose nothing by the strike". So these federations are "organised
+ not by craft or trade but by industries, so that the whole industry --
+ and if necessary the whole working class -- could strike as one man."
+ If that were done "would any strike be lost?" [Berkman, Op. Cit., p.
+ 82] In practice, of course, the activities of these dual federations
+ would overlap: labour councils would support an industry wide strike or
+ action while industrial unions would support action conducted by its
+ member unions called by labour councils.
However, industrial unionism should not be confused with a closed shop
situation where workers are forced to join a union when they become a
@@ -413,57 +623,40 @@ J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
their members. As anarchist unionism has no bureaucrats, there is no
need for the closed shop and its voluntary nature is essential in order
to ensure that a union be subject to "exit" as well as "voice" for it
- to be responsive to its members wishes.
-
- As Albert Meltzer argues, the closed shop means that "the [trade union]
- leadership becomes all-powerful since once it exerts its right to expel
- a member, that person is not only out of the union, but out of a job."
+ to be responsive to its members wishes. As Albert Meltzer argued, the
+ closed shop means that "the [trade union] leadership becomes
+ all-powerful since once it exerts its right to expel a member, that
+ person is not only out of the union, but out of a job."
Anarcho-syndicalism, therefore, "rejects the closed shop and relies on
voluntary membership, and so avoids any leadership or bureaucracy."
- [Anarchism: Arguments for and against, p. 56 -- also see Tom Wetzel's
- excellent article "The Origins of the Union Shop", part 3 of the series
- "Why does the union bureaucracy exist?" in Ideas & Action no. 11, Fall
- 1989 for a fuller discussion of these issues] Without voluntary
+ [Anarchism: Arguments for and against, p. 56] Without voluntary
membership even the most libertarian union may become bureaucratic and
- unresponsive to the needs of its members and the class struggle (even
- anarcho-syndicalist unions are subject to hierarchical influences by
- having to work within the hierarchical capitalist economy although
- voluntary membership, along with a libertarian structure and tactics,
- helps combat these tendencies -- see section [6]J.3.9).
-
- Obviously this means that anarchist opposition to the closed shop has
- nothing in common with boss, conservative and right-wing libertarian
- opposition to it. These groups, while denouncing coercing workers into
- trades unions, support the coercive power of bosses over workers
- without a second thought (indeed, given their justifications of sexual
- harassment and other forms of oppressive behaviour by bosses, we can
- imagine that they would happily support workers having to join company
- unions to keep their jobs -- only when bosses dislike mandatory union
- membership do these defenders of "freedom" raise their opposition).
- Anarchist opposition to the closed shop (like their opposition to union
- bureaucracy) flows from their opposition to hierarchy and authoritarian
- social relationships. The right-wing's opposition is purely a product
- of their pro-capitalist and pro-authority position and the desire to
- see the worker subject only to one boss during working hours, not two
- (particularly if this second one has to represent workers interests to
- some degree). Anarchists, on the other hand, want to get rid of all
- bosses during working hours.
+ unresponsive to the needs of its members and the class struggle (also
+ see Tom Wetzel's excellent article "The Origins of the Union Shop",
+ [Ideas & Action no. 11]). Needless to say, if the union membership
+ refuses to work with non-union members then that is a different
+ situation. Then this is an issue of free association (as free
+ association clearly implies the right not to associate). This issue
+ rarely arises and most syndicalist unions operate in workplaces with
+ other unions (the excepts arise, as happened frequently in Spanish
+ labour history with the Marxist UGT, when the other union scabs when
+ workers are on strike).
In industrial unionism, the membership, assembled in their place of
work, are the ones to decide when to strike, when to pay strike pay,
what tactics to use, what demands to make, what issues to fight over
and whether an action is "official" or "unofficial". In this way the
- rank and file is in control of their unions and, by confederating with
+ rank and file is in control of their union and, by confederating with
other assemblies, they co-ordinate their forces with their fellow
- workers. As syndicalist activist Tom Brown makes clear:
+ workers. As syndicalist activist Tom Brown made clear:
"The basis of the Syndicate is the mass meeting of workers assembled
- at their place of work. . . The meeting elects its factory committee
- and delegates. The factory is Syndicate is federated to all other
- such committees in the locality. . . In the other direction, the
- factory, let us say engineering factory, is affiliated to the
+ at their place of work . . . The meeting elects its factory
+ committee and delegates. The factory Syndicate is federated to all
+ other such committees in the locality . . . In the other direction,
+ the factory, let us say engineering factory, is affiliated to the
District Federation of Engineers. In turn the District Federation is
- affiliated to the National Federation of Engineers. . . Then, each
+ affiliated to the National Federation of Engineers . . . Then, each
industrial federation is affiliated to the National Federation of
Labour . . . how the members of such committees are elected is most
important. They are, first of all, not representatives like Members
@@ -475,36 +668,129 @@ J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
them. None may sit for longer than two successive years, and four
years must elapse before his [or her] next nomination. Very few will
receive wages as delegates, and then only the district rate of wages
- for the industry. . .
+ for the industry . . .
"It will be seen that in the Syndicate the members control the
- organisation - not the bureaucrats controlling the members. In a
+ organisation -- not the bureaucrats controlling the members. In a
trade union the higher up the pyramid a man is the more power he
wields; in a Syndicate the higher he is the less power he has.
- "The factory Syndicate has full autonomy over its own affairs. . ."
+ "The factory Syndicate has full autonomy over its own affairs."
[Syndicalism, pp. 35-36]
+ Such federalism exists to co-ordinate struggle, to ensure that
+ solidarity becomes more than a word written on banners. We are sure
+ that many radicals will argue that such decentralised, confederal
+ organisations would produce confusion and disunity. However, anarchists
+ maintain that the statist, centralised form of organisation of the
+ trades unions would produce indifference instead of involvement,
+ heartlessness instead of solidarity, uniformity instead of unity, and
+ elites instead of equality. The centralised form of organisation has
+ been tried and tried again -- it has always failed. This is why the
+ industrial union rejects centralisation, for it "takes control too far
+ away from the place of struggle to be effective on the workers' side."
+ [Brown, Op. Cit., p. 34] Centralisation leads to disempowerment, which
+ in turn leads to indifference, not solidarity. Rudolf Rocker reminds us
+ of the evil effects of centralism when he wrote:
+
+ "For the state centralisation is the appropriate form of
+ organisation, since it aims at the greatest possible uniformity in
+ social life for the maintenance of political and social equilibrium.
+ But for a movement whose very existence depends on prompt action at
+ any favourable moment and on the independent thought and action of
+ its supporters, centralism could but be a curse by weakening its
+ power of decision and systematically repressing all immediate
+ action. If, for example, as was the case in Germany, every local
+ strike had first to be approved by the Central, which was often
+ hundreds of miles away and was not usually in a position to pass a
+ correct judgement on the local conditions, one cannot wonder that
+ the inertia of the apparatus of organisation renders a quick attack
+ quite impossible, and there thus arises a state of affairs where the
+ energetic and intellectually alert groups no longer serve as
+ patterns for the less active, but are condemned by these to
+ inactivity, inevitably bringing the whole movement to stagnation.
+ Organisation is, after all, only a means to an end. When it becomes
+ an end in itself, it kills the spirit and the vital initiative of
+ its members and sets up that domination by mediocrity which is the
+ characteristic of all bureaucracies." [Anarcho-Syndicalism, p. 61]
+
+ Centralised unions ensure that it is the highest level of union
+ officialdom which decides when workers are allowed to strike. Instead
+ of those affected acting, "the dispute must be reported to the district
+ office of the union (and in some cases to an area office) then to head
+ office, then back again . . . The worker is not allowed any direct
+ approach to, or control of the problem." [Brown, Op. Cit., p. 34] The
+ end result is that "through the innate conservatism of officialdom"
+ officials in centralised unions "ordinarily use their great powers to
+ prevent strikes or to drive their unions' members back to work after
+ they have struck in concert with other workers." The notion that a
+ centralised organisation will be more radical "has not developed in
+ practice" and the key problem "is due not to the autonomy of the
+ unions, but to the lack of it." [Earl C. Ford and William Z. Foster,
+ Syndicalism, p. 38] So the industrial union "is based on the principles
+ of Federalism, on free combination from below upwards, putting the
+ right of self-determination . . . above everything else" and so rejects
+ centralism as an "artifical organisation from above downwards which
+ turns over the affairs of everybody in a lump to a small minority" and
+ is "always attended by barren official routine" as well as "lifeless
+ discipline and bureaucratic ossification." [Rocker, Op. Cit., p. 60]
+
+ This implies that as well as being decentralised and organised from the
+ bottom up, the industrial union differs from the normal trade union by
+ having no full-time officials. All union business is conducted by
+ elected fellow workers who do their union activities after work or, if
+ it has to be done during work hours, they get the wages they lost while
+ on union business. In this way no bureaucracy of well paid officials is
+ created and all union militants remain in direct contact with their
+ fellow workers. Given that it is their wages, working conditions and so
+ on that are effected by their union activity they have a real interest
+ in making the union an effective organisation and ensuring that it
+ reflects the interests of the rank and file. In addition, all part-time
+ union "officials" are elected, mandated and recallable delegates. If
+ the fellow worker who is elected to the local labour council or other
+ union committee is not reflecting the opinions of those who mandated
+ him or her then the union assembly can countermand their decision,
+ recall them and replace them with someone who will reflect these
+ decisions. In short, "the Syndicalist stands firmly by these things --
+ mass meetings, delegates not bosses, the right of recall . . .
+ Syndicalism is organised from the bottom upwards . . . all power comes
+ from below and is controlled from below. This is a revolutionary
+ principle." [Brown, Op. Cit., p. 85]
+
As can be seen, industrial unionism reflects anarchist ideas of
- organisation - it is organised from the bottom up, it is decentralised
+ organisation -- it is organised from the bottom up, it is decentralised
and based upon federation and it is directly managed by its members in
mass assemblies. It is anarchism applied to industry and the needs of
the class struggle. By supporting such forms of organisations,
anarchists are not only seeing "anarchy in action", they are forming
effective tools which can win the class war. By organising in this
manner, workers are building the framework of a co-operative society
- within capitalism. Rudolf Rocker makes this clear:
+ within capitalism:
- "the syndicate. . . has for its purpose the defence of the interests
- of the producers within existing society and the preparing for and
- the practical carrying out of the reconstruction of social life . .
- . It has, therefore, a double purpose: 1. As the fighting
+ "the syndicate . . . has for its purpose the defence of the
+ interests of the producers within existing society and the preparing
+ for and the practical carrying out of the reconstruction of social
+ life . . . It has, therefore, a double purpose: 1. As the fighting
organisation of the workers against their employers to enforce the
- demand of the workers for the safeguarding of their standard of
+ demands of the workers for the safeguarding of their standard of
living; 2. As the school for the intellectual training of the
workers to make them acquainted with the technical management of
- production and economic life in general." [Anarcho-Syndicalism, p.
- 51]
+ production and economic life in general, so that when a
+ revolutionary situation arises they will be capable of taking the
+ socio-economic organism into their own hands and remaking it
+ according to Socialist principles." [Rocker, Op. Cit., pp. 56-7]
+
+ So "[a]t the same time that syndicalism exerts this unrelenting
+ pressure on capitalism, it tries to build the new social order within
+ the old. The unions and the 'labour councils' are not merely means of
+ struggle and instruments of social revolution; they are also the very
+ structure around which to build a free society. The workers are to be
+ educated in the job of destroying the old propertied order and in the
+ task of reconstructing a stateless, libertarian society. The two go
+ together." [Murray Bookchin, The Spanish Anarchists, p. 121] The
+ industrial union is seen as prefiguring the future society, a society
+ which (like the union) is decentralised and self-managed in all
+ aspects.
Given the fact that workers wages have been stagnating (or, at best,
falling behind productivity increases) across the world as the trade
@@ -513,66 +799,66 @@ J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
need for working people to organise to defend themselves. The
centralised, top-down trade unions we are accustomed to have proved
themselves incapable of effective struggle (and, indeed, the number of
- times they have sabotaged such struggle are countless - a result not of
- "bad" leaders but of the way these unions organise and their role
- within capitalism). Hence anarchists support industrial unionism
- (co-operation between workers assemblies) as an effective alternative
- to the malaise of official trade unionism. How anarchists aim to
- encourage such new forms of workplace organisation and struggle will be
- discussed in the [7]next section.
-
- We are sure that many radicals will consider that such decentralised,
- confederal organisations would produce confusion and disunity. However,
- anarchists maintain that the statist, centralised form of organisation
- of the trades unions would produce indifference instead of involvement,
- heartlessness instead of solidarity, uniformity instead of unity, and
- elites instead of equality, nevermind killing all personal initiative
- by lifeless discipline and bureaucratic ossification and permitting no
- independent action. The old form of organisation has been tried and
- tried again - it has always failed. The sooner workers recognise this
- the better.
-
- One last point. We must note that many anarchists, particularly
+ times they have sabotaged such struggle are countless -- a result not
+ of "bad" leaders but of the way these unions organise and their role
+ within capitalism). Hence anarchists support industrial unionism as an
+ effective alternative to the malaise of official trade unionism. How
+ anarchists aim to encourage such new forms of workplace organisation
+ and struggle will be discussed in the [7]section J.5.4.
+
+ One last point. We noted that many anarchists, particularly
communist-anarchists, consider unions, even anarchosyndicalist ones, as
- having a strong reformist tendency (as discussed in section [8]J.3.9).
+ having a strong reformist tendency (as discussed in [8]section J.3.9).
However, all anarchists recognise the importance of autonomous class
struggle and the need for organisations to help fight that struggle.
Thus anarchist-communists, instead of trying to organise industrial
unions, apply the ideas of industrial unionism to workplace struggles.
- In other words, they would agree with the need to organise all workers
- into a mass assembly and to have elected, recallable administration
- committees to carry out the strikers wishes. This means that such
- anarchists they do not call their practical ideas "anarcho-syndicalism"
- nor the workplace assemblies they desire to create "unions," there are
- extremely similar in nature and so we can discuss both using the term
- "industrial unionism". The key difference is that many (if not most)
+ They would agree with the need to organise all workers into a mass
+ assembly and to have elected, recallable administration committees to
+ carry out the strikers wishes. This means that while such anarchists do
+ not call their practical ideas "anarcho-syndicalism" nor the workplace
+ assemblies they desire to create "unions," there are extremely similar
+ in nature and so we can discuss both using the term "industrial
+ unionism". The key difference is that many (if not most)
anarcho-communists consider that permanent workplace organisations that
- aim to organise all workers would soon become reformist. Because of
- this they also see the need for anarchist to organise as anarchists in
- order to spread the anarchist message within them and keep their
- revolutionary aspects at the forefront (and so support industrial
- networks -- see [9]next section).
-
- Therefore while there are slight differences in terminology and
- practice, all anarchists would support the ideas of industrial unionism
- we have outlined above.
+ aim to organise all workers would become reformist. Because of this
+ they also see the need for anarchist to organise as anarchists in order
+ to spread the anarchist message within them and keep their
+ revolutionary aspects at the forefront.
+
+ Spontaneously created organisations of workers in struggle play an
+ important role in both communist-anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist
+ theory. Since both advocate that it is the workers, using their own
+ organisations who will control their own struggles (and, eventually,
+ their own revolution) in their own interests, not a vanguard party of
+ elite political theorists, this is unsurprising. It matters little if
+ the specific organisations are revolutionary industrial unions, factory
+ committees, workers councils, or other labour formations. The important
+ thing is that they are created and run by workers themselves.
+ Meanwhile, anarchists are industrial guerrillas waging class war at the
+ point of production in order to win improvements in the here and now
+ and strengthen tendencies towards anarchism by showing that direct
+ action and libertarian organisation is effective and can win partial
+ expropriations of capitalist and state power. So while there are slight
+ differences in terminology and practice, all anarchists would support
+ the ideas of industrial organisation and struggle we have outlined
+ above.
J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
- As noted in the [10]last section, anarchists desire to create
+ As noted in the [9]last section, anarchists desire to create
organisations in the workplace radically different from the existing
- trade unions. The question now arises, what attitude do anarchists
- generally take to these existing unions?
+ unions. The question now arises, what attitude do anarchists take to
+ trade unions?
Before answering that question, we must stress that anarchists, no
matter how hostile to trade unions as bureaucratic, reformist
institutions, are in favour of working class struggle. This means that
when trade union members or other workers are on strike anarchists will
- support them (unless the strike is totally reactionary -- for example,
- no anarchist would support a strike which is racist in nature). This is
- because almost all anarchists consider it basic to their politics that
- you don't scab and you don't crawl (a handful of individualist
- anarchists are the exception). So, when reading anarchist criticisms of
+ support them (unless the strike is reactionary -- for example, no
+ anarchist would support a strike which is racist in nature). This is
+ because anarchists consider it basic to their politics that you do not
+ scab and you do not crawl. So, when reading anarchist criticisms of
trade unions do not for an instant think we do not support industrial
struggles -- we do, we are just very critical of the unions that are
sometimes involved.
@@ -588,72 +874,82 @@ J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
are bureaucratic and that the interests of the bureaucracy are at odds
with those of its membership. However, our attitude is "supportive" in
that even the worse trade union represents an attempt at working class
- solidarity and self-help, even if the attempt is now far removed from
- the initial protests and ideas that set the union up. For a worker to
- join a trade union means having to recognise, to some degree, that he
- or she has different interests from their boss. There is no way to
- explain the survival of the unions other than the fact that there are
- different class interests, and workers have understood that to promote
- their own interests they have to organise on class lines.
-
+ solidarity and self-help, even if the organisation is now far removed
+ from the initial protests and ideas that set the union up. For a worker
+ to join a trade union means recognising, to some degree, that he or she
+ has different interests from their boss ("If the interests of labour
+ and capital are the same, why the union?" [Alexander Berkman, What is
+ Anarchism?, p. 76]).
+
+ There is no way to explain the survival of unions other than the fact
+ that there are different class interests and workers have understood
+ that to promote their own interests they have to organise collectively.
No amount of conservatism, bureaucracy or backwardness within the
- unions can obliterate the essential fact of different class interests.
- The very existence of trade unions testifies to the existence of some
- level of basic class consciousness -- even though most trade unions
- claim otherwise and that capital and labour have interests in common.
- As we have argued, anarchists reject this claim with good reason, and
- the very existence of trade unions show that this is not true. If
- workers and capitalists have the same interests, trade unions would not
- exist. Moreover, claiming that the interests of workers and bosses are
- the same theoretically disarms both the unions and its members and so
- weakens their struggles (after all, if bosses and workers have similar
- interests then any conflict is bad and the decisions of the boss must
- be in workers' interests!).
-
- Thus anarchist viewpoints reflect the contradictory nature of
- business/trade unions -- on the one hand they are products of workers'
- struggle, but on the other they are very bureaucratic, unresponsive and
- centralised and (therefore) their full-time officials have no real
- interest in fighting against wage labour as it would put them out of a
- job. Indeed, the very nature of trade unionism ensures that the
- interests of the union (i.e. the full-time officials) come into
- conflict with the people they claim to represent.
+ unions can obliterate this. The very existence of trade unions
+ testifies to the existence of some level of basic class consciousness
+ and the recognition that workers and capitalists do not have the same
+ interests. Claims by trade union officials that the interests of
+ workers and bosses are the same theoretically disarms both the union
+ and its members and so weakens their struggles (after all, if bosses
+ and workers have similar interests then any conflict is bad and the
+ decisions of the boss must be in workers' interests!). That kind of
+ nonsense is best left to the apologists of capitalism (see [10]section
+ F.3.2).
+
+ It is no surprise, then, the "extreme opposition to the existing
+ political and economic power" to unions as they "not only suspected
+ every labour organisation of aiming to improve the condition of its
+ members within the limits of the wage system, but they also looked upon
+ the trade union as the deeply enemy of wage-slavery -- and they were
+ right. Every labour organisation of sincere character must needs wage
+ war upon the existing economic conditions, since the continuation of
+ the same is synonymous with the exploitation and enslavement of
+ labour." [Max Baginski, "Aim and Tactics of the Trade-Union Movement",
+ pp. 297-306, Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman's Mother Earth,
+ Peter Glassgold (ed.), pp. 302-3] Thus anarchist viewpoints on this
+ issue reflect the contradictory nature of trade unions -- on the one
+ hand they are products of workers' struggle, but on the other they are
+ bureaucratic, unresponsive, centralised and their full-time officials
+ have no real interest in fighting against wage labour as it would put
+ them out of a job. Indeed, the very nature of trade unionism ensures
+ that the interests of the union (i.e. the full-time officials) come
+ into conflict with the people they claim to represent.
This can best be seen from the disgraceful activities of the TGWU with
respect to the Liverpool dockers in Britain. The union officials (and
the TUC itself) refused to support their members after they had been
sacked in 1995 for refusing to cross a picket line. The dockers
organised their own struggle, contacting dockers' unions across the
- world and organising global solidarity actions. Moreover, a network of
+ world and organised global solidarity actions. Moreover, a network of
support groups sprung up across Britain to gather funds for their
struggle (and, we are proud to note, anarchists have played their role
in supporting the strikers). Many trade unionists could tell similar
stories of betrayal by "their" union.
This occurs because trade unions, in order to get recognition from a
- company, must be able to promise industrial pieces. They need to
- enforce the contracts they sign with the bosses, even if this goes
- against the will of its members. Thus trade unions become a third force
- in industry, somewhere between management and the workers and pursuing
- its own interests. This need to enforce contracts soon ensures that the
+ company, must be able to promise industrial peace. They need to enforce
+ the contracts they sign with the bosses, even if this goes against the
+ will of its members. Thus trade unions become a third force in
+ industry, somewhere between management and the workers and pursuing its
+ own interests. This need to enforce contracts soon ensures that the
union becomes top-down and centralised -- otherwise its members would
violate the unions agreements. They have to be able to control their
- members - which usually means stopping them fighting the boss - if they
- are to have anything to bargain with at the negotiation table. This may
- sound odd, but the point is that the union official has to sell the
- employer labour discipline and freedom from unofficial strikes as part
- of its side of the bargain. Otherwise the employer will ignore them.
- The nature of trade unionism is to take power away from out of local
- members and centralise it into the hands of officials at the top of the
- organisation.
-
- Thus union officials sell out their members because of the role trade
- unions play within society, not because they are nasty individuals
- (although some are). They behave as they do because they have too much
- power and, being full-time and highly paid, are unaccountable, in any
- real way, to their members. Power -- and wealth -- corrupts, no matter
- who you are. (also see Chapter 11 of Alexander Berkman's What is
- Communist Anarchism? for an excellent introduction to anarchist
+ members -- which usually means stopping them fighting the boss -- if
+ they are to have anything to bargain with at the negotiation table.
+ This may sound odd, but the point is that the union official has to
+ sell the employer labour discipline and freedom from unofficial strikes
+ as part of its side of the bargain otherwise the employer will ignore
+ them.
+
+ The nature of trade unionism, then, is to take power away from out of
+ local members and centralise it into the hands of officials at the top
+ of the organisation. Thus union officials sell out their members
+ because of the role trade unions play within society, not because they
+ are nasty individuals (although some are). They behave as they do
+ because they have too much power and, being full-time and highly paid,
+ are unaccountable, in any real way, to their members. Power -- and
+ wealth -- corrupts, no matter who you are (see Chapter XI of Alexander
+ Berkman's What is Anarchism? for an excellent introduction to anarchist
viewpoints on trade unions).
While, in normal times, most workers will not really question the
@@ -663,68 +959,61 @@ J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
unions agreeing to wage cuts, redundancies and so on -- after all, the
full-time trade union official's job is not on the line! But, of
course, while such a policy is in the short term interests of the
- officials, in the longer term it goes against their interests -- after
- all, who wants to join a union which rolls over and presents no
- effective resistance to employers? Little wonder Michael Moore has a
- chapter entitled "Why are Union Leaders So F#!@ing Stupid?" in his book
- Downsize This! -- essential reading to realise how moronic trade union
+ officials, in the longer term it goes against their interests -- who
+ wants to join a union which rolls over and presents no effective
+ resistance to employers? Little wonder Michael Moore had a chapter
+ entitled "Why are Union Leaders So F#!@ing Stupid?" in his book
+ Downsize This! -- essential reading on how moronic trade union
bureaucrats can actually be. Sadly trade union bureaucracy seems to
- afflict all who enter it with short-sightedness, as seen by the
- countless times the trade unions have sold-out their members --
- although the chickens do, finally, come home to roost, as the
- bureaucrats of the AFL, TUC and other trade unions are finding out in
- this era of global capital and falling membership. So while the
- activities of trade union leaders may seem crazy and short-sighted,
- these activities are forced upon them by their position and role within
- society -- which explains why they are so commonplace and why even
- radical leaders end up doing exactly the same thing in time.
-
- Few anarchists would call upon members of a trade union to tear-up
- their membership cards. While some anarchists, particularly communist
- anarchists and some anarcho-syndicalists have nothing but contempt (and
- rightly so) for trade unions (and so do not work within them -- but
- will support trade union members in struggle), the majority of
- anarchists take a more pragmatic viewpoint. If no alternative
+ afflict all who enter it with short-sightedness -- although the
+ chickens do, finally, come home to roost, as the bureaucrats of the
+ AFL, TUC and other trade unions are finding out in this era of global
+ capital and falling membership. So while the activities of trade union
+ leaders may seem crazy and short-sighted, these activities are forced
+ upon them by their position and role within society -- which explains
+ why they are so commonplace and why even radical leaders end up doing
+ exactly the same thing in time.
+
+ However, few anarchists would call upon members of a trade union to
+ tear-up their membership cards. While some anarchists have nothing but
+ contempt (and rightly so) for trade unions (and so do not work within
+ them -- but will support trade union members in struggle), the majority
+ of anarchists take a more pragmatic viewpoint. If no alternative
syndicalist union exists, anarchists will work within the existing
unions (perhaps becoming shop-stewards -- few anarchists would agree to
be elected to positions above this in any trade union, particularly if
- the post was full-time), spreading the anarchist message and trying to
+ the post were full-time), spreading the anarchist message and trying to
create a libertarian undercurrent which would hopefully blossom into a
- more anarchistic labour movement.
-
- So most anarchists "support" the trade unions only until they have
- created a viable libertarian alternative. Thus we will become trade
- union members while trying to spread anarchist ideas within and outwith
- them. This means that anarchists are flexible in terms of their
- activity in the unions. For example, many IWW members were
- "two-carders." This meant that as well as being members of the IWW,
- they were also in the local AFL branch in their place of work and
- turned to the IWW when the AFL hierarchy refused to back strikes or
- other forms of direct action. Anarchists encourage rank and file
- self-activity, not endless calls for trade union bureaucrats to act for
- us (as is unfortunately far too common on the left).
+ more anarchistic labour movement. So most anarchists "support" the
+ trade unions only until we have created a viable libertarian
+ alternative. Thus we will become trade union members while trying to
+ spread anarchist ideas within and outwith them. This means that
+ anarchists are flexible in terms of our activity in the unions. For
+ example, many IWW members were "two-carders" which meant they were also
+ in the local AFL branch in their place of work and turned to the IWW
+ when the AFL hierarchy refused to back strikes or other forms of direct
+ action.
Anarchist activity within trade unions reflects our ideas on hierarchy
- and its corrupting effects. We reject totally the response of left-wing
- social democrats, Stalinists and mainstream Trotskyists to the problem
- of trade union betrayal, which is to try and elect and/or appoint
- 'better' officials. They see the problem primarily in terms of the
- individuals who hold the posts. However this ignores the fact that
- individuals are shaped by the environment they live in and the role
- they play in society. Thus even the most left-wing and progressive
- individual will become a bureaucrat if they are placed within a
- bureaucracy -- and we must note that the problem of corruption does not
- spring from the high-wages officials are paid (although this is a
- factor), but from the power they have over their members (which partly
- expresses itself in high pay).
-
- Any claim that electing "radical" full-time officials who refuse to
- take the high wages associated with the position will be better is
- false. The hierarchical nature of the trade union structure has to be
- changed, not side-effects of it. As the left has no problem with
- hierarchy as such, this explains why they support this form of
+ and its corrupting effects. We reject the response of left-wing social
+ democrats, Stalinists and mainstream Trotskyists to the problem of
+ trade union betrayal, which is to try and elect 'better' officials.
+ They see the problem primarily in terms of the individuals who hold the
+ posts so ignoring the fact that individuals are shaped by the
+ environment they live in and the role they play in society. Thus even
+ the most left-wing and progressive individual will become a bureaucrat
+ if they are placed within a bureaucracy.
+
+ We must note that the problem of corruption does not spring from the
+ high-wages officials are paid (although this is a factor), but from the
+ power they have over their members (which partly expresses itself in
+ high pay). Any claim that electing "radical" full-time officials who
+ refuse to take the high wages associated with the position will be
+ better is false. The hierarchical nature of the trade union structure
+ has to be changed, not side-effects of it. As the left has no problem
+ with hierarchy as such, this explains why they support this form of
"reform." They do not actually want to undercut whatever dependency the
- members has on leadership, they want to replace the leaders with
+ members have on leadership, they want to replace the leaders with
"better" ones (i.e. themselves or members of their party) and so
endlessly call upon the trade union bureaucracy to act for its members.
In this way, they hope, trade unionists will see the need to support a
@@ -734,35 +1023,36 @@ J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
membership follows them. Thus anarchists aim at undercutting reliance
on leaders (be they left or right) by encouraging self-activity by the
rank and file and awareness that hierarchical leadership as such is
- bad, not individual leaders.
+ bad, not individual leaders. Anarchists encourage rank and file
+ self-activity, not endless calls for trade union bureaucrats to act for
+ us (as is unfortunately far too common on the left).
Instead of "reform" from above (which is doomed to failure), anarchists
work at the bottom and attempt to empower the rank and file of the
trade unions. It is self-evident that the more power, initiative and
- control that lies with the rank & file membership on the shop floor,
- the less it will lie with the bureaucracy. Thus anarchists work within
- and outwith the trade unions in order to increase the power of workers
- where it actually lies: at the point of production. This is usually
- done by creating networks of activists who spread anarchist ideas to
- their fellow workers (see next section -- [11]"What are Industrial
- Networks?").
-
- These groups "within the unions should strive to ensure that they [the
- trade unions] remain open to all workers of whatever opinion or party
- on the sole condition that there is solidarity in the struggle against
- the bosses. They should oppose the corporatist spirit and any attempt
- to monopolise labour or organisation. They should prevent the Unions
- from becoming the tools of the politicians for electoral or other
- authoritarian ends; they should preach and practice direct action,
- decentralisation, autonomy and free initiative. They should strive to
- help members learn how to participate directly in the life of the
- organisation and to do without leaders and permanent officials.
-
- "They must, in short, remain anarchists, remain always in close touch
- with anarchists and remember that the workers' organisation is not the
- end but just one of the means, however important, of preparing the way
- for the achievement of anarchism."
- [Errico Malatesta, The Anarchist Revolution, pp. 26-27]
+ control that lies on the shop floor, the less the bureaucracy has. Thus
+ anarchists work within and outwith the trade unions in order to
+ increase the power of workers where it actually lies: at the point of
+ production. This is usually done by creating networks of activists who
+ spread anarchist ideas to their fellow workers (see [11]next section).
+ Hence Malatesta:
+
+ "The anarchists within the unions should strive to ensure that they
+ remain open to all workers of whatever opinion or party on the sole
+ condition that there is solidarity in the struggle against the
+ bosses. They should oppose the corporatist spirit and any attempt to
+ monopolise labour or organisation. They should prevent the Unions
+ from becoming the tools of the politicians for electoral or other
+ authoritarian ends; they should preach and practice direct action,
+ decentralisation, autonomy and free initiative. They should strive
+ to help members learn how to participate directly in the life of the
+ organisation and to do without leaders and permanent officials.
+
+ "They must, in short, remain anarchists, remain always in close
+ touch with anarchists and remember that the workers' organisation is
+ not the end but just one of the means, however important, of
+ preparing the way for the achievement of anarchism." [The Anarchist
+ Revolution, pp. 26-7]
As part of this activity anarchists promote the ideas of Industrial
Unionism we highlighted in the [12]last section -- namely direct
@@ -770,19 +1060,19 @@ J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
committees -- during times of struggle. However, anarchists are aware
that economic struggle (and trade unionism as such) "cannot be an end
in itself, since the struggle must also be waged at a political level
- to distinguish the role of the State." [Errico Malatesta, Life and
- Ideas, p, 115] Thus, as well as encouraging worker self-organisation
- and self-activity, anarchist groups also seek to politicise struggles
- and those involved in them. Only this process of self-activity and
- political discussion between equals within social struggles can ensure
- the process of working class self-liberation and the creation of new,
- more libertarian, forms of workplace organisation.
+ to distinguish the role of the State." [Malatesta, Errico Malatesta:
+ His Life and Ideas, p, 115] Thus, as well as encouraging worker
+ self-organisation and self-activity, anarchist groups also seek to
+ politicise struggles and those involved in them. Only this process of
+ self-activity and political discussion between equals within social
+ struggles can ensure the process of working class self-liberation and
+ the creation of new, more libertarian, forms of workplace organisation.
The result of such activity may be a new form of workplace organisation
(either workplace assemblies or an anarcho-syndicalist union) or a
reformed, more democratic version of the existing trade union (although
few anarchists believe that the current trade unions can be reformed).
- But either way, the aim is to get as many members of the current labour
+ Either way, the aim is to get as many members of the current labour
movement to become anarchists as possible or, at the very least, take a
more libertarian and radical approach to their unions and workplace
struggle.
@@ -792,123 +1082,120 @@ J.5.4 What are industrial networks?
Industrial networks are the means by which revolutionary industrial
unions and other forms of libertarian workplace organisation can be
created. The idea of Industrial Networks originated with the British
- section of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers' Association
- in the late 1980s. It was developed as a means of promoting
- anarcho-syndicalist/anarchist ideas within the workplace, so creating
- the basis on which a workplace movement based upon the ideas of
- industrial unionism (see section [13]J.5.2) could grow and expand.
+ section of the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers Association in
+ the late 1980s. It was developed as a means of promoting libertarian
+ ideas within the workplace, so creating the basis on which a workplace
+ movement based upon the ideas of industrial unionism (see [13]section
+ J.5.2) could grow and expand.
The idea is very simple. An Industrial Network is a federation of
militants in a given industry who support the ideas of anarchism and/or
anarcho-syndicalism, namely direct action, solidarity and organisation
from the bottom up (the difference between purely anarchist networks
- and anarcho-syndicalist ones will be highlighted later). In other
- words, it would "initially be a political grouping in the economic
- sphere, aiming to build a less reactive but positive organisation
- within the industry. The long term aim. . . is, obviously, the creation
- of an anarcho-syndicalist union." [Winning the Class War, p. 18]
-
- The Industrial Network would be an organisation of groups of anarchists
- and syndicalists within a workplace united into an industrial basis.
- They would pull their resources together to fund a regular bulletin and
+ and anarcho-syndicalist ones will be highlighted later). It would
+ "initially be a political grouping in the economic sphere, aiming to
+ build a less reactive but positive organisation within the industry.
+ The long term aim . . . is, obviously, the creation of an
+ anarcho-syndicalist union." [Winning the Class War, p. 18]
+
+ The Industrial Network would be an organisation of groups of
+ libertarians within a workplace united on an industrial basis. They
+ would pull their resources together to fund a regular bulletin and
other forms of propaganda which they would distribute within their
- workplace and industry. These bulletins and leaflets would raise and
- discuss issues related to work and how to right back and win as well as
- placing workplace issues in a social and political context. This
- propaganda would present anarchist ideas of workplace organisation and
- resistance as well as general anarchist ideas and analysis. In this way
- anarchist ideas and tactics would be able to get a wider hearing and
- anarchists can have an input as anarchists into workplace struggles.
+ workplaces. These bulletins and leaflets would raise and discuss issues
+ related to work, how to fight back and win as well as placing workplace
+ issues in a social and political context. This propaganda would present
+ anarchist ideas of workplace organisation and resistance as well as
+ general anarchist ideas and analysis. In this way anarchist ideas and
+ tactics would be able to get a wider hearing and anarchists can have an
+ input as anarchists into workplace struggles.
Traditionally, many syndicalists and anarcho-syndicalists advocated the
One Big Union strategy, the aim of which was to organise all workers
into one organisation representing the whole working class. Today,
- however, most anarcho-syndicalists and all social anarchists advocate
- workers assemblies for decision making during struggles (the basic form
- of which we discussed in section [14]J.5.2). The role of the anarchist
- group or anarcho-syndicalist (or revolutionary) union would basically
- be to call such workplace assemblies, argue for direct workers control
- of struggle by these mass assemblies, promote direct action and
- solidarity, put across anarchist ideas and politics and keep things on
- the boil, so to speak.
-
- This support for industrial networks exists because most
- anarcho-syndicalists recognise that they face dual unionism (which
- means there are more than one union within a given workplace or
- country). This was the case, historically, in all countries with a
- large anarcho-syndicalist union movement - in Spain and Italy there
- were the socialist unions along with the syndicalist ones and so on).
- Therefore most anarcho-syndicalists do not expect to ever get a
- majority of the working class into a revolutionary union before a
- revolutionary situation develops. In addition, anarcho-syndicalists
- recognise that a revolutionary union "is not just an economic fighting
- force, but also an organisation with a political context. To build such
- a union requires a lot of work and experience" of which the Industrial
- Networks are but one aspect. [Ibid.]
+ however, most anarcho-syndicalists, like other revolutionary
+ anarchists, advocate workers assemblies for decision making during
+ struggles which are open to all workers (union members or not) as they
+ recognise that they face dual unionism (which means there are more than
+ one union within a given workplace or country). This was the case,
+ historically, in all countries with a large syndicalist union movement
+ there were also socialist unions. Therefore most anarcho-syndicalists
+ do not expect to ever get a majority of the working class into a
+ revolutionary union before a revolutionary situation develops. In
+ addition, revolutionary unions do not simply appear, they develop from
+ previous struggles and require a lot of work and experience of which
+ the Industrial Networks are but one aspect. The most significant
+ revolutionary unions (such as the IWW, USI and CNT) were originally
+ formed by unions and union militants with substantial experience of
+ struggle behind them, some of whom were part of existing trade union
+ bodies.
Thus industrial networks are intended to deal with the actual situation
that confronts us, and provide a strategy for moving from our present
- reality toward out ultimate goals. Where one has only a handful of
- anarchists and syndicalists in a workplace or scattered across several
- workplaces there is a clear need for developing ways for these fellow
- workers to effectively act in union, rather than be isolated and
- relegated to more general agitation. A handful of anarchists cannot
- meaningfully call a general strike. But we can agitate around specific
- industrial issues and organise our fellow workers to do something about
- them. Through such campaigns we demonstrate the advantages of
- rank-and-file unionism and direct action, show our fellow workers that
- our ideas are not mere abstract theory but can be implemented here and
- now, attract new members and supporters, and further develop our
- capacity to develop revolutionary unions in our workplaces.
-
- Thus the creation of Industrial Networks and the calling for workplace
- assemblies is a recognition of where we are now -- with anarchist ideas
- very much in the minority. Calling for workers assemblies is not an
- anarchist tactic per se, we must add, but a working class one developed
- and used plenty of times by workers in struggles (indeed, it was how
- the current trade unions were created). It also puts the onus on the
- reformists and reactionary unions by appealing directly to their
- members as workers and showing their bureaucrat organisations and
- reformist politics by creating an effective alternative to them.
+ reality toward out ultimate goals. The role of the anarchist group or
+ syndicalist union would be to call workplace assemblies and their
+ federation into councils, argue for direct workers control of struggle
+ by these mass assemblies, promote direct action and solidarity, put
+ across anarchist ideas and politics and keep things on the boil, so to
+ speak. When one has only a handful of anarchists and syndicalists in a
+ workplace or scattered across several workplaces there is a clear need
+ for developing ways for these fellow workers to effectively act in
+ union, rather than be isolated and relegated to more general agitation.
+ A handful of anarchists cannot meaningfully call a general strike but
+ we can agitate around specific industrial issues and organise our
+ fellow workers to do something about them. Through such campaigns we
+ demonstrate the advantages of rank-and-file unionism and direct action,
+ show our fellow workers that our ideas are not mere abstract theory but
+ can be implemented here and now, attract new members and supporters,
+ and further develop our capacity to develop revolutionary unions in our
+ workplaces. Thus the creation of Industrial Networks and the calling
+ for workplace assemblies is a recognition of where we are now -- with
+ anarchist ideas very much in the minority. Calling for workers
+ assemblies is not an anarchist tactic per se, we must add, but a
+ working class one developed and used plenty of times by workers in
+ struggle (indeed, it was how the current trade unions were created). It
+ also puts the onus on the reformists unions by appealing directly to
+ their members as workers and exposing their bureaucrat organisations
+ and reformist politics by creating an effective alternative to them.
A few anarchists reject the idea of Industrial Networks and instead
support the idea of "rank and file" groups which aim to put pressure on
- the current trade unions to become more militant and democratic (a few
- anarcho-syndicalists think that such groups can be used to reform the
- trade-unions into libertarian, revolutionary organisations -- called
- "boring from within" -- but most reject this as utopia, viewing the
- trade union bureaucracy as unreformable as the state's). Moreover,
- opponents of "rank and file" groups argue that they direct time and
- energy away from practical and constructive activity and instead waste
- them "[b]y constantly arguing for changes to the union structure. . .
- the need for the leadership to be more accountable, etc., [and so] they
- not only [offer] false hope but [channel] energy and discontent away
- from the real problem - the social democratic nature of reformist trade
- unions." [Winning the Class War, p. 11]
+ the current trade unions to become more militant and democratic. Some
+ even think that such groups can be used to reform the trade-unions into
+ libertarian, revolutionary organisations -- called "boring from within"
+ -- but most reject this as utopian, viewing the trade union bureaucracy
+ as unreformable as the state's (and it is likely that rather than
+ change the trade union, "boring from within" would change the
+ syndicalists by watering down their ideas). Moreover, opponents of
+ "rank and file" groups argue that they direct time and energy away from
+ practical and constructive activity and instead waste them "[b]y
+ constantly arguing for changes to the union structure . . . the need
+ for the leadership to be more accountable, etc., [and so] they not only
+ [offer] false hope but [channel] energy and discontent away from the
+ real problem -- the social democratic nature of reformist trade
+ unions." [Op. Cit., p. 11]
Supporters of the "rank and file" approach fear that the Industrial
Networks will isolate anarchists from the mass of trade union members
- by creating tiny "pure" syndicalist unions or anarchist groups. But
- such a claim is rejected by supporters of Industrial Networks. They
- maintain that they will be working with trade union members where it
- counts, in the workplace and not in badly attended, unrepresentative
- branch meetings. So:
+ by creating tiny "pure" syndicalist groups. Such a claim is rejected by
+ supporters of Industrial Networks who argue that rather than being
+ isolated from the majority of trade unionists they would be in contact
+ with them where it counts, in the workplace and in struggle rather than
+ in trade union meetings which many workers do not even attend:
"We have no intention of isolating ourselves from the many workers
who make up the rest of the rank and file membership of the unions.
We recognise that a large proportion of trade union members are only
- nominally so as the main activity of social democratic [i.e.
- reformist] unions is outside the workplace. . . We aim to unite and
- not divide workers.
+ nominally so as the main activity of social democratic unions is
+ outside the workplace . . . We aim to unite and not divide workers.
"It has been argued that social democratic unions will not tolerate
this kind of activity, and that we would be all expelled and thus
isolated. So be it. We, however, don't think that this will happen
- until. . . workplace militants had found a voice independent of the
+ until . . . workplace militants had found a voice independent of the
trade unions and so they become less useful to us anyway. Our aim is
not to support social democracy, but to show it up as irrelevant to
- the working class."
- [Op. Cit., p. 19]
+ the working class." [Op. Cit., p. 19]
Whatever the merits and disadvantages of both approaches are, it seems
likely that the activity of both will overlap in practice with
@@ -918,18 +1205,19 @@ J.5.4 What are industrial networks?
As noted above, there is a slight difference between
anarcho-syndicalist supporters of Industrial Networks and
communist-anarchist ones. This is to do with how they see the function
- and aim of these networks. While both agree that such networks should
- agitate in their industry and call and support mass assemblies to
- organise resistance to capitalist exploitation and oppression they
- disagree on who can join the network groups and what they aims should
- be. Anarcho-syndicalists aim for the Industrial Networks to be the
- focal point for the building of permanent syndicalist unions and so aim
- for the Industrial Networks to be open to all workers who accept the
- general aims of the organisation. Anarcho-communists, however, view
+ and aim of these networks. In the short run, both agree that such
+ networks should agitate in their industry and call mass assemblies to
+ organise resistance to capitalist exploitation and oppression. They
+ disagree on who can join the network groups and what their medium term
+ aims should be. Anarcho-syndicalists aim for the Industrial Networks to
+ be the focal point for the building of permanent syndicalist unions and
+ so aim for the Industrial Networks to be open to all workers who accept
+ the general aims of the organisation. Anarcho-communists, however, view
Industrial Networks as a means of increasing anarchist ideas within the
working class and are not primarily concerned about building
syndicalist unions (while many anarcho-communists would support such a
- development, some do not).
+ development, some do not). In the long term, they both aim for social
+ revolution and workers' self-management of production.
These anarchists, therefore, see the need for workplace-based branches
of an anarchist group along with the need for networks of militant
@@ -937,146 +1225,156 @@ J.5.4 What are industrial networks?
but pretends to be the other. They argue that, far from avoiding the
problems of classical anarcho-syndicalism, such networks seem to
emphasise one of the worst problems -- namely that of how the
- organisation remains anarchist but is open to non-anarchists.
-
- But the similarities between the two positions are greater than the
+ organisation remains anarchist but is open to non-anarchists. However,
+ the similarities between the two positions are greater than the
differences and so can be summarised together, as we have done here.
J.5.5 What forms of co-operative credit do anarchists support?
Anarchists tend to support must forms of co-operation, including those
- associated with credit and money. This co-operative credit/banking
- takes many forms, such as credit unions, LETS schemes and so on. In
- this section we discuss two main forms of co-operative credit,
- mutualism and LETS
+ associated with credit and money. This co-operative banking takes many
+ forms, such as credit unions, LETS schemes and so on. In this section
+ we discuss two main forms of co-operative credit, mutualism and LETS
.
Mutualism is the name for the ideas associated with Proudhon and his
Bank of the People. Essentially, it is a confederation of credit unions
- in which working class people pool their funds and savings. This allows
- credit to be arranged at cost, so increasing the options available to
- working people as well as abolishing interest on loans by making
- increasing amount of cheap credit available to working people. LETS
- stands for Local Exchange Trading Schemes and is a similar idea in many
- ways (and apparently discovered independently) -- see Bringing the
- Economy Home from the Market by V.G. Dobson for a detailed discussion
- on LETS.
+ in which working class people pool their funds and savings so allowing
+ credit to be supplied at cost (no interest), so increasing the options
+ available to them. LETS stands for Local Exchange Trading Schemes and
+ is a similar idea in many ways (see Bringing the Economy Home from the
+ Market by Ross V.G. Dobson on LETS). From its start in Canada, LETS has
+ spread across the world and there are now hundreds of schemes involving
+ hundreds of thousands of people.
Both schemes revolve around creating an alternative form of currency
and credit within capitalism in order to allow working class people to
- work outwith the capitalist money system by creating "labour notes" as
- a new circulating medium. In this way, it is hoped, workers would be
- able to improve their living and working conditions by having a source
- of community-based (very low interest) credit and so be less dependent
- on capitalists and the capitalist banking system. Some supporters of
- mutualism considered it as the ideal way of reforming capitalism away.
- By making credit available to the ordinary worker at very cheap rates,
- the end of wage slavery would soon occur as workers would work for
- themselves by either purchasing the necessary tools required for their
- work or, by their increased bargaining power within the economy, gain
- industrial democracy from the capitalists by buying them out.
-
- Such ideas have had a long history within the socialist movement,
- originating in the British socialist movement in the early 19th
- century. Robert Owen and other Socialists active at the time considered
- the idea of labour notes and exchanges as a means of improving working
- class conditions within capitalism and as the means of reforming
- capitalism into a society of confederated, self-governing communities.
- Indeed, "Equitable Labour Exchanges" were "founded at London and
- Birmingham in 1832" with "Labour notes and the exchange of small
- products" [E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, p.
- 870] Apparently independently of these early attempts in England at
- what would later be called mutualism, P-J Proudhon arrived at the same
- ideas decades later in France. In his words, "The People's Bank quite
- simply embodies the financial and economic aspects of the principle of
- modern democracy, that is, the sovereignty of the People, and of the
+ work outwith the capitalist money system by creating a new circulating
+ medium. In this way, it is hoped, workers would be able to improve
+ their living and working conditions by having a source of
+ community-based (very low interest) credit and so be less dependent on
+ capitalists and the capitalist banking system. Supporters of mutualism
+ considered it as the ideal way of reforming capitalism away for by
+ making credit available to the ordinary worker at very cheap rates, the
+ end of wage slavery could occur as workers would work for themselves by
+ either purchasing the necessary tools required for their work or by
+ buying the capitalists out.
+
+ Mutual credit, in short, is a form of credit co-operation, in which
+ individuals pull their resources together in order to benefit
+ themselves as individuals and as part of a community. It has the
+ following key aspects:
+
+ -- Co-operation: No-one owns the network. It is controlled by its
+ members democratically.
+
+ -- Non-exploitative: No interest is charged on account balances or
+ credit. At most administrative costs are charged, a result of it
+ being commonly owned and managed.
+
+ -- Consent: Nothing happens without it, there is no compulsion to
+ trade.
+
+ -- Labour-Notes: They use their own type of money as a means of
+ aiding "honest exchange."
+
+ It is hoped, by organising credit, working class people will be able to
+ work for themselves and slowly but surely replace capitalism with a
+ co-operative system based upon self-management. While LETS schemes do
+ not have such grand schemes, historically mutualism aimed at working
+ within and transforming capitalism to socialism. At the very least,
+ LETS schemes reduce the power and influence of banks and finance
+ capital within society as mutualism ensures that working people have a
+ viable alternative to such parasites.
+
+ These ideas have had a long history within the socialist movement,
+ originating in Britain in the early 19th century when Robert Owen and
+ other Socialists raised the idea of labour notes and labour-exchanges
+ as both a means of improving working class conditions within capitalism
+ and of reforming capitalism into a society of confederated,
+ self-governing communities. Such "Equitable Labour Exchanges" were
+ "founded at London and Birmingham in 1832" with "Labour notes and the
+ exchange of small products." [E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English
+ Working Class, p. 870] Apparently independently of these attempts in
+ Britain at what would later be called mutualism, Proudhon arrived at
+ the same ideas decades later in France: "The People's Bank quite simply
+ embodies the financial and economic aspects of the principle of modern
+ democracy, that is, the sovereignty of the People, and of the
republican motto, 'Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.'" [Selected Writings
of P-J Proudhon, p. 75] Similarly, in the USA (partly as a result of
Joshua Warren's activities, who got the idea from Robert Owen) there
was extensive discussion on labour notes, exchanges and free credit as
a means of protecting workers from the evils of capitalism and ensuring
their independence and freedom from wage slavery. When Proudhon's works
- appeared in North America, the basic arguments were well known.
+ appeared in North America, the basic arguments were well known and they
+ were quickly adopted by radicals there.
Therefore the idea that mutual banking using labour money as a means to
improve working class living conditions, even, perhaps, to achieve
industrial democracy, self-management and the end of capitalism has a
long history in Socialist thought. Unfortunately this aspect of
socialism became less important with the rise of Marxism (which called
- these early socialists "utopian") attempts at such credit unions and
+ these early socialists "utopian"). Attempts at such credit unions and
alternative exchange schemes were generally replaced with attempts to
- build working class political parties. With the rise of Marxian social
- democracy, constructive socialistic experiments and collective working
- class self-help was replaced by working within the capitalist state.
- Fortunately, history has had the last laugh on Marxism with working
- class people yet again creating anew the ideas of Mutualism (as can be
- seen by the growth of LETS and other schemes of community money).
-
-J.5.6 What are the key features of mutual credit schemes?
-
- Mutualism, as noted in the [15]last section, is a form of credit
- co-operation, in which individuals pull their resources together in
- order to benefit themselves as individuals and as part of a community.
- LETS is another form of mutualism which developed recently, and
- apparently developed independently (from its start in Canada, LETS has
- spread across the world and there are now hundreds of schemes involved
- hundreds of thousands of people). Mutual banks and LETS have the
- following key aspects:
-
- 1) Co-operation: No-one owns the network. It is controlled by its
- members directly.
- 2) Non-exploitative: No interest is charged on account balances or
- credit. At most administrative costs are charged, a result of it
- being commonly owned and managed.
- 3) Consent: Nothing happens without it, there is no compulsion to
- trade.
- 4) Money: They use their own type of money (traditionally called
- "labour-notes") as a means of aiding "honest exchange".
-
- It is hoped, by organising credit, working class people will be able to
- work for themselves and slowly but surely replace capitalism with a
- co-operative system based upon self-management. While LETS schemes do
- not have such grand schemes, historically mutualism aimed at working
- within and transforming capitalism to socialism. At the very least,
- LETS schemes reduce the power and influence of banks and finance
- capital within society as mutualism ensures that working people have a
- viable alternative to such parasites.
-
- This point is important, as the banking system and money is often
- considered "neutral" (particularly in capitalist economics). However,
- as Malatesta correctly argues, it would be "a mistake to believe . . .
- that the banks are, or are in the main, a means to facilitate exchange;
- they are a means to speculate on exchange and currencies, to invest
- capital and to make it produce interest, and to fulfil other typically
- capitalist operations." [Life and Ideas, p. 100]
-
- Within capitalism, money is still to a large degree a commodity which
- is more than a convenient measure of work done in the production of
- goods and services. As a commodity it can and does go anywhere in the
- world where it can get the best return for its owners, and so it tends
- to drain out of those communities that need it most. It is the means by
- which capitalists can buy the liberty of working people and get them to
- produce a surplus for them (wealth is, after all, "a power invested in
- certain individuals by the institutions of society, to compel others to
- labour for their benefit." [William Godwin, The Anarchist Writings of
- William Godwin, p. 130]. From this consideration alone, working class
- control of credit and money is an important part of the class struggle
- as having access to alternative sources of credit can increase working
- class options and power.
-
- Moreover, credit is also an important form of social control -- people
- who have to pay their mortgage or visa bill are more pliable, less
- likely to strike or make other forms of political trouble. And, of
- course, credit expands the consumption of the masses in the face of
- stagnant or falling wages while allowing capitalists to profit from it.
- Indeed, there is a link between the rising debt burden on households in
- the 1980s and 1990s and the increasing concentration of wealth. This is
- "because of the decline in real hourly wages and the stagnation in
- household incomes, the middle and lower classes have borrowed to stay
- in place; they've borrowed from the very rich who have gotten richer.
- The rich need a place to earn interest on their surplus funds, and the
- rest of the population makes a juicy lending target." [Doug Henwood,
- Wall Street, pp. 64-65]
+ build working class political parties and so constructive socialistic
+ experiments and collective working class self-help was replaced by
+ working within the capitalist state. Fortunately, history has had the
+ last laugh on Marxism with working class people yet again creating anew
+ the ideas of mutualism (as can be seen by the growth of LETS and other
+ schemes of community money).
+
+J.5.6 Why are mutual credit schemes important?
+
+ Mutual credit schemes are important because they are a way to improve
+ working class life under capitalism and ensure that what money we do
+ have is used to benefit ourselves rather than the elite. By organising
+ credit, we retain control over it and so rather than being used to
+ invest in capitalist schemes it can be used for socialist alternatives.
+
+ For example, rather than allow the poorest to be at the mercy of loan
+ sharks a community, by organising credit, can ensure its members
+ receive cheap credit. Rather than give capitalist banks bundles of cash
+ to invest in capitalist firms seeking to extract profits from a
+ locality, it can be used to fund a co-operative instead. Rather than
+ invest pension schemes into the stock market and so help undermine
+ workers pay and living standards by increasing rentier power, it can be
+ used to invest in schemes to improve the community and its economy. In
+ short, rather than bolster capitalist power and so control, mutual
+ credit aims to undermine the power of capitalist banks and finance by
+ placing as much money as much possible in working class hands.
+
+ This point is important, as the banking system is often considered
+ "neutral" (particularly in capitalist economics). However, as Malatesta
+ correctly argued, it would be "a mistake to believe . . . that the
+ banks are, or are in the main, a means to facilitate exchange; they are
+ a means to speculate on exchange and currencies, to invest capital and
+ to make it produce interest, and to fulfil other typically capitalist
+ operations." [Errico Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 100] Within
+ capitalism, money is still to a large degree a commodity which is more
+ than a convenient measure of work done in the production of goods and
+ services. It can and does go anywhere in the world where it can get the
+ best return for its owners, and so it tends to drain out of those
+ communities that need it most (why else would a large company invest in
+ a community unless the money it takes out of the area handsomely
+ exceeds that put it?). It is the means by which capitalists can buy the
+ liberty of working people and get them to produce a surplus for them
+ (wealth is, after all, "a power invested in certain individuals by the
+ institutions of society, to compel others to labour for their benefit."
+ [William Godwin, The Anarchist Writings of William Godwin, p. 130]).
+ From this consideration alone, working class control of credit and
+ money is an important part of the class struggle as having access to
+ alternative sources of credit can increase working class options and
+ power.
+
+ As we discussed in [14]section B.3.2, credit is also an important form
+ of social control -- people who have to pay their mortgage or visa bill
+ are more pliable, less likely to strike or make other forms of
+ political trouble. Credit also expands the consumption of the masses in
+ the face of stagnant or falling wages so blunting the impact of
+ increasing exploitation. Moreover, as an added bonus, there is a profit
+ to be made as the "rich need a place to earn interest on their surplus
+ funds, and the rest of the population makes a juicy lending target."
+ [Doug Henwood, Wall Street, p. 65]
Little wonder that the state (and the capitalists who run it) is so
concerned to keep control of money in its own hands or the hands of its
@@ -1084,100 +1382,146 @@ J.5.6 What are the key features of mutual credit schemes?
wealth would stay more in working class communities, and the social
power of working people would increase (for people would be more likely
to struggle for higher wages and better conditions -- as the fear of
- debt repayments would be less).
-
- Therefore, mutualism is an example of what could be termed
- "counter-economics". By counter-economics we mean the creation of
- community-based credit unions that do not put their money into "Capital
- Markets" or into capitalist Banks. We mean finding ways for workers to
- control their own retirement funds. We mean finding ways of using money
- as a means of undermining capitalist power and control and supporting
- social struggle and change.
-
- In this way working people are controlling more and more of the money
- supply and using it ways that will stop capital from using it to
- oppress and exploit the working class. An example of why this can be
- important can be seen from the results of the existing workers' pension
- fund system. Currently workers pension funds are being used to invest
- in capitalist firms (particularly transnationals and other forms of Big
- Business) and these companies use the invested money to fund their
- activities. The idea is that by so investing, workers will receive an
- adequate pension in their old age.
-
- However, the only people actually winning are bankers and big
+ debt repayments would be less). By the creation of community-based
+ credit unions that do not put their money into "Capital Markets" or
+ into capitalist Banks working class people can control their own
+ credit, their own retirement funds, and find ways of using money as a
+ means of undermining capitalist power and supporting social struggle
+ and change. In this way working people are controlling more and more of
+ the money supply and using it in ways that will stop capital from using
+ it to oppress and exploit them.
+
+ An example of why this can be important can be seen from the existing
+ workers' pension fund system which is invested in the stock market in
+ the hope that workers will receive an adequate pension in their old
+ age. However, the only people actually winning are bankers and big
companies. Unsurprisingly, the managers of these pension fund companies
are investing in those firms with the highest returns, which are
usually those who are downsizing or extracting most surplus value from
their workforce (which in turn forces other companies to follow the
same strategies to get access to the available funds in order to
- survive).
-
- Basically, if you are lending your money to be used to put your fellow
- worker out of work or increase the power of capital, then you are not
- only helping to make things harder for others like you, you are also
- helping making things worse for yourself. No person is an island, and
- increasing the clout of capital over the working class is going to
- affect you directly or indirectly. And, of course, it seems crazy to
- suggest that workers desire to experience insecurity, fear of
+ survive). Basically, if your money is used to downsize your fellow
+ workers or increase the power of capital, then you are not only helping
+ to make things harder for others like you, you are also helping making
+ things worse for yourself. No person is an island, and increasing the
+ clout of capital over the working class is going to affect you directly
+ or indirectly. As such, the whole scheme is counter-productive as it
+ effectively means workers have to experience insecurity, fear of
downsizing and stagnating wages during their working lives in order to
- have slightly more money when they retire.
+ have slightly more money when they retire (assuming that they are
+ fortunate enough to retire when the stock market is doing well rather
+ than during one of its regular periods of financial instability, of
+ course).
This highlights one of the tricks the capitalists are using against us,
namely to get us to buy into the system through our fear of old age.
- Whether it is going into lifelong debt to buy a home or lending our
- money to capitalists, we are being encouraged to buy into something
- which we value more than what is right and wrong. This allows us to be
- more easily controlled by the government. We need to get away from
- living in fear and stop allowing ourselves to be deceived into behaving
- like "stakeholders" in Capitalistic and Plutocratic systems. As can be
- seen from the use of pension funds to buy out firms, increase the size
- of transnationals and downsize the workforce, such "stakeholding"
- amounts to trading in the present
+ Whether it is going into lifelong debt to buy a home or putting our
+ money in the stock market, we are being encouraged to buy into the
+ system which exploits us and so put its interests above our own. This
+ makes us more easily controlled. We need to get away from living in
+ fear and stop allowing ourselves to be deceived into behaving like
+ "stakeholders" in a Plutocratic system where most shares really are
+ held by an elite. As can be seen from the use of pension funds to buy
+ out firms, increase the size of transnationals and downsize the
+ workforce, such "stakeholding" amounts to sacrificing both the present
and the future while others benefit.
The real enemies are not working people who take part in such pension
schemes. It is the people in power, those who manage the pension
- schemes and companies, who are trying to squeeze every last cent out of
- working people to finance higher profits and stock prices -- which the
- unemployment and impoverishment of workers on a world-wide scale aids.
- They control the governments of the world. They are making the "rules"
- of the current system. Hence the importance of limiting the money they
- have available, of creating community-based credit unions and mutual
- risk insurance co-operatives to increase our control over our money and
- create our own, alternative, means of credit and exchange (as presented
- as mutualism) which can be used to empower ourselves, aid our struggles
- and create our own alternatives. Money, representing as it does the
- power of capital and the authority of the boss, is not "neutral" and
- control over it plays a role in the class struggle. We ignore such
+ schemes and companies, who are trying to squeeze every last penny out
+ of working people to finance higher profits and stock prices -- which
+ the unemployment and impoverishment of workers on a world-wide scale
+ aids. They control the governments of the world. They are making the
+ "rules" of the current system. Hence the importance of limiting the
+ money they have available, of creating community-based credit unions
+ and mutual risk insurance co-operatives to increase our control over
+ our money which can be used to empower ourselves, aid our struggles and
+ create our own alternatives (see [15]section B.3.2 for more anarchist
+ views on mutual credit and its uses). Money, representing as it does
+ the power of capital and the authority of the boss, is not "neutral"
+ and control over it plays a role in the class struggle. We ignore such
issues at our own peril.
J.5.7 Do most anarchists think mutual credit is sufficient to abolish
capitalism?
- The short answer is no, they do not. While the Individualist Anarchists
- and Mutualists (followers of Proudhon) do think that mutual banking is
- the only sure way of abolishing capitalism, most anarchists do not see
- mutualism as an end in itself. Few think that capitalism can be
- reformed away in the manner assumed by Proudhon. Increased access to
- credit does not address the relations of production and market power
- which exist within the economy and so any move for financial
- transformation has to be part of a broader attack on all forms of
- capitalist social power in order to be both useful and effective (see
- section [16]B.3.2 for more anarchist views on mutual credit and its
- uses). So, for most anarchists, it is only in combination with other
- forms of working class self-activity and self-management that mutualist
- institutions could play an important role in the class struggle.
-
- By creating a network of mutual banks to aid in creating co-operatives,
+ The short answer is no, they do not. While the Individualist and
+ Mutualist Anarchists do think that mutual banking is the only sure way
+ of abolishing capitalism, most anarchists do not see it as an end in
+ itself. Few think that capitalism can be reformed away in the manner
+ assumed by Proudhon or Tucker.
+
+ In terms of the latter, increased access to credit does not address the
+ relations of production and market power which exist within the economy
+ and so any move for financial transformation has to be part of a
+ broader attack on all forms of capitalist social power in order to be
+ both useful and effective. In short, assuming that Individualist
+ Anarchists do manage to organise a mutual banking scheme it cannot be
+ assumed that as long as firms use wage-labour that any spurt in
+ economic activity will have a long term effect of eliminating
+ exploitation. What is more likely is that an economic crisis would
+ develop as lowering unemployment results in a profits squeeze (as
+ occurred in, say, the 1970s). Without a transformation in the relations
+ of production, the net effect would be the usual capitalist business
+ cycle.
+
+ For the former, for mutualists like Proudhon, mutual credit was seen as
+ a means of transforming the relations of production (as discussed in
+ [16]section G.4.1, unlike Proudhon, Tucker did not oppose wage-labour
+ and just sought to make it non-exploitative). For Proudhon, mutual
+ credit was seen as the means by which co-operatives could be created to
+ end wage-labour. The organisation of labour would combine with the
+ organisation of credit to end capitalism as workers would fund
+ co-operative firms and their higher efficiency would soon drive
+ capitalist firms out of business. Thus "the Exchange Bank is the
+ organisation of labour's greatest asset as it allowed "the new form of
+ society to be defined and created among the workers." [Proudhon,
+ Correspondance, vol. 2, pp. 307-8] "To organise credit and circulation
+ is to increase production," Proudhon stressed, "to determine the new
+ shapes of industrial society." [Op. Cit., vol. 6, p. 372] So, overtime,
+ co-operative credit would produce co-operative production while
+ associated labour would increase the funds available to associated
+ credit. For Proudhon the "organisation of credit and organisation of
+ labour amount to one and the same" and by recognising this the workers
+ "would soon have wrested alienated capital back again, through their
+ organisation and competition." [No Gods, No Masters, vol. 1, pp. 59-60]
+
+ Bakunin, while he was "convinced that the co-operative will be the
+ preponderant form of social organisation in the future" and could
+ "hardly oppose the creation of co-operatives associations" now as we
+ find them necessary in many respects," argued that Proudhons hope for
+ gradual change by means of mutual banking and the higher efficiency of
+ workers co-operatives were unlikely to be realised. This was because
+ such claims "do not take into account the vast advantage that the
+ bourgeoisie enjoys against the proletariat through its monopoly on
+ wealth, science, and secular custom, as well as through the approval --
+ overt or covert but always active -- of States and through the whole
+ organisation of modern society. The fight is too unequal for success
+ reasonably to be expected." [The Basic Bakunin, p. 153 and p. 152] Thus
+ capitalism "does not fear the competition of workers' associations --
+ neither consumers', producers', nor mutual credit associations -- for
+ the simple reason that workers' organisations, left to their own
+ resources, will never be able to accumulate sufficiently strong
+ aggregations of capital capable of waging an effective struggle against
+ bourgeois capital." [The Political Philosophy of Bakunin, p. 293]
+
+ So, for most anarchists, it is only in combination with other forms of
+ working class self-activity and self-management that mutualist
+ institutions could play an important role in the class struggle. In
+ other words, few anarchists think that mutualist credit or
+ co-operatives are enough in themselves to end capitalism. Revolutionary
+ action is also required -- such as the expropriation of capital by
+ workers associations.
+
+ This does not mean anarchists reject co-operation under capitalism. By
+ creating a network of mutual banks to aid in creating co-operatives,
union organising drives, supporting strikes (either directly by
- gifts/loans or funding food and other co-operatives which could supply
- food and other essentials free or at a reduction), mutualism can be
- used as a means of helping build libertarian alternatives within the
+ gifts/loans or funding consumer co-operatives which could supply food
+ and other essentials free or at a reduced cost), mutualism can be used
+ as a means of helping build libertarian alternatives within the
capitalist system. Such alternatives, while making life better under
- the current system, also can play a role in overcoming that system by
- being a means of aiding those in struggle make ends meet and providing
- alternative sources of income for black-listed or sacked workers. Thus
- Bakunin's comments:
+ the current system, also play a role in overcoming that system by
+ aiding those in struggle. Thus Bakunin:
"let us co-operate in our common enterprise to make our lives a
little bit more supportable and less difficult. Let us, wherever
@@ -1188,72 +1532,61 @@ capitalism?
managing the economy and plant the precious seeds for the
organisation of the future." [Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 173]
- Therefore, while few anarchists think that mutualism would be enough in
- itself, it can play a role in the class struggle. As a compliment to
- direct action and workplace and community struggle and organisation,
- mutualism has an important role in working class self-liberation. For
- example, community unions (see section [17]J.5.1) could create their
- own mutual banks and money which could be used to fund co-operatives
- and support strikes and other forms of social struggle. In this way a
- healthy communalised co-operative sector could develop within
- capitalism, overcoming the problems of isolation facing workplace
- co-operatives (see section [18]J.5.11) as well as providing a firm
- framework of support for those in struggle.
-
- Moreover, mutual banking can be a way of building upon and
- strengthening the anarchistic social relations within capitalism. For
- even under capitalism and statism, there exists extensive mutual aid
- and, indeed, anarchistic and communistic ways of living. For example,
- communistic arrangements exist within families, between friends and
- lovers and within anarchist organisations.
-
- Mutual banking could be a means of creating a bridge between this
- alternative (gift) "economy" and capitalism. The mutualist alternative
- economy would help strength communities and bonds of trust between
- individuals, and this would increase the scope for increasing the scope
- of the communistic sector as more and more people help each other out
- without the medium of exchange - in other words, mutualism will help
- the gift economy that exists within capitalism to grow and develop.
+ So while few anarchists think that mutualism would be enough in itself,
+ it can play a role in the class struggle. As a compliment to direct
+ action and workplace and community struggle and organisation, mutualism
+ has an important role in working class self-liberation. For example,
+ community unions (see [17]section J.5.1) could create their own mutual
+ banks and money which could be used to fund co-operatives and support
+ social struggle. In this way a healthy communalised co-operative sector
+ could develop within capitalism, overcoming the problems of isolation
+ facing workplace co-operatives (see [18]section J.5.11) as well as
+ providing solidarity for those in struggle.
+
+ Mutual banking can be a way of building upon and strengthening the
+ anarchistic social relations within capitalism. For even under
+ capitalism and statism, there exists extensive mutual aid and, indeed,
+ anarchistic and communistic ways of living. For example, communistic
+ arrangements exist within families, between friends and lovers and
+ within anarchist organisations. Mutual credit could be a means of
+ creating a bridge between this alternative (gift) "economy" and
+ capitalism. The mutualist alternative economy would help strength
+ communities and bonds of trust between individuals, and this would
+ increase the scope of the communistic sector as more and more people
+ help each other without the medium of exchange. In other words,
+ mutualism will help the gift economy that exists within capitalism to
+ grow and develop.
J.5.8 What would a modern system of mutual banking look like?
- The mutual banking ideas of Proudhon could be adapted to the conditions
- of modern society, as will be described in what follows. (Note:
- Proudhon is the definitive source on mutualism, but for those who don't
- read French, there are the works of his American disciples, e.g.
- William B. Greene's Mutual Banking, and Benjamin Tucker's Instead of a
- Book by a Man Too Busy to Write One).
-
One scenario for an updated system of mutual banking would be for a
- community barter association to begin issuing an alternative currency
- accepted as money by all individuals within the system. This "currency"
- would not at first take the form of coins or bills, but would be
- circulated entirely through transactions involving the use of
- barter-cards, personal checks, and "e-money" transfers via
- modem/Internet. Let's call this currency-issuing type of barter
+ community to begin issuing an alternative currency accepted as money by
+ all individuals within it. Let us call this currency-issuing
association a "mutual barter clearinghouse," or just "clearinghouse"
for short.
The clearinghouse would have a twofold mandate: first, to extend credit
at cost to members; second, to manage the circulation of credit-money
- within the system, charging only a small service fee (probably one
- percent or less) which is sufficient to cover its costs of operation,
- including labour costs involved in issuing credit and keeping track of
- transactions, insuring itself against losses from uncollectable debts,
- and so forth.
-
- The clearinghouse would be organised and function as follows. Members
- of the original barter association would be invited to become
- subscriber-members of the clearinghouse by pledging a certain amount of
- property as collateral. On the basis of this pledge, an account would
- be opened for the new member and credited with a sum of mutual dollars
- equivalent to some fraction of the assessed value of the property
- pledged. The new member would agree to repay this amount plus the
- service fee by a certain date. The mutual dollars in the new account
- could then be transferred through the clearinghouse by using a barter
- card, by writing a personal check, or by sending e-money via modem to
- the accounts of other members, who have agreed to receive mutual money
- in payment for all debts.
+ within the system, charging only a small service fee (one percent or
+ less) sufficient to cover its costs of operation, including labour
+ costs involved in issuing credit and keeping track of transactions,
+ insuring itself against losses from uncollectable debts, and so forth.
+ Some current experiments in community money use labour time worked as
+ their basis (thus notes would be marked one-hour) while others have
+ notes tied to the value of the state currency (thus, say, a Scottish
+ town would issue pounds assumed to be the same as a British pound
+ note).
+
+ The clearinghouse would be organised and function as follows. People
+ could join the clearinghouse by pledging a certain amount of property
+ (including savings) as collateral. On the basis of this pledge, an
+ account would be opened for the new member and credited with a sum of
+ mutual pounds equivalent to some fraction of the assessed value of the
+ property pledged. The new member would agree to repay this amount plus
+ the service fee into their account by a certain date. The mutual pounds
+ could then be transferred through the clearinghouse to the accounts of
+ other members, who have agreed to receive mutual money in payment for
+ all debts or work done.
The opening of this sort of account is, of course, the same as taking
out a "loan" in the sense that a commercial bank "lends" by extending
@@ -1267,7 +1600,7 @@ J.5.8 What would a modern system of mutual banking look like?
already have balances to transfer mutual money into one's account in
exchange for goods or services.
- Another form is that associated with LETS systems. In this a number of
+ Another form of mutual credit are LETS systems. In this a number of
people get together to form an association. They create a unit of
exchange (which is equal in value to a unit of the national currency
usually), choose a name for it and offer each other goods and services
@@ -1290,7 +1623,7 @@ J.5.8 What would a modern system of mutual banking look like?
described as a service to the community as others are free to use the
units so created to trade themselves. Indeed, the number of units in
existence exactly matches the amount of real wealth being exchanged.
- The system only works if members are willing to spend and runs on trust
+ The system only works if members are willing to spend. It runs on trust
and builds up trust as the system is used.
It is likely that a fully functioning mutual banking system would
@@ -1305,93 +1638,91 @@ J.5.8 What would a modern system of mutual banking look like?
J.5.9 How does mutual credit work?
- Let's consider an example of how business would be transacted in the
- new system. There are two possibilities, depending on whether the
- mutual credit is based upon whether the creditor can provide collateral
- or not. we will take the case with collateral first.
+ Let us consider an example of how business would be transacted using
+ mutual credit within capitalism. There are two possibilities, depending
+ on whether the mutual credit is based upon whether the creditor can
+ provide collateral or not. We will take the case with collateral first.
Suppose that A, an organic farmer, pledges as collateral a certain plot
of land that she owns and on which she wishes to build a house. The
- land is valued at, say, $40,000 in the capitalist market. By pledging
- the land, A is able to open a credit account at the clearinghouse for,
- say, $30,000 in mutual money (a ratio of 3/4). She does so knowing that
- there are many other members of the system who are carpenters,
- electricians, plumbers, hardware dealers, and so on who are willing to
- accept mutual dollars in payment for their products or services.
-
- It's easy to see why other subscriber-members, who have also obtained
- mutual credit and are therefore in debt to the clearinghouse for mutual
- dollars, would be willing to accept such dollars in return for their
- goods and services. For they need to collect mutual dollars to repay
- their debts. But why would someone who is not in debt for mutual
- dollars be willing to accept them as money?
-
- To see why, let's suppose that B, an underemployed carpenter, currently
- has no account at the clearinghouse but that he knows about the
- clearinghouse and the people who operate it. After examining its list
- of members and becoming familiar with the policies of the new
- organisation, he's convinced that it does not extend credit frivolously
- to untrustworthy recipients who are likely to default. He also knows
- that if he contracts to do the carpentry on A's new house and agrees to
- be paid for his work in mutual money, he'll then be able to use it to
- buy groceries, clothes, car repairs, and other goods and services from
- various people in the community who already belong to the system.
+ land is valued at, say, �40,000 in the capitalist market and by
+ pledging the land, A is able to open a credit account at the
+ clearinghouse for, say, �30,000 in mutual money. She does so knowing
+ that there are many other members of the system who are carpenters,
+ electricians, plumbers, hardware suppliers, and so on who are willing
+ to accept mutual pounds in payment for their products or services.
+
+ It is easy to see why other subscriber-members, who have also obtained
+ mutual credit and are therefore in debt to the clearinghouse, would be
+ willing to accept such notes in return for their goods and services.
+ They need to collect mutual currency to repay their debts. Why would
+ someone who is not in debt for mutual currency be willing to accept it
+ as money?
+
+ To see why, let us suppose that B, an underemployed carpenter,
+ currently has no account at the clearinghouse but that he knows about
+ it and the people who operate and use it. After examining its list of
+ members and becoming familiar with the policies of the new
+ organisation, he is convinced that it does not extend credit
+ frivolously to untrustworthy recipients who are likely to default. He
+ also knows that if he contracts to do the carpentry on A's new house
+ and agrees to be paid for his work in mutual money, he will then be
+ able to use it to buy groceries, clothes, and other goods and services
+ from various people in the community who already belong to the system.
Thus B will be willing, and perhaps even eager (especially if the
economy is in recession and regular money is tight) to work for A and
- receive payment in mutual dollars. For he knows that if he is paid,
- say, $8,000 in mutual money for his labour on A's house, this payment
+ receive payment in mutual credit. For he knows that if he is paid, say,
+ �8,000 in mutual money for his labour on A's house, this payment
constitutes, in effect, 20 percent of a mortgage on her land, the value
of which is represented by her mutual credit. B also understands that A
has promised to repay this mortgage by producing new value -- that is,
- by growing organic fruits and vegetables and selling them for mutual
- dollars to other members of the system -- and that it is this promise
- to produce new wealth which gives her mutual credit its value as a
- medium of exchange.
+ by growing organic fruits and vegetables and selling them to other
+ members of the system -- and that it is this promise to produce new
+ wealth which gives her mutual credit its value as a medium of exchange.
To put this point slightly differently, A's mutual credit can be
- thought of as a lien against goods or services which she has guaranteed
- to create in the future. As security of this guarantee, she agrees that
- if she is unable for some reason to fulfil her obligation, the land she
- has pledged will be sold for mutual dollars to other members. In this
- way, a value sufficient to cancel her debt (and probably then some)
- will be returned to the system. This provision insures that the
- clearinghouse is able to balance its books and gives members confidence
- that mutual money is sound.
+ thought of as a lien against goods or services which she will create in
+ the future. As security of this guarantee, she agrees that if she is
+ unable for some reason to fulfil her obligation, the land she has
+ pledged will be sold to other members. In this way, a value sufficient
+ to cancel her debt (and probably then some) will be returned to the
+ system. This provision insures that the clearinghouse is able to
+ balance its books and gives members confidence that mutual money is
+ sound.
It should be noticed that since new wealth is continually being
created, the basis for new mutual credit is also being created at the
same time. Thus, suppose that after A's new house has been built, her
daughter, C, along with a group of friends D, E, F, . . . , decide that
- they want to start a collectively owned and operated organic restaurant
- (which will incidentally benefit A, as an outlet for her produce), but
- that C and her friends do not have enough collateral to obtain a
- start-up loan. A, however, is willing to co-sign a note for them,
- pledging her new house (valued at say, $80,000) as security. On this
- basis, C and her partners are able to obtain $60,000 worth of mutual
- credit, which they then use to buy equipment, supplies, furniture,
- advertising, etc. and lease the building necessary to start their
+ they want to start a co-operative restaurant but that C and her friends
+ do not have enough collateral to obtain a start-up loan. A, however, is
+ willing to co-sign a note for them, pledging her new house (valued at
+ say, �80,000) as security. On this basis, C and her partners are able
+ to obtain �60,000 worth of mutual credit, which they then use to buy
+ equipment, supplies, furniture, advertising, etc. to start their
restaurant.
This example illustrates one way in which people without property are
able to obtain credit in the new system. Another way -- for those who
- cannot find (or perhaps don't wish to ask) someone with property to
+ cannot find (or perhaps do not wish to ask) someone with property to
co-sign for them -- is to make a down payment and then use the property
which is to be purchased on credit as security, as in the current
- method of obtaining a home or auto loan. With mutual credit, however,
- this form of financing can be used to purchase anything, including
- capital goods.
+ method of obtaining a home or other loan. With mutual credit, however,
+ this form of financing can be used to purchase anything, including the
+ means of production and other equipment required for workers to work
+ for themselves instead of a boss.
Which brings us to the case of an individual without means for
- providing collateral - say, for example A, the organic farmer, does not
- own the land she works. In such a case, A, who still desires work done,
- would contact other members of the mutual bank with the skills she
- requires. Those members with the appropriate skills and who agree to
- work with her commit themselves to do the required tasks. In return, A
- gives them a check in mutual dollars which is credited to their account
- and deducted from hers. She does not pay interest on this issue of
- credit and the sum only represents her willingness to do some work for
- other members of the bank at some future date.
+ providing collateral -- say, for example Z, a plumber, who currently
+ does not own the land she uses. In such a case, Z, who still desires
+ work done, would contact other members of the mutual bank with the
+ skills she requires. Those members with the appropriate skills and who
+ agree to work with her commit themselves to do the required tasks. In
+ return, Z gives them a check in mutual dollars which is credited to
+ their account and deducted from hers. She does not pay interest on this
+ issue of credit and the sum only represents her willingness to do some
+ work for other members of the bank at some future date.
The mutual bank does not have to worry about the negative balance, as
this does not create a loss within the group as the minuses which have
@@ -1401,87 +1732,78 @@ J.5.9 How does mutual credit work?
collateral for credit greater than this limit, but for most exchanges
this would be unlikely to be relevant.
- It is important to remember that mutual dollars have no intrinsic
- value, since they can't be redeemed (at the mutual bank) in gold or
- anything else. All they are promises of future labour. Thus, as Greene
- points out in his work on mutual banking, mutual dollars are "a mere
- medium for the facilitation of barter." In this respect they are
- closely akin to the so-called "barter dollars" now being circulated by
- barter associations through the use of checks and barter cards. To be
- precise, then, we should refer to the units of mutual money as "mutual
- barter dollars." But whereas ordinary barter dollars are created at the
- same time that a barter transaction occurs and are used to record the
- values exchanged in that transaction, mutual barter dollars are created
- before any actual barter transaction occurs and are intended to
- facilitate future barter transactions. This fact is important because
- it can be used as the basis for a legal argument that clearinghouses
- are essentially barter associations rather than banks, thrifts, or
- credit unions, and therefore should not be subject to the laws
- governing the latter institutions.
+ It is important to remember that mutual money has no intrinsic value,
+ since they cannot be redeemed (at the mutual bank) in gold or anything
+ else. All they are promises of future labour. They are a mere medium
+ for the facilitation of exchange used to facilitate the increase
+ production of goods and services (as discussed in [19]section G.3.6, it
+ is this increase which ensures that mutual credit is not inflationary).
+ This also ensures enough work for all and, ultimately, the end of
+ exploitation as working people can buy their own means of production
+ and so end wage-labour by self-employment and co-operation.
+
+ For more information on how mutual banking is seen to work see the
+ collection of Proudhon's works collected in Proudhon's Solution to the
+ Social Problem. William B. Greene's Mutual Baking and Benjamin Tucker's
+ Instead of a Book should also be consulted.
J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
- Support for co-operatives is a common feature in anarchist writings.
- Indeed, anarchist support for co-operatives is as old as use of the
- term anarchist to describe our ideas is. So why do anarchists support
- co-operatives? Basically it is because a co-operative is seen as an
- example of the future social organisation anarchists want in the
- present. As Bakunin argued, "the co-operative system. . . carries
- within it the germ of the future economic order." [The Philosophy of
+ Support for co-operatives is a common feature in anarchist writings. In
+ fact, support for democratic workplaces is as old as use of the term
+ anarchist to describe our ideas. So why do anarchists support
+ co-operatives? It is because they are the only way to guarantee freedom
+ in production and so "the co-operative system . . . carries within it
+ the germ of the future economic order." [Bakunin, The Philosophy of
Bakunin, p. 385]
- Anarchists support all kinds of co-operatives - housing, food, credit
- unions and productive ones. All forms of co-operation are useful as
- they accustom their members to work together for their common benefit
- as well as ensuring extensive experience in managing their own affairs.
- As such, all forms of co-operatives are useful examples of
- self-management and anarchy in action (to some degree). However, here
- we will concentrate on productive co-operatives, i.e. workplace
- co-operatives. This is because workplace co-operatives, potentially,
- could replace the capitalist mode of production with one based upon
- associated, not wage, labour. As long as capitalism exists within
- industry and agriculture, no amount of other kinds of co-operatives
- will end that system. Capital and wealth accumulates by oppression and
- exploitation in the workplace, therefore as long as wage slavery exists
- anarchy will not.
-
- Co-operatives are the "germ of the future" because of two facts.
- Firstly, co-operatives are based on one worker, one vote. In other
- words those who do the work manage the workplace within which they do
- it (i.e. they are based on workers' self-management in some form). Thus
- co-operatives are an example of the "horizontal" directly democratic
- organisation that anarchists support and so are an example of "anarchy
- in action" (even if in an imperfect way) within the economy. In
- addition, they are an example of working class self-help and
- self-activity. Instead of relying on others to provide work,
- co-operatives show that production can be carried on without the
- existence of a class of masters employing a class of order takers.
+ Anarchists support all kinds of co-operatives: housing, food, consumer,
+ credit and workplace ones. All forms of co-operation are useful as they
+ accustom their members to work together for their common benefit as
+ well as ensuring extensive experience in managing their own affairs. As
+ such, all forms of co-operatives are (to some degree) useful examples
+ of self-management and anarchy in action. Here we will concentrate on
+ producer co-operatives as only these can replace the capitalist mode of
+ production. They are examples of a new mode of production, one based
+ upon associated, not wage, labour. As long as wage-labour exists within
+ industry and agriculture then capitalism remains and no amount of other
+ kinds of co-operatives will end it. If wage slavery exists, then so
+ will exploitation and oppression and anarchy will remain but a hope.
+
+ Co-operatives are the "germ of the future" for two reasons. Firstly,
+ co-operatives are based on one worker, one vote. In other words those
+ who do the work manage the workplace within which they do it (i.e. they
+ are based on workers' self-management). Thus co-operatives are an
+ example of the "horizontal" directly democratic organisation that
+ anarchists support and so are an example of "anarchy in action" (even
+ if in an imperfect way) within capitalism. Secondly, they are an
+ example of working class self-help and self-activity. Instead of
+ relying on others to provide work, co-operatives show that production
+ can be carried on without the existence of a class of masters employing
+ a class of order takers.
Workplace co-operatives also present evidence of the viability of an
- anarchist "economy." It is well established that co-operatives are
+ anarchist economy. It is well established that co-operatives are
usually more productive and efficient than their capitalist
equivalents. This indicates that hierarchical workplaces are not
- required in order to produce useful goods and indeed can be harmful.
- Indeed, it also indicates that the capitalist market does not actually
- allocate resources efficiently (as we will discuss in section
- [19]J.5.12). So why should co-operatives be more efficient?
-
- Firstly there are the positive effects of increased liberty associated
- with co-operatives.
-
- Co-operatives, by abolishing wage slavery, obviously increases the
- liberty of those who work in them. Members take an active part in the
- management of their working lives and so authoritarian social relations
- are replaced by libertarian ones. Unsurprisingly, this liberty also
- leads to an increase in productivity - just as wage labour is more
- productive than slavery, so associated labour is more productive than
- wage slavery. Little wonder Kropotkin argued that "the only guarantee
- not to be robbed of the fruits of your labour is to possess the
- instruments of labour. . . man really produces most when he works in
- freedom, when he has a certain choice in his occupations, when he has
- no overseer to impede him, and lastly, when he sees his work bringing
- profit to him and to others who work like him, but bringing in little
- to idlers." [The Conquest of Bread, p. 145]
+ required in order to produce useful goods and indeed can be harmful. It
+ also indicates that the capitalist market does not actually allocate
+ resources efficiently nor has any tendency to do so.
+
+ So why should co-operatives be more efficient? Firstly, there are the
+ positive effects of increased liberty. Co-operatives, by abolishing
+ wage slavery, obviously increase the liberty of those who work in them.
+ Members take an active part in the management of their working lives
+ and so authoritarian social relations are replaced by libertarian ones.
+ Unsurprisingly, this liberty also leads to an increase in productivity
+ -- just as wage labour is more productive than slavery, so associated
+ labour is more productive than wage slavery. As Kropotkin argued: "the
+ only guarantee not to be robbed of the fruits of your labour is to
+ possess the instruments of labour . . . man really produces most when
+ he works in freedom, when he has a certain choice in his occupations,
+ when he has no overseer to impede him, and lastly, when he sees his
+ work bringing profit to him and to others who work like him, but
+ bringing in little to idlers." [The Conquest of Bread, p. 145]
There are also the positive advantages associated with participation
(i.e. self-management, liberty in other words). Within a self-managed,
@@ -1515,12 +1837,11 @@ J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
Also, as workers also own their place of work, they have an interest in
developing the skills and abilities of their members and, obviously,
this also means that there are few conflicts within the workplace.
- Unlike capitalist firms, there is no need for conflict between bosses
- and wage slaves over work loads, conditions or the division of value
- created between them. All these factors will increase the quality,
- quantity and efficiency of work and so increases efficient utilisation
- of available resources and facilities the introduction of new
- techniques and technologies.
+ Unlike capitalist firms, there is no conflict between bosses and wage
+ slaves over work loads, conditions or the division of value created
+ between them. All these factors will increase the quality, quantity and
+ efficiency of work, increase efficient utilisation of available
+ resources and aids the introduction of new techniques and technologies.
Secondly, the increased efficiency of co-operatives results from the
benefits associated with co-operation itself. Not only does
@@ -1530,22 +1851,19 @@ J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
instead of competing and so wasting time and energy. As Alfie Kohn
notes (in relation to investigations of in-firm co-operation):
- "Dean Tjosvold of Simon Frazer. . .conducted [studies] at utility
- companies, manufacturing plants, engineering firms, and many other
- kinds of organisations. Over and over again, Tjosvold has found that
+ "Dean Tjosvold . . . conducted [studies] at utility companies,
+ manufacturing plants, engineering firms, and many other kinds of
+ organisations. Over and over again, Tjosvold has found that
'co-operation makes a work force motivated' whereas 'serious
- competition undermines co-ordination.' . . . Meanwhile, the
- management guru. . . T. Edwards Demming, has declared that the
+ competition undermines co-ordination' . . . Meanwhile, the
+ management guru . . . T. Edwards Demming, has declared that the
practice of having employees compete against each other is 'unfair
- [and] destructive. We cannot afford this nonsense any longer. . .
+ [and] destructive. We cannot afford this nonsense any longer . . .
[We need to] work together on company problems [but] annual rating
of performance, incentive pay, [or] bonuses cannot live with team
- work. . . What takes the joy out of learning. . .[or out of]
+ work . . . What takes the joy out of learning . . . [or out of]
anything? Trying to be number one.'" [No Contest, p. 240]
- (The question of co-operation and participation within capitalist firms
- will be discussed in section [20]J.5.12).
-
Thirdly, there are the benefits associated with increased equality.
Studies prove that business performance deteriorates when pay
differentials become excessive. In a study of over 100 businesses
@@ -1553,32 +1871,33 @@ J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
researchers found that the greater the wage gap between managers and
workers, the lower their product's quality. [Douglas Cowherd and David
Levine, "Product Quality and Pay Equity," Administrative Science
- Quarterly no. 37 (June 1992), pp. 302-30] Businesses with the greatest
- inequality were plagued with a high employee turnover rate. Study
- author David Levine said: "These organisations weren't able to sustain
- a workplace of people with shared goals." [quoted by John Byrne in "How
- high can CEO pay go?" Business Week, April 22, 1996]
-
- (In fact, the negative effects of income inequality can be seen on a
- national level as well. Economists Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini
- conducted a thorough statistical analysis of historical inequality and
- growth, and found that nations with more equal incomes generally
- experience faster productive growth. ["Is Inequality Harmful for
- Growth?", American Economic Review no. 84, June 1994, pp. 600-21]
- Numerous other studies have also confirmed their findings. Real life
- yet again disproves the assumptions of capitalism - inequality harms us
- all, even the capitalist economy which produces it).
+ Quarterly, No. 37, pp. 302-30] Businesses with the greatest inequality
+ were plagued with a high employee turnover rate. Study author David
+ Levine said: "These organisations weren't able to sustain a workplace
+ of people with shared goals." [quoted by John Byrne, "How high can CEO
+ pay go?" Business Week, April 22, 1996] The negative effects of income
+ inequality can also be seen on a national level as well. Economists
+ Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini conducted a thorough statistical
+ analysis of historical inequality and growth, and found that nations
+ with more equal incomes generally experience faster productive growth.
+ ["Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?", American Economic Review no. 84,
+ pp. 600-21] Numerous other studies have also confirmed their findings
+ (the negative impacts on inequality on all aspects of life are
+ summarised by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett in The Spirit Level:
+ Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better). Real life yet again
+ disproves the assumptions of capitalism: inequality harms us all, even
+ the capitalist economy which produces it.
This is to be expected. Workers, seeing an increasing amount of the
value they create being monopolised by top managers and a wealthy elite
and not re-invested into the company to secure their employment
prospects, will hardly be inclined to put in that extra effort or care
- about the quality of their work. Managers who use the threat of
+ about the quality of their work. Bosses who use the threat of
unemployment to extract more effort from their workforce are creating a
false economy. While they will postpone decreasing profits in the short
term due to this adaptive strategy (and enrich themselves in the
- process) the pressures placed upon the system will bring a harsh long
- term effects - both in terms of economic crisis (as income becomes so
+ process) the pressures placed upon the system will bring harsh long
+ term effects -- both in terms of economic crisis (as income becomes so
skewed as to create realisation problems and the limits of adaptation
are reached in the face of international competition) and social
breakdown.
@@ -1590,44 +1909,47 @@ J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
stock in the firm), who are usually quite wealthy and so not only have
little to lose in granting huge salaries but are also predisposed to
see top managers as being very much like themselves and so are entitled
- to comparable incomes. In contrast, the incomes of top management in
- worker controlled firms have to be justified to a workforce whose
- members experience the relationship between management incomes and
- their own directly and who, no doubt, are predisposed to see their top
- managers as being workers like themselves and accountable to them. Such
- an egalitarian atmosphere will have a positive impact on production and
- efficiency as workers will see that the value they create is not being
- accumulated by others but distributed according to work actually done
- (and not control over power). In the Mondragon co-operatives, for
- example, the maximum pay differential is 14 to 1 (increased from 3 to 1
- in a response to outside pressures after much debate, with the actual
- maximum differential at 9 to 1) while (in the USA) the average CEO is
- paid over 140 times the average factory worker (up from 41 times in
- 1960).
-
- Therefore, we see that co-operatives prove (to a greater or lesser
- extent) the advantages of (and interrelationship between) key anarchist
- principles such as liberty, equality, solidarity and self-management.
- Their application, whether all together or in part, has a positive
- impact on efficiency and work -- and, as we will discuss in section
- [21]J.5.12, the capitalist market actively blocks the spread of more
- efficient productive techniques instead of encouraging them. Even by
- its own standards, capitalism stands condemned - it does not encourage
- the efficient use of resources and actively places barriers in the
- development of human "resources."
-
- From all this its clear to see why co-operatives are supported by
+ to comparable incomes (and let us not forget that "corporate boards,
+ largely selected by the CEO, hire compensation experts, almost always
+ chosen by the CEO, to determine how much the CEO is worth." [Paul
+ Krugman, The Conscience of a Liberal, p. 144]). In contrast, the
+ incomes of management in worker controlled firms have to be justified
+ to a workforce whose members experience the relationship between
+ management incomes and their own directly and who, no doubt, are
+ predisposed to see their elected managers as being workers like
+ themselves and accountable to them. Such an egalitarian atmosphere will
+ have a positive impact on production and efficiency as workers will see
+ that the value they create is not being accumulated by others but
+ distributed according to work actually done (and not control over
+ power). In the Mondragon co-operatives, for example, the maximum pay
+ differential is 9 to 1 (increased from 3 to 1 after much debate in a
+ response to outside pressures from capitalist firms hiring away
+ workers) while (in the USA) the average CEO is paid well over 100 times
+ the average worker (up from 41 times in 1960).
+
+ Therefore, we see that co-operatives prove the advantages of (and the
+ inter-relationship between) key anarchist principles such as liberty,
+ equality, solidarity and self-management. Their application, whether
+ all together or in part, has a positive impact on efficiency and work
+ -- and, as we will discuss in [20]section J.5.12, the capitalist market
+ actively blocks the spread of these more egalitarian and efficient
+ productive techniques instead of encouraging them. Even by its own
+ standards, capitalism stands condemned -- it does not encourage the
+ efficient use of resources and actively places barriers in their
+ development.
+
+ From all this it is clear to see why co-operatives are supported by
anarchists. We are "convinced that the co-operative could, potentially,
replace capitalism and carries within it the seeds of economic
- emancipation. . . The workers learn from this precious experience how
+ emancipation . . . The workers learn from this precious experience how
to organise and themselves conduct the economy without guardian angels,
- the state or their former employers." [Michael Bakunin, Bakunin on
- Anarchism, p. 399] Co-operatives give us a useful insight into the
- possibilities of a free, socialist, economy. Even within the
- hierarchical capitalist economy, co-operatives show us that a better
- future is possible and that production can be organised in a
- co-operative fashion and that by so doing we can reap the individual
- and social benefits of working together as equals.
+ the state or their former employers." [Bakunin, Bakunin on Anarchism,
+ p. 399] Co-operatives give us a useful insight into the possibilities
+ of a free, socialist, economy. Even within the hierarchical capitalist
+ economy, co-operatives show us that a better future is possible and
+ that production can be organised in a co-operative fashion and that by
+ so doing we can reap the individual and social benefits of working
+ together as equals.
However, this does not mean that all aspects of the co-operative
movement find favour with anarchists. As Bakunin pointed out, "there
@@ -1638,46 +1960,50 @@ J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
is virtually impossible of realisation at present." [Op. Cit., p. 385]
In other words, while co-operatives are the germ of the future, in the
present they are often limited by the capitalist environment they find
- themselves and narrow their vision to just surviving within the current
- system.
+ themselves, narrow their vision to just surviving within the current
+ system and so adapt to it.
For most anarchists, the experience of co-operatives has proven without
doubt that, however excellent in principle and useful in practice, if
- they are kept within the narrow circle of "bourgeois" existence they
- cannot become dominant and free the masses. This point is argued in
- Section [22]J.5.11 and so will be ignored here. In order to fully
- develop, co-operatives must be part of a wider social movement which
- includes community and industrial unionism and the creation of a
+ they are kept within capitalism they cannot become the dominant mode of
+ production and free the masses (see [21]section J.5.11). In order to
+ fully develop, co-operatives must be part of a wider social movement
+ which includes community and industrial unionism and the creation of a
anarchistic social framework which can encourage "truly Socialist
co-operation" and discourage "bourgeois co-operation." As Murray
- Bookchin correctly argues, "[r]emoved from a libertarian municipalist
- [or other anarchist] context and movement focused on achieving
- revolutionary municipalist [or communalist] goals as a dual power
- against corporations and the state, food [and other forms of] co-ops
- are little more than benign enterprises that capitalism and the state
- can easily tolerate with no fear of challenge." [Democracy and Nature
- no. 9, p. 175]
-
- Therefore, while co-operatives are an important aspect of anarchist
- ideas and practice, they are not the be all or end all of our activity.
- Without a wider social movement which creates all (or at least most) of
- the future society in the shell of the old, co-operatives will never
- arrest the growth of capitalism or transcend the narrow horizons of the
+ Bookchin correctly argued: "Removed from a libertarian municipalist [or
+ other anarchist] context and movement focused on achieving
+ revolutionary municipalist goals as a dual power against corporations
+ and the state, food [and other forms of] co-ops are little more than
+ benign enterprises that capitalism and the state can easily tolerate
+ with no fear of challenge." [Democracy and Nature, no. 9, p. 175]
+
+ So while co-operatives are an important aspect of anarchist ideas and
+ practice, they are not the be all or end all of our activity. Without a
+ wider social movement which creates all (or at least most) of the
+ future society in the shell of the old, co-operatives will never arrest
+ the growth of capitalism or transcend the narrow horizons of the
capitalist economy.
-J.5.11 If workers really want self-management, why aren't there more producer
+J.5.11 If workers really want self-management then why are there so few
co-operatives?
Supporters of capitalism suggest that producer co-operatives would
- spring up spontaneously if workers really wanted them. Their argument
- is that co-operatives could be financed at first by "wealthy radicals"
- or by affluent workers pooling their resources to buy out existing
- capitalist firms; then, if such co-operatives were really economically
- viable and desired by workers, they would spread until eventually they
- undermined capitalism. They conclude that since this is not happening,
- it must be because workers' self-management is either economically
- unfeasible or is not really attractive to workers or both (see, for
- example, Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, pp. 250-52).
+ spring up spontaneously if workers really wanted them. To quote leading
+ propertarian Robert Nozick, under capitalism "it is open to any wealthy
+ radical or group of workers to buy an existing factory or establish a
+ new one, and to . . . institute worker-controlled, democratically-run
+ firms." If "they are superior, by market standards, to their more
+ orthodox competitors" then "there should be little difficulty in
+ establishing successful factories of this sort." Thus there is "a means
+ of realising the worker-control scheme that can be brought about by the
+ voluntary actions of people in a free [sic!] society." [Anarchy, State,
+ and Utopia, pp. 250-2] So if such co-operatives were really
+ economically viable and desired by workers, they would spread until
+ eventually they undermined capitalism. Propertarians conclude that
+ since this is not happening, it must be because workers'
+ self-management is either economically inefficient or is not really
+ attractive to workers, or both.
David Schweickart has decisively answered this argument by showing that
the reason there are not more producer co-operatives is structural:
@@ -1698,180 +2024,244 @@ co-operatives?
worker self-management, nor about the preferences of workers."
[Against Capitalism, p. 239]
- There are other structural problems as well. For one thing, since their
- pay levels are set by members' democratic vote, co-operatives tend to
- be more egalitarian in their income structure. But this means that in a
- capitalist environment, co-operatives are in constant danger of having
- their most skilled members hired away. Moreover, there is a difficulty
- in raising capital:
-
- "Quite apart from ideological hostility (which may be significant),
- external investors will be reluctant to put their money into
- concerns over which they will have little or no control -- which
- tends to be the case with a co-operative. Because co-operatives in a
- capitalist environment face special difficulties, and because they
- lack the inherent expansionary dynamic of a capitalist firm, it is
- hardy surprising that they are far from dominant." [Ibid., p 240]
-
- In addition, co-operatives face the negative externalities generated by
- a capitalist economy. The presence of wage labour and investment
- capital in the economy will tempt successful co-operatives to increase
- their flexibility to adjust to changes in market changes by hiring
- workers or issuing shares to attract new investment. In so doing,
- however, they may end up losing their identities as co-operatives by
- diluting ownership or by making the co-operative someone's boss:
-
- "To meet increased production, the producer co-operatives hired
- outside wage workers. This created a new class of workers who
- exploit and profit from the labour of their employees. And all this
- fosters a bourgeois mentality." [Michael Bakunin, Bakunin on
- Anarchism, p. 399]
+ This means that in, say, a mutualist economy there would be more firms
+ of a smaller size supplying a given market compared to capitalism. So a
+ free economy, with the appropriate institutional framework, need not
+ worry about unemployment for while individual co-operatives may not
+ expand as fast as capitalist firms, more co-operatives would be set up
+ (see [22]section I.3.1 for why the neo-classical analysis of
+ co-operatives which Nozick implicitly invokes is false). In short, the
+ environment within which a specific workplace operates is just as
+ important as its efficiency.
+
+ This is important, as the empirical evidence is strong that
+ self-management is more efficient than wage-slavery. As economist
+ Geoffrey M. Hodgson summarises, support for "the proposition that
+ participatory and co-operatives firms enjoy greater productivity and
+ longevity comes from a large amount of . . . case study and econometric
+ evidence" and "the weight of testimony" is "in favour or [indicates] a
+ positive correlation between participation and productivity."
+ ["Organizational Form and Economic Evolution: A critique of the
+ Williamsonian hypothesis", pp. 98-115, Democracy and Efficiency in
+ Economic Enterprises, U. Pagano and R. E. Rowthorn (eds.), p. 100] This
+ is ignored by the likes of Nozick in favour of thought-experiments
+ rooted in the dubious assumptions of bourgeois economics. He implicitly
+ assumed that because most firms are hierarchical today then they must
+ be more efficient. In short, Nozick abused economic selection arguments
+ by simply assuming, without evidence, that the dominant form of
+ organisation is, ipso facto, more efficient. In reality, this is not
+ the case.
+
+ The question now becomes one of explaining why, if co-operation is more
+ efficient than wage-slavery, does economic liberty not displace
+ capitalism? The awkward fact is that individual efficiency is not the
+ key to survival as such an argument "ignores the important point that
+ the selection of the 'fitter' in evolution is not simply relative to
+ the less successful but is dependent upon the general circumstances and
+ environment in which selection takes place." Moreover, an organism
+ survives because it birth rate exceeds its death rate. If more
+ capitalist firms secure funding from capitalist banks then, obviously,
+ it is more likely for them to secure dominance in the economy simply
+ because there are more of them rather than because they are more
+ efficient. As such, large numbers do not imply greater efficiency as
+ the "rapid flow of new entrants of hierarchical form" may "swamp the
+ less hierarchical firms even if other selection processes are working
+ in favour of the latter." [Hodgson, Op. Cit., p. 100 and p. 103] Thus:
+
+ "The degree of fitness of any organism can only be meaningfully
+ considered in relation to its environment . . . the market may help
+ to select firms that are fit for the market, but these surviving
+ firms needn't be the most 'efficient' in some absolute sense. In
+ fact, the specification of 'the market' as a selection process is
+ incomplete because the market is only one institution of many needed
+ to specify an environment." [Michael J. Everett and Alanson P.
+ Minkler, "Evolution and organisational choice in nineteenth-century
+ Britain", pp. 51-62, Cambridge Journal of Economics vol. 17, No. 1,
+ p. 53]
+
+ As an obvious example there are the difficulties co-operatives can face
+ in finding access to credit facilities required by them from capitalist
+ banks and investors. As Tom Cahill notes, co-operatives in the
+ nineteenth century "had the specific problem of . . . giving credit"
+ while "competition with price cutting capitalist firms . . .
+ highlighting the inadequate reservoirs of the under-financed co-ops."
+ ["Co-operatives and Anarchism: A contemporary Perspective", pp 235-58,
+ For Anarchism, Paul Goodway (ed.), p. 239] This points to a general
+ issue, namely that there are often difficulties for co-operatives in
+ raising money:
+
+ "Co-operatives in a capitalist environment are likely to have more
+ difficulty in raising capital. Quite apart from ideological
+ hostility (which may be significant), external investors will be
+ reluctant to put their money into concerns over which they will have
+ little or no control -- which tends to be the case with a
+ co-operative. Because co-operatives in a capitalist environment face
+ special difficulties, and because they lack the inherent
+ expansionary dynamic of a capitalist firm, it is hardy surprising
+ that they are far from dominant." [Schweickart, Op. Cit., p 240]
+
+ In addition, the "return on capital is limited" in co-operatives. [Tom
+ Cahill, Op. Cit., p. 247] This means that investors are less-likely to
+ invest in co-operatives, and so co-operatives will tend to suffer from
+ a lack of investment. So despite "the potential efficiency of such
+ [self-managed] workplaces", capitalism "may be systematically biased
+ against participatory workplaces" and as "a result the economy can be
+ trapped in a socially suboptimal position." Capital market issues,
+ amongst others, help explain this as such firms "face higher
+ transaction costs for raising equity and loans." [David I. Levine and
+ Laura D'Andrea Tyson, "Participation, Productivity, and the Firm's
+ Environment", pp. 183-237, Paying for Productivity, Alan S. Blinder
+ (ed.), pp. 235-6 and p. 221]
- Hence the pressures of working in a capitalist market may result in
- co-operatives pursuing activities which may result in short term gain
- or survival, but are sure to result in harm in the long run. Far from
- co-operatives slowly expanding within and changing a capitalist
- environment it is more likely that capitalist logic will expand into
- and change the co-operatives that work in it (this can be seen from the
- Mondragon co-operatives, where there has been a slight rise in the size
- of wage labour being used and the fact that the credit union, since
- 1992, has invested in non-co-operative firms). These externalities
- imposed upon isolated co-operatives within capitalism (which would not
- arise within a fully co-operative context) block local moves towards
- anarchism. The idea that co-operation will simply win out in
- competition within well developed capitalist economic systems is just
- wishful thinking. Just because a system is more liberatory and just
- does not mean it will survive in an authoritarian economic and social
- environment.
-
- There are also cultural problems as well. As Jon Elster points out, it
- is a "truism, but an important one, that workers' preferences are to a
- large extent shaped by their economic environment. Specifically, there
- is a tendency to adaptive preference formation, by which the actual
- mode of economic organisation comes to be perceived as superior to all
- others." ["From Here to There", in Socialism, p. 110] In other words,
- people view "what is" as given and feel no urge to change to "what
- could be." In the context of creating alternatives within capitalism,
- this can have serious effects on the spread of alternatives and
- indicates the importance of anarchists encouraging the spirit of revolt
- to break down this mental apathy.
+ Tom Cahill outlines the investment problem when he writes that the
+ "financial problem" is a major reason why co-operatives failed in the
+ past, for "basically the unusual structure and aims of co-operatives
+ have always caused problems for the dominant sources of capital. In
+ general, the finance environment has been hostile to the emergence of
+ the co-operative spirit." He also notes that they were "unable to
+ devise structuring to maintain a boundary between those who work and
+ those who own or control . . . It is understood that when outside
+ investors were allowed to have power within the co-op structure, co-ops
+ lost their distinctive qualities." [Op. Cit., pp. 238-239] So even if
+ co-operative do attract investors, the cost of so doing may be to
+ transform the co-operatives into capitalist firms. So while all
+ investors experience risk, this "is even more acute" in co-operatives
+ "because investors must simultaneously cede control and risk their
+ entire wealth. Under an unlimited liability rule, investors will
+ rationally demand some control over the firm's operations to protect
+ their wealth. Since [co-operatives] cannot cede control without
+ violating one of the organisation's defining tenets, investors will
+ demand an investment premium, a premium not required from equity
+ investments." [Everett and Minkler, Op. Cit., p. 52] Needless to say,
+ such a premium is a strain on a co-operative and makes it harder to
+ survive simply because it has higher costs for debt repayment. If such
+ external investment is not forthcoming, then the co-operative is
+ dependent on retained earnings and its members' savings which,
+ unsurprisingly, are often insufficient.
+
+ All of which suggests that Nozick's assertion that "don't say that its
+ against the class interest of investors to support the growth of some
+ enterprise that if successful would end or diminish the investment
+ system. Investors are not so altruistic. They act in personal and not
+ their class interests" is false. [Op. Cit., pp. 252-3] Nozick is
+ correct, to a degree, but he forgets that class interest is a fusion of
+ individual interests. Given a choice between returns from investments
+ in capitalist firms because a management elite has similar interests in
+ maximising unpaid labour and workers in a co-operative which controls
+ any surplus, the investor will select the former. Moreover, lack of
+ control by investors plays its role as they cannot simply replace the
+ management in a co-operative -- that power lies in the hands of the
+ workforce. The higher premiums required by investors to forsake such
+ privileges place a burden on the co-operative, so reducing their
+ likelihood of getting funds in the first place or surviving and,
+ needless to say, increasing the risk that investors face. Thus the
+ personal and class interest of investors merge, with the personal
+ desire to make money ensuring that the class position of the individual
+ is secured. This does not reflect the productivity or efficiency of the
+ investment -- quite the reverse! -- it reflects the social function of
+ wage labour in maximising profits and returns on capital (see [23]next
+ section for more on this). In other words, the personal interests of
+ investors will generally support their class interests (unsurprisingly,
+ as class interests are not independent of personal interests and will
+ tend to reflect them!).
+
+ There are other structural problems as well. Co-operatives face the
+ negative externalities generated by the capitalist economy they operate
+ within. For one thing, since their pay levels are set by members'
+ democratic vote, co-operatives tend to be more egalitarian in their
+ income structure. This means that in a capitalist environment,
+ co-operatives are in constant danger of having their most skilled
+ members hired away by capitalist firms who can, due to their resources,
+ out-bid the co-operative. While this may result in exploitation of the
+ worker, the capitalist firm has the resources to pay higher wages and
+ so it makes sense for them to leave ("As to the employer who pays an
+ engineer twenty times more than a labourer, it is simply due to
+ personal interest; if the engineer can economise $4000 a year on the
+ cost of production; the employer pays him $800 . . . He parts with an
+ extra $40 when he expects to gain $400 by it; and this is the essence
+ of the Capitalist system." [Kropotkin, The Conquest of Bread, p. 165]).
+ However, in a co-operative system there would not be the inequalities
+ of economic wealth (created by capitalist firms and finance structures)
+ which allows such poaching to happen.
+
+ There are cultural issues as well. As Jon Elster points out, it is a
+ "truism, but an important one, that workers' preferences are to a large
+ extent shaped by their economic environment. Specifically, there is a
+ tendency to adaptive preference formation, by which the actual mode of
+ economic organisation comes to be perceived as superior to all others."
+ ["From Here to There", pp. 93-111, Socialism, Paul, Miller Jr., Paul,
+ and Greenberg (eds.), p. 110] In other words, people view "what is" as
+ given and feel no urge to change to "what could be." In the context of
+ creating alternatives within capitalism, this can have serious effects
+ on the spread of alternatives and indicates the importance of
+ anarchists encouraging the spirit of revolt to break down this mental
+ apathy.
This acceptance of "what is" can be seen, to some degree, by some
companies which meet the formal conditions for co-operatives, for
example ESOP owned firms in the USA, but lack effective workers'
- control. ESOP (Employee Stack Ownership Plans) firms enable a firms
- workforce to gain the majority of a companies shares but the unequal
+ control. ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plans) enable a firm's
+ workforce to gain the majority of a company's shares but the unequal
distribution of shares amongst employees prevents the great majority of
workers from having any effective control or influence on decisions.
Unlike real co-operatives (based on "one worker, one vote") these firms
are based on "one share, one vote" and so have more in common with
capitalist firms than co-operatives.
- Moreover, we have ignored such problems as natural barriers to entry
- into, and movement within, a market (which is faced by all firms) and
- the difficulties co-operatives can face in finding access to long term
- credit facilities required by them from capitalist banks (which would
- effect co-operatives more as short term pressures can result in their
- co-operative nature being diluted). As Tom Cahill notes, the "old
- co-ops [of the nineteenth century] also had the specific problem of . .
- . giving credit . . . [as well as] problems . . . of competition with
- price cutting capitalist firms, highlighting the inadequate reservoirs
- of the under-financed co-ops." ["Co-operatives and Anarchism: A
- contemporary Perspective", in For Anarchism, edited by Paul Goodway, p.
- 239]
-
- In addition, the "return on capital is limited" in co-operatives [Tom
- Cahill, Op. Cit., p. 247] which means that investors are less-likely to
- invest in co-operatives, and so co-operatives will tend to suffer from
- a lack of investment. Which also suggests that Nozick's argument that
- "don't say that its against the class interest of investors to support
- the growth of some enterprise that if successful would end or diminish
- the investment system. Investors are not so altruistic. They act in
- personal and not their class interests" is false [Op. Cit., pp. 252-3].
- Nozick is correct, to a degree -- but given a choice between high
- returns from investments in capitalist firms and lower ones from
- co-operatives, the investor will select the former. This does not
- reflect the productivity or efficiency of the investment -- quite the
- reverse! -- it reflects the social function of wage labour in
- maximising profits and returns on capital (see [23]next section for
- more on this). In other words, the personal interests of investors will
- generally support their class interests (unsurprisingly, as class
- interests are not independent of personal interests and will tend to
- reflect them!).
-
- Tom Cahill outlines the investment problem when he writes that the
- "financial problem" is a major reason why co-operatives failed in the
- past, for "basically the unusual structure and aims of co-operatives
- have always caused problems for the dominant sources of capital. In
- general, the finance environment has been hostile to the emergence of
- the co-operative spirit. . ." And he also notes that they were "unable
- to devise structuring to maintain a boundary between those who work and
- those who own or control. . . It is understood that when outside
- investors were allowed to have power within the co-op structure, co-ops
- lost their distinctive qualities." [Op. Cit., pp. 238-239] Meaning that
- even if co-operative do attract investors, the cost of so doing may be
- to transform the co-operatives into capitalist firms.
-
- Thus, in spite of "empirical studies suggest[ing] that co-operatives
- are at least as productive as their capitalist counterparts," with many
- having "an excellent record, superior to conventionally organised firms
- over a long period" [Jon Elster, Op. Cit., p. 96], co-operatives are
- more likely to adapt to capitalism than replace it and adopt capitalist
- principles of rationality in order to survive. All things being equal,
- co-operatives are more efficient than their capitalist counterparts -
- but when co-operatives compete in a capitalist economy, all things are
- not equal.
-
- In spite of these structural and cultural problems, however, there has
- been a dramatic increase in the number of producer co-operatives in
- most Western countries in recent years. For example, Saul Estrin and
- Derek Jones report that co-operatives in the UK grew from 20 in 1975 to
- 1,600 by 1986; in France they increased from 500 to 1,500; and in
- Italy, some 7,000 new co-operatives came into existence between 1970
- and 1982 ["Can Employee-owned Firms Survive?", Working Paper Series,
- Department of Economics, Hamilton College (April, May, 1989)]. Italian
- co-operatives now number well over 20,000, many of them large and
- having many support structures as well (which aids their development by
- reducing their isolation and providing long term financial support
- lacking within the capitalist market).
-
- We have already noted the success of the Mondragon co-operatives in
- Spain, which created a cluster of inter-locking co-operatives with its
- own credit union to provide long term financial support and commitment.
- Thus, in Europe at least, it appears that there is a rather "large and
- growing co-operative movement," which gives the lie to Nozick's and
- other supporters of capitalism arguments about co-operatives' lack of
- economic viability and/or attractiveness to workers.
-
- However, because co-operatives can survive in a capitalist economy it
- does not automatically mean that they shall replace that economy.
- Isolated co-operatives, as we argued above, will more likely adapt to
- capitalist realities than remain completely true to their co-operative
- promise. For most anarchists, therefore, co-operatives can reach their
- full potential only as part of a social movement aiming to change
- society. As part of a wider movement of community and workplace
- unionism, with mutualist banks to provide long terms financial support
- and commitment, co-operatives could be communalised into a network of
- solidarity and support that will reduce the problems of isolation and
- adaptation. Hence Bakunin:
-
- "We hardly oppose the creation of co-operative associations; we find
- them necessary in many respects. . . they accustom the workers to
- organise, pursue, and manage their interests themselves, without
- interference either by bourgeois capital or by bourgeois control. .
- . [they must] above all [be] founded on the principle of solidarity
- and collectivity rather than on bourgeois exclusivity, then society
- will pass from its present situation to one of equality and justice
- without too many great upheavals." [Op. Cit., p. 153]
-
- Co-operation "will prosper, developing itself fully and freely,
- embracing all human industry, only when it is based on equality, when
- all capital . . . [and] the soil, belong to the people by right of
- collective property." [Ibid.]
-
- Until then, co-operatives will exist within capitalism but not replace
- it by market forces - only a social movement and collective action can
- fully secure their full development. As David Schweickart argues:
+ Finally, there is the question of history, of path dependency. Path
+ dependency is the term used to describe when the set of decisions one
+ faces for any given circumstance is limited by the decisions made in
+ the past, even though past circumstances may no longer be relevant.
+ This is often associated with the economics of technological change in
+ a society which depends quantitatively and/or qualitatively on its own
+ past (the most noted example this is the QWERTY keyboard, which would
+ not be in use today except that it happened to be chosen in the
+ nineteenth century). Evolutionary systems are path dependent, with
+ historical events pushing development in specific directions. Thus, if
+ there were barriers against or encouragement for certain forms of
+ organisational structure in the past then the legacy of this will
+ continue to dominate due to the weight of history rather than
+ automatically being replaced by new, more efficient, forms.
+
+ This can be seen from co-operatives, as "labour managed firms were
+ originally at a substantial disadvantage compared to their capitalist
+ counterparts" as the law "imposed additional risks and costs" on them
+ while "early financial instruments were ill-suited to the establishment
+ and continuation of worker co-operatives. The subsequent coevolution of
+ firms and supporting institutions involved a path-dependent process
+ where labour-managed firms were at a continual disadvantage, even after
+ many of the earlier impediments were removed." [Hodgson, Op. Cit., p.
+ 103] "Historically," argue Everett and Minkler "both company and
+ co-operative law were incompatible with democratic decision-making by
+ workers." The law ensured that the "burden was more costly" to
+ labour-managed firms and these "obstacles led to an environment
+ dominated by investor-controlled firms (capitalist firms) in which
+ informal constraints (behaviours and routines) emerged to reinforce the
+ existing institutions. A path-dependent process incorporating these
+ informal constraints continued to exclude [their] widespread
+ formation." When the formal constraints which prevented the formation
+ of co-operatives were finally removed, the "informal constraints"
+ produced as a result of these "continued to prevent the widespread
+ formation" of co-operatives. So the lack of co-operatives "can thus be
+ explained quite independently of any of the usual efficiency criteria."
+ [Op. Cit., p. 58 and p. 60] Nor should we forget that the early
+ industrial system was influenced by the state, particularly by
+ rewarding war related contracts to hierarchical firms modelled on the
+ military and that the state rewarded contracts to run various state
+ services and industries to capitalist firms rather than, as Proudhon
+ urged, to workers associations.
+
+ However, "there are several good reasons why more efficient firms need
+ not always be selected in a competitive and 'evolutionary' process."
+ [Hodgson, Op. Cit., p. 99] So it is not efficiency as such which
+ explains the domination of capitalist firms for "empirical studies
+ suggest that co-operatives are at least as productive as their
+ capitalist counterparts," with many having "an excellent record,
+ superior to conventionally organised firms over a long period." [Jon
+ Elster, Op. Cit., p. 96] So all things being equal, co-operatives are
+ more efficient than their capitalist counterparts -- but when
+ co-operatives compete in a capitalist economy, all things are not
+ equal. As David Schweickart argues:
"Even if worker-managed firms are preferred by the vast majority,
and even if they are more productive, a market initially dominated
@@ -1882,45 +2272,156 @@ co-operatives?
workplace organisation it is barely a half-truth." [Op. Cit., p.
240]
- This means that while anarchists support, create and encourage
- co-operatives within capitalism, they understand "the impossibility of
- putting into practice the co-operative system under the existing
- conditions of the predominance of bourgeois capital in the process of
- production and distribution of wealth." Because of this, most
- anarchists stress the need for more combative organisations such as
- industrial and community unions and other bodies "formed," to use
- Bakunin's words, "for the organisation of toilers against the
- privileged world" in order to help bring about a free society. [Michael
- Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 185]
-
-J.5.12 If self-management is more efficient, surely capitalist firms will be
-forced to introduce it by the market?
-
- While it may be admitted that co-operatives cannot reform capitalism
- away (see [24]last section), many supporters of "free market"
- capitalism will claim that a laissez-faire system would see workers
- self-management spread within capitalism. This is because, as
- self-management is more efficient than wage slavery, those capitalist
- firms that introduce it will gain a competitive advantage, and so their
- competitors will be forced to introduce it or go bust. While not being
- true anarchistic production, it would (it is argued) be a very close
- approximation of it and so capitalism could reform itself naturally to
- get rid of (to a large degree) its authoritarian nature.
-
- While such a notion seems plausible in theory, in practice it does not
- work. Free market capitalism places innumerable barriers to the spread
- of worker empowering structures within production, in spite (perhaps,
- as we will see, because) of their more efficient nature. This can be
- seen from the fact that while the increased efficiency associated with
- workers' participation and self-management has attracted the attention
- of many capitalist firms, the few experiments conducted have failed to
- spread. This is due, essentially, to the nature of capitalist
+ It is illuminating, though, to consider why Nozick ignored the
+ substantial empirical evidence that participation is more efficient
+ than hierarchy and, as a result, why "market criteria" does not result
+ in the more productive and efficient co-operative production displacing
+ the authoritarian workplace. Far better, it must be supposed, to just
+ assume that the dominant form of workplace is more "efficient" and
+ implicitly invoke a quasi-Darwinian individualistic selection mechanism
+ in an ahistorical and institution-less framework. So people like Nozick
+ who suggest that because worker co-operatives are few in number that
+ this means they are forced out by competition because they are
+ inefficient miss the point. A key reason for this lack of co-operative
+ firms, argues Hodgson, "is that competitive selection depends on the
+ economic context, and while the institutional context of a capitalist
+ system may be more conducive for the capitalist firm, a different
+ context may favour the co-operative firm." [Economics and Utopia, p.
+ 288]
+
+ As discussed in [24]section I.3.5, Proudhon was well aware that for
+ mutualism to prosper and survive an appropriate institutional framework
+ was required (the "agro-industrial federation" and mutual banking). So
+ an organisation's survival also depends on the co-evolution of
+ supporting informal constraints. If a co-operative is isolated within a
+ capitalist economy, without co-operative institutions around it, it
+ comes as no great surprise to discover that they find it difficult to
+ survive never mind displace its (usually larger and well-established)
+ capitalist competitors.
+
+ Yet in spite of these structural problems and the impact of previous
+ state interventions, co-operatives do exist under capitalism but just
+ because they can survive in such a harsh environment it does not
+ automatically mean that they shall replace that economy. Co-operatives
+ face pressures to adjust to the dominant mode of production. The
+ presence of wage labour and investment capital in the wider economy
+ will tempt successful co-operatives to hire workers or issue shares to
+ attract new investment. In so doing, however, they may end up losing
+ their identities as co-operatives by diluting ownership (and so
+ re-introducing exploitation by having to pay non-workers interest) or
+ by making the co-operative someone's boss (which creates "a new class
+ of workers who exploit and profit from the labour of their employees.
+ And all this fosters a bourgeois mentality." [Bakunin, Bakunin on
+ Anarchism, p. 399]).
+
+ Hence the pressures of working in a capitalist market may result in
+ co-operatives pursuing activities which may result in short term gain
+ or survival, but are sure to result in harm in the long run. Far from
+ co-operatives slowly expanding within and changing a capitalist
+ environment it is more likely that capitalist logic will expand into
+ and change the co-operatives that work in it (this can be seen from the
+ Mondragon co-operatives, where there has been a slight rise in the size
+ of wage labour being used and the fact that the credit union has, since
+ 1992, invested in non-co-operative firms). These externalities imposed
+ upon isolated co-operatives within capitalism (which would not arise
+ within a fully co-operative context) block local moves towards
+ anarchism. The idea that co-operation will simply win out in
+ competition within well developed capitalist economic systems is just
+ wishful thinking. Just because a system is more liberatory, just and
+ efficient does not mean it will survive or prosper in an authoritarian
+ economic and social environment.
+
+ So both theory and history suggests that isolated co-operatives will
+ more likely adapt to capitalist realities than remain completely true
+ to their co-operative promise. For most anarchists, therefore,
+ co-operatives can reach their full potential only as part of a social
+ movement aiming to change society. Only as part of a wider movement of
+ community and workplace unionism, with mutualist banks to provide long
+ terms financial support and commitment, can co-operatives be
+ communalised into a network of solidarity and support that will reduce
+ the problems of isolation and adaptation. Hence Bakunin:
+
+ "We want co-operation too . . . But at the same time, we know that
+ it prosper, developing itself fully and freely, embracing all human
+ industry, only when it is based on equality, when all capital and
+ every instrument of labour, including the soil, belong to the people
+ by right of collective property . . . Once this is acknowledged we
+ hardly oppose the creation of co-operative associations; we find
+ them necessary in many respects . . . they accustom the workers to
+ organise, pursue, and manage their interests themselves, without
+ interference either by bourgeois capital or by bourgeois control . .
+ . [they must be] founded on the principle of solidarity and
+ collectivity rather than on bourgeois exclusivity, then society will
+ pass from its present situation to one of equality and justice
+ without too many great upheavals." [The Basic Bakunin, p. 153]
+
+ Until then, co-operatives will exist within capitalism but not replace
+ it by market forces -- only a social movement and collective action can
+ fully secure their full development. This means that while anarchists
+ support, create and encourage co-operatives within capitalism, we
+ understand "the impossibility of putting into practice the co-operative
+ system under the existing conditions of the predominance of bourgeois
+ capital in the process of production and distribution of wealth."
+ Because of this, most anarchists stress the need for more combative
+ organisations such as industrial and community unions and other bodies
+ "formed," to use Bakunin's words, "for the organisation of toilers
+ against the privileged world" in order to help bring about a free
+ society. [The Political Philosophy of Bakunin, p. 385]
+
+ Finally, we must note an irony with Nozick's argument, namely the
+ notion that capitalism (his "free society") allows a "voluntary" path
+ to economic liberty. The irony is two-fold. First, the creation of
+ capitalism was the result of state action (see [25]section F.8). While
+ working class people are expected to play by the rules decreed by
+ capitalism, capitalists have never felt the urge to do so. It is this
+ state coercion which helped create the path-dependency which stops "the
+ market" selecting more efficient and productive ways of production.
+ Secondly, Nozick's own theory of (property) rights denies that stolen
+ wealth can be legitimately transferred. In other words, expecting
+ workers to meekly accept previous coercion by seeking investors to fund
+ their attempts at economic liberty, as Nozick did, is implicitly
+ accepting that theft is property. While such intellectual incoherence
+ is to be expected from defenders of capitalism, it does mean that
+ propertarians really have no ground to oppose working class people
+ following the advice of libertarians and expropriating their
+ workplaces. In other words, transforming the environment and breaking
+ the path-dependency which stops economic liberty from flowering to its
+ full potential.
+
+J.5.12 If self-management were more efficient then surely the market would force
+capitalists to introduce it?
+
+ Some supporters of capitalism argue that if self-management really were
+ more efficient than hierarchy, then capitalists would be forced to
+ introduce it by the market. As propertarian Robert Nozick argued, if
+ workers' control meant that "the productivity of the workers in a
+ factory rises . . . then the individual owners pursuing profits will
+ reorganise the productive process. If the productivity of workers
+ remains the same . . . then in the process of competing for labourers
+ firms will alter their internal work organisation." This meant that
+ "individual owners pursuing profits . . . will reorganise the
+ productive process." [Anarchy, State, and Utopia, p. 248] As this has
+ not happened then self-management cannot be more efficient.
+
+ While such a notion seems plausible in theory, in practice it is flawed
+ as "there is a vast quantity of empirical evidence demonstrating that
+ participatory workplaces tend to be places of higher morale and greater
+ productivity than authoritarian workplaces." [David Schweickart ,
+ Against Capitalism, p. 228] So Nozick's thought experiment is
+ contradicted by reality. Capitalism places innumerable barriers to the
+ spread of worker empowering structures within production, in spite
+ (perhaps, as we will see, because) of their (well-documented) higher
+ efficiency and productivity. This can be seen from the fact that while
+ the increased efficiency associated with workers' participation and
+ self-management has attracted the attention of many capitalist firms,
+ the few experiments conducted have failed to spread even though they
+ were extremely successful. This is due to the nature of capitalist
production and the social relationships it produces.
- As we noted in [25]section D.10, capitalist firms (particularly in the
+ As we noted in [26]section D.10, capitalist firms (particularly in the
west) made a point of introducing technologies and management
- structures that aimed to deskill and disempower their workers. In this
- way, it was hoped to make the worker increasingly subject to "market
+ structures that aimed to deskill and disempower workers. In this way,
+ it was hoped to make the worker increasingly subject to "market
discipline" (i.e. easier to train, so increasing the pool of workers
available to replace any specific worker and so reducing workers power
by increasing management's power to fire them). Of course, what
@@ -1934,27 +2435,25 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
It is unsurprising that such attempts to reduce workers to order-takers
fail. Workers' experiences and help are required to ensure production
actually happens at all. When workers carry out their orders strictly
- and faithfully (i.e. when they "work to rule") production threatens to
- stop. So most capitalists are aware of the need to get workers to
- "co-operate" within the workplace to some degree. A few capitalist
- companies have gone further. Seeing the advantages of fully exploiting
- (and we do mean exploiting) the experience, skills, abilities and
- thoughts of their employers which the traditional authoritarian
- capitalist workplace denies them, some have introduced various schemes
- to "enrich" and "enlarge" work, increase "co-operation" between workers
- and their bosses. In other words, some capitalist firms have tried to
- encourage workers to "participate" in their own exploitation by
- introducing (in the words of Sam Dolgoff) "a modicum of influence, a
- strictly limited area of decision-making power, a voice - at best
- secondary - in the control of conditions of the workplace." [The
- Anarchist Collectives, p. 81] The management and owners still have the
- power and still reap the majority of benefits from the productive
- activity of the workforce.
+ and faithfully (i.e. when they "work to rule") production stops. So
+ most capitalists are aware of the need to get workers to "co-operate"
+ within the workplace to some degree. A few capitalist companies have
+ gone further. Seeing the advantages of fully exploiting (and we do mean
+ exploiting) the experience, skills, abilities and thoughts of their
+ employers which the traditional authoritarian capitalist workplace
+ denies them, some have introduced various schemes to "enrich" and
+ "enlarge" work, increase "co-operation" between workers and their
+ bosses, to encourage workers to "participate" in their own exploitation
+ by introducing "a modicum of influence, a strictly limited area of
+ decision-making power, a voice -- at best secondary -- in the control
+ of conditions of the workplace." [Sam Dolgoff, The Anarchist
+ Collectives, p. 81] The management and owners still have the power and
+ still reap unpaid labour from the productive activity of the workforce.
David Noble provides a good summary of the problems associated with
experiments in workers' self-management within capitalist firms:
- "Participant in such programs can indeed be a liberating and
+ "Participation in such programs can indeed be a liberating and
exhilarating experience, awakening people to their own untapped
potential and also to the real possibilities of collective worker
control of production. As one manager described the former pilots
@@ -1977,63 +2476,55 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
undermining the adversary stance of unions and reducing membership .
. .
- "Thirds, such programs enable management to learn from workers --
- who are now encouraged by their co-operative spirit to share what
- they know -- and, then, in Taylorist tradition, to use this
- knowledge against the workers. As one former pilot reflected, 'They
- learned from the guys on the floor, got their knowledge about how to
+ "Third, such programs enable management to learn from workers -- who
+ are now encouraged by their co-operative spirit to share what they
+ know -- and, then, in Taylorist tradition, to use this knowledge
+ against the workers. As one former pilot reflected, 'They learned
+ from the guys on the floor, got their knowledge about how to
optimise the technology and then, once they had it, they eliminated
the Pilot Program, put that knowledge into the machines, and got
people without any knowledge to run them -- on the Company's terms
and without adequate compensation. They kept all the gains for
- themselves.'" . . .
+ themselves.' . . .
"Fourth, such programs could provide management with a way to
circumvent union rules and grievance procedures or eliminate unions
- altogether. . ."
- [Forces of Production, pp. 318-9]
-
- Therefore, capitalist-introduced and supported "workers' control" is
- very like the situation when a worker receives stock in the company
- they work for. If it goes some way toward redressing the gap between
- the value of that person's labour, and the wage they receive for it,
- that in itself cannot be a totally bad thing (although, of course, this
- does not address the issue of workplace hierarchy and the social
- relations within the workplace itself). The real downside of this is
- the "carrot on a stick" enticement to work harder -- if you work extra
- hard for the company, your stock will be worth more. Obviously, though,
- the bosses get rich off you, so the more you work, the richer they get,
- the more you are getting ripped off. It is a choice that anarchists
- feel many workers cannot afford to make -- they need or at least want
- the money - but we believe that the stock does not work for many
- workers, who end up working harder, for less. After all, stocks do not
- represent all profits (large amounts of which end up in the hands of
- top management) nor are they divided just among those who labour.
+ altogether." [Forces of Production, pp. 318-9]
+
+ Capitalist introduced and supported "workers' control" is very like the
+ situation when a worker receives stock in the company they work for. If
+ it goes a little way toward redressing the gap between the value
+ produced by that person's labour and the wage they receive for it, that
+ in itself cannot be a totally bad thing (although this does not address
+ the issue of workplace hierarchy and its social relations). The real
+ downside of this is the "carrot on a stick" enticement to work harder
+ -- if you work extra hard for the company, your stock will be worth
+ more. Obviously, though, the bosses get rich off you, so the more you
+ work, the richer they get, the more you are getting ripped off. It is a
+ choice that anarchists feel many workers cannot afford to make -- they
+ need or at least want the money -- but we believe that it does not work
+ as workers simply end up working harder, for less. After all, stocks do
+ not represent all profits (large amounts of which end up in the hands
+ of top management) nor are they divided just among those who labour.
Moreover, workers may be less inclined to take direct action, for fear
that they will damage the value of "their" company's stock, and so they
may find themselves putting up with longer, more intense work in worse
conditions.
- However, be that as it may, the results of such capitalist experiments
- in "workers' control" are interesting and show why self-management will
- not spread by market forces (and they also bear direct relevance to the
- question of why real co-operatives are not widespread within capitalism
- -- see [26]last section).
-
- According to one expert "[t]here is scarcely a study in the entire
- literature which fails to demonstrate that satisfaction in work is
- enhanced or. . .productivity increases occur from a genuine increase in
- worker's decision-making power. Findings of such consistency, I submit,
- are rare in social research." [Paul B. Lumberg, cited by Hebert Gintis,
- "The nature of Labour Exchange and the Theory of Capitalist
- Production", Radical Political Economy vol. 1, p. 252]
-
- In spite of these findings, a "shift toward participatory relationships
- is scarcely apparent in capitalist production. . . [this is] not
- compatible with the neo-classical assertion as to the efficiency of the
- internal organisation of capitalist production." [Herbert Gintz, Op.
- Cit., p. 252] Why is this the case?
-
+ Be that as it may, the results of such capitalist experiments in
+ "workers' control" are interesting and show why self-management will
+ not spread by market forces. According to one expert: "There is
+ scarcely a study in the entire literature which fails to demonstrate
+ that satisfaction in work is enhanced or . . .productivity increases
+ occur from a genuine increase in worker's decision-making power.
+ Findings of such consistency . . . are rare in social research." [Paul
+ B. Lumberg, quoted by Herbert Gintis, "The nature of Labour Exchange
+ and the Theory of Capitalist Production", Radical Political Economy,
+ vol. 1, Samuel Bowles and Richard Edwards (eds.), p. 252] In spite of
+ these findings, a "shift toward participatory relationships is scarcely
+ apparent in capitalist production" and this is "not compatible with the
+ neo-classical assertion as to the efficiency of the internal
+ organisation of capitalist production." [Gintz, Op. Cit., p. 252]
Economist William Lazonick indicates the reason when he writes that
"[m]any attempts at job enrichment and job enlargement in the first
half of the 1970s resulted in the supply of more and better effort by
@@ -2047,11 +2538,10 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
within capitalist firms have a vested interest in not introducing such
schemes, even though they are more efficient methods of production. As
can easily be imagined, managers have a clear incentive to resist
- participatory schemes (and David Schweickart notes, such resistance,
- "often bordering on sabotage, is well known and widely documented"
- [Against Capitalism, p. 229]). As an example of this, David Noble
- discusses a scheme (called the Pilot Program) ran by General Electric
- at Lynn, Massachusetts, USA in the late 1960s:
+ participatory schemes (as David Schweickart notes, such resistance,
+ "often bordering on sabotage, is well known and widely documented" [Op.
+ Cit., p. 229]). As an example of this David Noble discusses a scheme
+ ran by General Electric in the late 1960s:
"After considerable conflict, GE introduced a quality of work life
program . . . which gave workers much more control over the machines
@@ -2067,61 +2557,75 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
efficiency in order to regain and insure management control."
[Progress Without People, p. 65f]
- However, it could be claimed that owners, being concerned by the
- bottom-line of profits, could force management to introduce
+ Simply put, managers and capitalists can see that workers' control
+ experiments expose the awkward fact that they are not needed, that
+ their role is not related to organising production but exploiting
+ workers. They have no urge to introduce reforms which will ultimately
+ make themselves redundant. Moreover, most enjoy the power that comes
+ with their position and have no desire to see it ended. This also
+ places a large barrier in the way of workers' control. Interestingly,
+ this same mentality explains why capitalists often support fascist
+ regimes: "The anarchist Luigi Fabbri termed fascism a preventative
+ counter-revolution; but in his essay he makes the important point that
+ the employers, particularly in agriculture, were not so much moved by
+ fear of a general revolution as by the erosion of their own authority
+ and property rights which had already taken place locally: 'The bosses
+ felt they were no longer bosses.'" [Adrian Lyttelton, "Italian
+ Fascism", pp. 81-114, Fascism: a Reader's Guide, p. 91]
+
+ However, it could be claimed that owners of stock, being concerned by
+ the bottom-line of profits, could force management to introduce
participation. By this method, competitive market forces would
ultimately prevail as individual owners, pursuing profits, reorganise
production and participation spreads across the economy. Indeed, there
- are a few firms that have introduced such schemes, but there has been
- no tendency for them to spread. This contradicts "free market"
- capitalist economic theory which states that those firms which
- introduce more efficient techniques will prosper and competitive market
- forces will ensure that other firms will introduce the technique.
+ are a few firms that have introduced such schemes but there has been no
+ tendency for them to spread. This contradicts "free market" capitalist
+ economic theory which states that those firms which introduce more
+ efficient techniques will prosper and competitive market forces will
+ ensure that other firms will introduce the technique.
- This is for three reasons.
+ This has not happened for three reasons.
Firstly, the fact is that within "free market" capitalism keeping
(indeed strengthening) skills and power in the hands of the workers
makes it harder for a capitalist firm to maximise profits (i.e. unpaid
labour). It strengthens the power of workers, who can use that power to
gain increased wages (i.e. reduce the amount of surplus value they
- produce for their bosses).
-
- Workers' control basically leads to a usurpation of capitalist
- prerogatives -- including their share of revenues and their ability to
- extract more unpaid labour during the working day. While in the short
- run workers' control may lead to higher productivity (and so may be
- toyed with), in the long run, it leads to difficulties for capitalists
- to maximise their profits. So, "given that profits depend on the
- integrity of the labour exchange, a strongly centralised structure of
- control not only serves the interests of the employer, but dictates a
- minute division of labour irrespective of considerations of
- productivity. For this reason, the evidence for the superior
- productivity of 'workers control' represents the most dramatic of
- anomalies to the neo-classical theory of the firm: worker control
- increases the effective amount of work elicited from each worker and
- improves the co-ordination of work activities, while increasing the
- solidarity and delegitimising the hierarchical structure of ultimate
- authority at its root; hence it threatens to increase the power of
- workers in the struggle over the share of total value." [Hebert Gintz,
- Op. Cit., p. 264]
-
- So, a workplace which had extensive workers participation would hardly
- see the workers agreeing to reduce their skill levels, take a pay cut
- or increase their pace of work simply to enhance the profits of
+ produce for their bosses). Workers' control also leads to a usurpation
+ of capitalist prerogatives -- including their share of revenues and
+ their ability to extract more unpaid labour during the working day.
+ While in the short run workers' control may lead to higher productivity
+ (and so may be toyed with), in the long run, it leads to difficulties
+ for capitalists to maximise their profits:
+
+ "given that profits depend on the integrity of the labour exchange,
+ a strongly centralised structure of control not only serves the
+ interests of the employer, but dictates a minute division of labour
+ irrespective of considerations of productivity. For this reason, the
+ evidence for the superior productivity of 'workers control'
+ represents the most dramatic of anomalies to the neo-classical
+ theory of the firm: worker control increases the effective amount of
+ work elicited from each worker and improves the co-ordination of
+ work activities, while increasing the solidarity and delegitimising
+ the hierarchical structure of ultimate authority at its root; hence
+ it threatens to increase the power of workers in the struggle over
+ the share of total value." [Gintz, Op. Cit., p. 264]
+
+ A workplace which had extensive workers participation would hardly see
+ the workers agreeing to reduce their skill levels, take a pay cut or
+ increase their pace of work simply to enhance the profits of
capitalists. Simply put, profit maximisation is not equivalent to
- technological efficiency. By getting workers to work longer, more
- intensely or in more unpleasant conditions can increase profits but
- does not yield more output for the same inputs. Workers' control would
- curtail capitalist means of enhancing profits by changing the quality
- and quantity of work. It is this requirement which also aids in
- understanding why capitalists will not support workers' control -- even
- though it is more efficient, it reduces the ability of capitalists to
- maximise profits by minimising labour costs. Moreover, demands to
- change the nature of workers' inputs into the production process in
+ efficiency. Getting workers to work longer, more intensely or in more
+ unpleasant conditions can increase profits but it does not yield more
+ output for the same inputs. Workers' control would curtail capitalist
+ means of enhancing profits by changing the quality and quantity of
+ work. It is this requirement which also aids in understanding why
+ capitalists will not support workers' control -- even though it is more
+ efficient, it reduces capitalist power in production. Moreover, demands
+ to change the nature of workers' inputs into the production process in
order to maximise profits for capitalists would provoke a struggle over
- the time and intensity of work and over the share of value added going
- to workers, management and owners and so destroy the benefits of
+ the intensity of work, working hours, and over the share of value added
+ going to workers, management and owners and so destroy the benefits of
participation.
Thus power within the workplace plays a key role in explaining why
@@ -2132,55 +2636,45 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
structure within the company but the power is related to control over
the surplus produced by the workers rather than the ability to control
how much surplus is produced in the first place (i.e. power over
- workers).
-
- Hierarchical management is the way to ensure that profits are
+ workers). Hierarchical management is the way to ensure that profits are
channelled into the hands of a few. By centralising power, the surplus
value produced by workers can be distributed in a way which benefits
- those at the top (i.e. management and capitalists). Profit maximisation
- under capitalism means the maximum profits available for capitalists --
- not the maximum difference between selling price and cost as such. This
- difference explains the strange paradox of workers' control experiments
- being successful but being cancelled by management. The paradox is
- easily explained once the hierarchical nature of capitalist production
- (i.e. of wage labour) is acknowledged. Workers' control, by placing
- (some) power in the hands of workers, undermines the authority of
- management and, ultimately, their power to control the surplus produced
- by workers and allocate it as they see fit. Thus, while workers'
- control does reduce costs, increase efficiency and productivity (i.e.
- maximise the difference between prices and costs) it (potentially)
- reduces profit maximisation by undermining the power (and so
- privileges) of management to allocate that surplus as they see fit.
-
- Increased workers' control reduces the capitalists potential to
- maximise their profits and so will be opposed by both management and
- owners. Indeed, it can be argued that hierarchical control of
- production exists solely to provide for the accumulation of capital in
- a few hands, not for efficiency or productivity (see Stephan A. Margin,
- "What do Bosses do? The Origins and Functions of Hierarchy in
- Capitalist Production", Op. Cit., pp. 178-248). This is why profit
- maximisation does not entail efficiency and can actively work against
- it.
+ those at the top (i.e. management and capitalists). This explains the
+ strange paradox of workers' control experiments being successful but
+ being cancelled by management. This is easily explained once the
+ hierarchical nature of capitalist production (i.e. of wage labour) is
+ acknowledged. Workers' control, by placing (some) power in the hands of
+ workers, undermines the authority of management and, ultimately, their
+ power to control the surplus produced by workers and allocate it as
+ they see fit. Thus, while workers' control does reduce costs, increase
+ efficiency and productivity (i.e. maximise the difference between
+ prices and costs) it (potentially) reduces the power of management and
+ owners to allocate that surplus as they see fit. Indeed, it can be
+ argued that hierarchical control of production exists solely to provide
+ for the accumulation of capital in a few hands, not for efficiency or
+ productivity (see Stephan A. Margin, "What do Bosses do? The Origins
+ and Functions of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production", Op. Cit., pp.
+ 178-248).
As David Noble argues, power is the key to understanding capitalism,
not the drive for profits as such:
"In opting for control [over the increased efficiency of workers'
control] . . . management . . . knowingly and, it must be assumed,
- willingly, sacrificed profitable production. Hence [experiences such
- as] the Pilot Program [at GE] . . . illustrates not only the
- ultimate management priority of power over both production and
- profit within the firm, but also the larger contradiction between
- the preservation of private power and prerogatives, on the one hand,
- and the social goals of efficient, quality, and useful production,
- on the other . . .
+ willingly, sacrificed profitable production. . . . [This]
+ illustrates not only the ultimate management priority of power over
+ both production and profit within the firm, but also the larger
+ contradiction between the preservation of private power and
+ prerogatives, on the one hand, and the social goals of efficient,
+ quality, and useful production, on the other . . .
"It is a common confusion, especially on the part of those trained
in or unduly influenced by formal economics (liberal and Marxist
alike), that capitalism is a system of profit-motivated, efficient
production. This is not true, nor has it ever been. If the drive to
maximise profits, through private ownership and control over the
- process of production, it has never been the end of that
+ process of production, has served historically as the primary means
+ of capitalist development, it has never been the end of that
development. The goal has always been domination (and the power and
privileges that go with it) and the preservation of domination.
There is little historical evidence to support the view that, in the
@@ -2189,7 +2683,7 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
other hand, that when the goals of profit-making and efficient
production fail to coincide with the requirements of continued
dominance, capital will resort to more ancient means: legal,
- political, and, of need be, military. Always, behind all the careful
+ political, and, if need be, military. Always, behind all the careful
accounting, lies the threat of force. This system of domination has
been legitimated in the past by the ideological invention that
private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of
@@ -2201,53 +2695,51 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
about the adequacy of this mythology as a description of reality."
[Forces of Production, pp. 321-2]
- Hierarchical organisation (i.e. domination) is essential to ensure that
+ Hierarchical organisation (domination) is essential to ensure that
profits are controlled by a few and can, therefore, be allocated by
them in such a way to ensure their power and privileges. By undermining
- management authority, workers' control undermines that power to
- maximise profits in a certain direction even though it increases
- "profits" (the difference between prices and costs) in the abstract. As
- workers' control starts to extend (or management sees its potential to
- spread) into wider areas such as investment decisions, how to allocate
- the surplus (i.e. profits) between wages, investment, dividends,
- management pay and so on, then they will seek to end the project in
- order to ensure their power over both the workers and the surplus they,
- the workers, produce. In this they will be supported by those who
- actually own the company who obviously would not support a regime which
- will not ensure the maximum return on their investment. This maximum
- return would be endangered by workers' control, even though it is
- technically more efficient, as control over the surplus rests with the
- workers and not a management elite with similar interests and aims as
- the owners -- an egalitarian workplace would produce an egalitarian
- distribution of surplus, in other words (as proven by the experience of
- workers' co-operatives). In the words of one participant of the GE
- workers' control project -- "If we're all one, for manufacturing
- reasons, we must share in the fruits equitably, just like a co-op
- business." [quoted by Noble, Op. Cit., p. 295] Such a possibility is
- one no owner would agree to.
+ such authority, workers' control also undermines that power to maximise
+ profits in a certain direction even though it increases "profits" (the
+ difference between prices and costs) in the abstract. As workers'
+ control starts to extend (or management sees its potential to spread)
+ into wider areas such as investment decisions, how to allocate the
+ surplus (i.e. profits) between wages, investment, dividends, management
+ pay and so on, then they will seek to end the project in order to
+ ensure their power over both the workers and the surplus they, the
+ workers, produce (this is, of course, related to the issue of lack of
+ control by investors in co-operatives raised in the [27]last section).
+
+ As such, the opposition by managers to workers' control will be
+ reflected by those who actually own the company who obviously would not
+ support a regime which will not ensure the maximum return on their
+ investment. This would be endangered by workers' control, even though
+ it is more efficient and productive, as control over the surplus rests
+ with the workers and not a management elite with similar interests and
+ aims as the owners -- an egalitarian workplace would produce an
+ egalitarian distribution of surplus, in other words (as proven by the
+ experience of workers' co-operatives). In the words of one participant
+ of the GE workers' control project: "If we're all one, for
+ manufacturing reasons, we must share in the fruits equitably, just like
+ a co-op business." [quoted by Noble, Op. Cit., p. 295] Such a
+ possibility is one few owners would agree to.
Thirdly, to survive within the "free" market means to concentrate on
the short term. Long terms benefits, although greater, are irrelevant.
A free market requires profits now and so a firm is under considerable
- pressure to maximise short-term profits by market forces (a similar
- situation occurs when firms invest in "green" technology, see
- [27]section E.5).
-
- Participation requires trust, investment in people and technology and a
- willingness to share the increased value added that result from
- workers' participation with the workers who made it possible. All these
- factors would eat into short term profits in order to return richer
- rewards in the future. Encouraging participation thus tends to increase
- long term gains at the expense of short-term ones (for it ensures that
- workers do not consider participation as a con, they must experience
- real benefits in terms of power, conditions and wage rises). For firms
- within a free market environment, they are under pressure from
- share-holders and their financiers for high returns as soon as
- possible. If a company does not produce high dividends then it will see
- its stock fall as shareholders move to those companies that do. Thus
- the market forces companies (and banks, who in turn loan over the short
- term to companies) to act in such ways as to maximise short term
- profits.
+ pressure to maximise short-term profits by market forces. Participation
+ requires trust, investment in people and technology and a willingness
+ to share the increased value added that result from workers'
+ participation with the workers who made it possible. All these factors
+ would eat into short term profits in order to return richer rewards in
+ the future. Encouraging participation thus tends to increase long term
+ gains at the expense of short-term ones (to ensure that workers do not
+ consider participation as a con, they must experience real benefits in
+ terms of power, conditions and wage rises). For firms within a free
+ market environment, they are under pressure from share-holders and
+ their financiers for high returns as soon as possible. If a company
+ does not produce high dividends then it will see its stock fall as
+ shareholders move to those companies that do. Thus the market forces
+ companies to act in such ways as to maximise short term profits.
If faced with a competitor which is not making such investments (and
which is investing directly into deskilling technology or intensifying
@@ -2263,38 +2755,34 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
Thus, workers' control is unlikely to spread through capitalism because
it entails a level of working class consciousness and power that is
- incompatible with capitalist control. In other words, "[i]f the
- hierarchical division of labour is necessary for the extraction of
- surplus value, then worker preferences for jobs threatening capitalist
- control will not be implemented." [Hebert Gintis, Op. Cit., p. 253] The
- reason why it is more efficient, ironically, ensures that a capitalist
- economy will not select it. The "free market" will discourage
- empowerment and democratic workplaces, at best reducing "co-operation"
- and "participation" to marginal issues (and management will still have
- the power of veto).
-
- In addition, moves towards democratic workplaces within capitalism is
- an example of the system in conflict with itself -- pursuing its
+ incompatible with capitalist control: "If the hierarchical division of
+ labour is necessary for the extraction of surplus value, then worker
+ preferences for jobs threatening capitalist control will not be
+ implemented." [Gintis, Op. Cit., p. 253] The reason why it is more
+ efficient, ironically, ensures that a capitalist economy will not
+ select it. The "free market" will discourage empowerment and democratic
+ workplaces, at best reducing "co-operation" and "participation" to
+ marginal issues (and management will still have the power of veto).
+
+ The failure of moves towards democratic workplaces within capitalism
+ are an example of that system in conflict with itself -- pursuing its
objectives by methods which constantly defeat those same objectives. As
- Paul Carden argues, the "capitalist system can only maintain itself by
- trying to reduce workers into mere order-takers. . . At the same time
+ Paul Carden argued, the "capitalist system can only maintain itself by
+ trying to reduce workers into mere order-takers . . . At the same time
the system can only function as long as this reduction is never
- achieved. . . [for] the system would soon grind to a halt. . .
+ achieved . . . [for] the system would soon grind to a halt . . .
[However] capitalism constantly has to limit this participation (if it
didn't the workers would soon start deciding themselves and would show
- in practice now superfluous the ruling class really is)." [Revolution
- and Modern Capitalism, pp. 45-46]
-
- The experience of the 1970s supports this thesis well. Thus "workers'
- control" within a capitalist firm is a contradictory thing - too little
- power and it is meaningless, too much and workplace authority
- structures and short-term profits (i.e. capitalist share of value
- added) can be harmed. Attempts to make oppressed, exploited and
- alienated workers work if they were neither oppressed, exploited nor
- alienated will always fail.
+ in practice now superfluous the ruling class really is)." [Modern
+ Capitalism and Revolution, pp. 45-46] Thus "workers' control" within a
+ capitalist firm is a contradictory thing -- too little power and it is
+ meaningless, too much and workplace authority structures and capitalist
+ share of, and control over, value added can be harmed. Attempts to make
+ oppressed, exploited and alienated workers work if they were neither
+ oppressed, exploited nor alienated will always fail.
For a firm to establish committed and participatory relations
- internally, it must have external supports - particularly with
+ internally, it must have external supports -- particularly with
providers of finance (which is why co-operatives benefit from credit
unions and co-operating together). The price mechanism proves
self-defeating to create such supports and that is why we see
@@ -2312,10 +2800,10 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
with much of the same support.
Therefore, "participation" within capitalist firms will have little or
- no tendency to spread due to the "automatic" actions of market forces.
- In spite of such schemes being more efficient, capitalism will not
+ no tendency to spread due to the actions of market forces. In spite of
+ such schemes almost always being more efficient, capitalism will not
select them because they empower workers and make it hard for
- capitalists to maximise their short term profits. Hence capitalism, by
+ capitalists to generate and control their profits. Hence capitalism, by
itself, will have no tendency to produce more libertarian
organisational forms within industry. Those firms that do introduce
such schemes will be the exception rather than the rule (and the
@@ -2325,134 +2813,138 @@ forced to introduce it by the market?
and support network or -- from an anarchist point of view -- union and
community direct action).
- However such schemes, as noted above, are just forms of
- self-exploitation, getting workers to help their robbers and so not a
- development anarchists seek to encourage. We have discussed this here
- just to be clear that, firstly, such forms of structural reforms are
- not self-management, as managers and owners still have the real power,
- and, secondly, even if such forms are somewhat liberatory, market
- forces will not select them (i.e. collective action would be required).
-
- For anarchists "self-management is not a new form of mediation between
- workers and their bosses . . . [it] refers to the very process by which
- the workers themselves overthrow their managers and take on their own
- management and the management of production in their own workplace."
- [Sam Dolgoff, Op. Cit., p. 81] Hence our support for co-operatives,
- unions and other self-managed structures created and organised from
- below by and for working class people.
+ Such schemes, as noted above, are just forms of self-exploitation,
+ getting workers to help their robbers and so not a development
+ anarchists seek to encourage. We have discussed this here just to be
+ clear that, firstly, such forms of structural reforms are not
+ self-management, as managers and owners still have the real power, and,
+ secondly, even if such forms are somewhat liberatory and more
+ efficient, market forces will not select them precisely because the
+ latter is dependent on the former. Thirdly, they would still be
+ organised for exploitation as workers would not be controlling all the
+ goods they produced. As with an existing capitalist firm, part of their
+ product would be used to pay interest, rent and profit. For anarchists
+ "self-management is not a new form of mediation between workers and
+ their bosses . . . [it] refers to the very process by which the workers
+ themselves overthrow their managers and take on their own management
+ and the management of production in their own workplace." [Dolgoff, Op.
+ Cit., p. 81] Hence our support for co-operatives, unions and other
+ self-managed structures created and organised from below by and for
+ working class people by their own collective action.
J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
Modern schools are alternative schools, self-managed by students,
teachers and parents which reject the authoritarian schooling methods
- of the modern "education" system. Such schools have a feature of the
- anarchist movement since the turn of the 20th century while interest in
- libertarian forms of education has been a feature of anarchist theory
- from the beginning. All the major anarchist thinkers, from Godwin
- through Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin to modern activists like Colin
- Ward, have stressed the importance of libertarian (or "rational")
+ of the modern "education" system. Such schools have been a feature of
+ the anarchist movement since the turn of the 20th century while
+ interest in libertarian forms of education has existed in anarchist
+ theory from the beginning. All the major anarchist thinkers, from
+ Godwin through Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin to modern activists like
+ Colin Ward, have stressed the importance of libertarian (or rational)
education, education that develops all aspects of the student (mental
- and physical -- and so termed "integral" education) as well as
+ and physical -- and so termed integral education) as well as
encouraging critical thought and mental freedom. The aim of such
- education is, to use Proudhon's words, ensure that the "industrial
- worker, the man [sic!] of action and the intellectual would all be
- rolled into one" [cited by Steward Edward in The Paris Commune, p. 274]
+ education is ensure that the "industrial worker, the man [sic!] of
+ action and the intellectual would all be rolled into one." [Proudhon,
+ quoted by Steward Edward, The Paris Commune, p. 274]
Anyone involved in radical politics, constantly and consistently
challenges the role of the state's institutions and their
representatives within our lives. The role of bosses, the police,
- social workers, the secret service, middle managers, doctors and
- priests are all seen as part of a hierarchy which exists to keep us,
- the working class, subdued. It is relatively rare though for the
- left-wing to call into question the role of teachers. Most left wing
- activists and a large number of libertarians believe that education is
- good, all education is good, and education is always good. As Henry
- Barnard, the first US commissioner of education, appointed in 1867,
- exhorted, "education always leads to freedom".
+ social workers, the secret service, managers, doctors and priests are
+ all seen as part of a hierarchy which exists to keep us, the working
+ class, subdued. It is relatively rare, though, for the left-wing to
+ call into question the role of teachers. Most left wing activists and a
+ large number of libertarians believe that education is always good.
Those involved in libertarian education believe the contrary. They
believe that national education systems exist only to produce citizens
- who'll be blindly obedient to the dictates of the state, citizens who
+ who will be blindly obedient to the dictates of the state, citizens who
will uphold the authority of government even when it runs counter to
personal interest and reason, wage slaves who will obey the orders of
their boss most of the time and consider being able to change bosses as
freedom. They agree with William Godwin (one of the earliest critics of
- national education systems) when he wrote in An Enquiry Concerning
- Political Justice that "the project of a national education ought to be
- discouraged on account of its obvious alliance with national government
- . . . Government will not fail to employ it to strengthen its hand and
- perpetuate its institutions. . .Their views as instigator of a system
- will not fail to be analogous to their views in their political
- capacity." [cited by Colin Ward, Anarchy in Action, p. 81]
-
- With the growth of industrialism in the 19th century schools triumphed,
- not through a desire to reform but as an economic necessity. Industry
- did not want free thinking individuals, it wanted workers, instruments
- of labour, and it wanted them punctual, obedient, passive and willing
- to accept their disadvantaged position. According to Nigel Thrift, many
- employers and social reformers became convinced that the earliest
- generations of workers were almost impossible to discipline (i.e. to
- get accustomed to wage labour and workplace authority). They looked to
- children, hoping that "the elementary school could be used to break the
- labouring classes into those habits of work discipline now necessary
- for factory production. . . Putting little children to work at school
- for very long hours at very dull subjects was seen as a positive
- virtue, for it made them habituated, not to say naturalised, to labour
- and fatigue." [quoted by Juliet B. Schor in The Overworked American, p.
- 61]
+ national education systems) when he wrote that "the project of a
+ national education ought to be discouraged on account of its obvious
+ alliance with national government . . . Government will not fail to
+ employ it to strengthen its hand and perpetuate its institutions . . .
+ Their views as instigator of a system will not fail to be analogous to
+ their views in their political capacity." [quoted by Colin Ward,
+ Anarchy in Action, p. 81]
+
+ With the growth of industrialism in the 19th century state schools
+ triumphed, not through a desire to reform but as an economic necessity.
+ Industry did not want free thinking individuals, it wanted workers,
+ instruments of labour, and it wanted them punctual, obedient, passive
+ and willing to accept their disadvantaged position. According to Nigel
+ Thrift, many employers and social reformers became convinced that the
+ earliest generations of workers were almost impossible to discipline
+ (i.e. to get accustomed to wage labour and workplace authority). They
+ looked to children, hoping that "the elementary school could be used to
+ break the labouring classes into those habits of work discipline now
+ necessary for factory production . . . Putting little children to work
+ at school for very long hours at very dull subjects was seen as a
+ positive virtue, for it made them habituated, not to say naturalised,
+ to labour and fatigue." [quoted by Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked
+ American, p. 61]
Thus supporters of Modern Schools recognise that the role of education
is an important one in maintaining hierarchical society -- for
government and other forms of hierarchy (such as wage labour) must
- always depend on the opinion of the governed. Franciso Ferrer (the most
- famous supporter of Modern Schooling due to his execution by the
- Spanish state in 1909) argued that:
+ always depend on the opinion of the governed. Francisco Ferrer (the
+ most famous libertarian educator) argued that:
"Rulers have always taken care to control the education of the
people. They know their power is based almost entirely on the school
and they insist on retaining their monopoly. The school is an
- instrument of domination in the hands of the ruling class." [cited
+ instrument of domination in the hands of the ruling class." [quoted
by Clifford Harper, Anarchy: A Graphic Guide, p. 100]
- Little wonder, then, that Emma Goldman argued that the "modern method
- of education" has "little regard for personal liberty and originality
- of thought. Uniformity and imitation is [its] motto" and that the
- school "is for the child what the prison is for the convict and the
- barracks for the solder - a place where everything is being used to
- break the will of the child, and then to pound, knead, and shape it
- into a being utterly foreign to itself." [Red Emma Speaks, p. 118, p.
- 116]
-
- Hence the importance of Modern Schools. It is a means of spreading
- libertarian education within a hierarchical society and undercut one of
- the key supports for that society -- the education system. Instead of
- hierarchical education, Modern schools exist to "develop the individual
- through knowledge and the free play of characteristic traits, so that
- [the child] may become a social being, because he had learned to know
- himself [or herself], to know his [or her] relation to his fellow[s]. .
- . " [Emma Goldman, Op. Cit., p. 121] It would, in Stirner's words, be
- "an education for freedom, not for subservience."
+ Little wonder, then, that Emma Goldman argued that "modern methods of
+ education" have "little regard for personal liberty and originality of
+ thought. Uniformity and imitation is [its] motto." The school "is for
+ the child what the prison is for the convict and the barracks for the
+ solder -- a place where everything is being used to break the will of
+ the child, and then to pound, knead, and shape it into a being utterly
+ foreign to itself." Hence the importance of Modern Schools. It is a
+ means of spreading libertarian education within a hierarchical society
+ and undercut one of the key supports for that society -- the education
+ system. Instead of hierarchical education, Modern schools exist to
+ "develop the individual through knowledge and the free play of
+ characteristic traits, so that [the child] may become a social being,
+ because he had learned to know himself, to know his relation to his
+ fellow[s]." [Red Emma Speaks, pp. 141-2, p. 140 and p. 145] It would be
+ an education for freedom, not for subservience:
+
+ "Should the notion of freedom but awaken in man, free men dream only
+ of freeing themselves now and for all time: but instead, all we do
+ is churn out learned men who adapt in the most refined manner to
+ every circumstance and fall to the level of slavish, submissive
+ souls. For the most part, what are our fine gentlemen brimful of
+ intellect and culture? Sneering slavers and slaves themselves." [Max
+ Stirner, No Gods, No Masters, vol. 1, p. 12]
The Modern School Movement (also known as the Free School Movement)
over the past century has been an attempt to represent part of this
concern about the dangers of state and church schools and the need for
libertarian education. The idea of libertarian education is that
- knowledge and learning should be linked to real life processes and
- personal usefulness and should not be the preserve of a special
+ knowledge and learning should be linked to real life processes as well
+ as personal usefulness and should not be the preserve of a special
institution. Thus Modern Schools are an attempt to establish an
environment for self development in an overly structured and
rationalised world. An oasis from authoritarian control and as a means
- of passing on the knowledge to be free.
+ of passing on the knowledge to be free:
"The underlying principle of the Modern School is this: education is
a process of drawing out, not driving in; it aims at the possibility
that the child should be left free to develop spontaneously,
- directing his [or her] own efforts and choosing the branches of
- knowledge which he desires to study. . . the teacher . . . should be
- a sensitive instrument responding to the needs of the child . . . a
+ directing his own efforts and choosing the branches of knowledge
+ which he desires to study . . . the teacher . . . should be a
+ sensitive instrument responding to the needs of the child . . . a
channel through which the child may attain so much of the ordered
- knowledge of the world as he shows himself [or herself] ready to
- receive and assimilate". [Emma Goldman, Op. Cit., p. 126]
+ knowledge of the world as he shows himself ready to receive and
+ assimilate." [Goldman, Op. Cit., p. 146]
The Modern School bases itself on libertarian education techniques.
Libertarian education, very broadly, seeks to produce children who will
@@ -2466,8 +2958,8 @@ J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
for better things, eager for the triumph of new ideas, anxious to
crowd many lives into the life they have. It must be the aim of the
school to show the children that there will be tyranny as long as
- one person depends on another." [Ferrer, quoted by Clifford Harper,
- Op. Cit., p. 100]
+ one person depends on another." [Ferrer, quoted by Harper, Op. Cit.,
+ p. 100]
Thus the Modern School insists that the child is the centre of gravity
in the education process -- and that education is just that, not
@@ -2478,19 +2970,19 @@ J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
property, country and family so as to attain the liberty and
well-being which all desire. I will teach only simple truth. I will
not ram dogma into their heads. I will not conceal one iota of fact.
- I will teach not what to think but how to think." [Ferrer, cited by
+ I will teach not what to think but how to think." [Ferrer, quoted by
Harper, Op. Cit., pp. 99-100]
The Modern School has no rewards or punishments, exams or mark -- the
- everyday "tortures" of conventional schooling. And because practical
+ everyday tortures of conventional schooling. And because practical
knowledge is more useful than theory, lessons were often held in
- factories, museums or the countryside. The school was also used by the
+ factories, museums or the countryside. The school was also used by
parents, and Ferrer planned a Popular University.
"Higher education, for the privileged few, should be for the general
public, as every human has a right to know; and science, which is
produced by observers and workers of all countries and ages, ought
- not be restricted to class." [Ferrer, cited by Harper, Op. Cit., p.
+ not be restricted to class." [Ferrer, quoted by Harper, Op. Cit., p.
100]
Thus Modern Schools are based on encouraging self-education in a
@@ -2501,8 +2993,8 @@ J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
gets them to develop their own abilities in a conducive setting.
Modern Schools have been a constant aspect of the anarchist movement
- since the later 1890s. The movement was started in France by Louise
- Michel and Sebastien Faure, where Franciso Ferrer became acquainted
+ since the late 1890s. The movement was started in France by Louise
+ Michel and Sebastien Faure, where Francisco Ferrer became acquainted
with them. He founded his Modern School in Barcelona in 1901, and by
1905 there were 50 similar schools in Spain (many of them funded by
anarchist groups and trade unions and, from 1919 onward, by the C.N.T.
@@ -2511,46 +3003,36 @@ J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
insurrection and executed in spite of world-wide protest and
overwhelming proof of his innocence. His execution, however, gained him
and his educational ideas international recognition and inspired a
- Modern School progressive education movement in Britain, France,
- Belgium, Holland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
- Yugoslavia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, China, Japan and, on the
- greatest scale, in the USA.
+ Modern School progressive education movement across the globe.
However, for most anarchists, Modern Schools are not enough in
- themselves to produce a libertarian society. They agree with Bakunin's
- argument that "[f]or individuals to be moralised and become fully human
- . . . three things are necessary: a hygienic birth, all-round
- education, accompanied by an upbringing based on respect for labour,
- reason, equality, and freedom and a social environment wherein each
- human individual will enjoy full freedom and really by, de jure and de
- facto, the equal of every other.
-
- "Does this environment exist? No. Then it must be established. . .
- [otherwise] in the existing social environment . . . on leaving
- [libertarian] schools they [the student] would enter a society governed
- by totally opposite principles, and, because society is always stronger
- than individuals, it would prevail over them . . . [and] demoralise
- them."
- [The Basic Bakunin, p, 174]
+ themselves to produce a libertarian society. They agree with Bakunin:
+
+ "For individuals to be moralised and become fully human . . . three
+ things are necessary: a hygienic birth, all-round education,
+ accompanied by an upbringing based on respect for labour, reason,
+ equality, and freedom and a social environment wherein each human
+ individual will enjoy full freedom and really by, de jure and de
+ facto, the equal of every other.
+
+ "Does this environment exist? No. Then it must be established. . .
+ [otherwise] in the existing social environment . . . on leaving
+ [libertarian] schools they [the student] would enter a society
+ governed by totally opposite principles, and, because society is
+ always stronger than individuals, it would prevail over them . . .
+ [and] demoralise them." [The Basic Bakunin, p, 174]
Because of this, Modern Schools must be part of a mass working class
revolutionary movement which aims to build as many aspects of the new
world as possible in the old one before, ultimately, replacing it.
Otherwise they are just useful as social experiments and their impact
- on society marginal. Little wonder, then, that Bakunin supported the
- International Workers Association's resolution that urged "the various
- sections [of the International] to establish public courses . . .
- [based on] all-round instruction, in order to remedy as much as
- possible the insufficient education that workers currently receive."
- [quoted by Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 175]
-
- Thus, for anarchists, this process of education is part of the class
- struggle, not in place of it and so "the workers [must] do everything
- possible to obtain all the education they can in the material
- circumstances in which they currently find themselves . . . [while]
- concentrat[ing] their efforts on the great question of their economic
- emancipation, the mother of all other emancipations." [Michael Bakunin,
- Op. Cit., p. 175]
+ on society marginal. Thus, for anarchists, this process of education is
+ part of the class struggle, not in place of it and so "the workers
+ [must] do everything possible to obtain all the education they can in
+ the material circumstances in which they currently find themselves . .
+ . [while] concentrat[ing] their efforts on the great question of their
+ economic emancipation, the mother of all other emancipations."
+ [Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 175]
Before finishing, we must stress that hierarchical education (like the
media), cannot remove the effects of actual life and activity in
@@ -2567,204 +3049,193 @@ J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
For more information on Modern Schools see Paul Avrich's The Modern
School Movement: Anarchism and education in the United States, Emma
- Goldman's essay "Francisco Ferrer and the Modern School" in Anarchism
- and Other Essays and A.S Neil's Summerhill. For a good introduction to
- anarchist viewpoints on education see "Kropotkin and technical
- education: an anarchist voice" by Michael Smith in For Anarchism and
- Michael Bakunin's "All-Round Education" in The Basic Bakunin. For an
- excellent summary of the advantages and benefits of co-operative
- learning, see Alfie Kohn's No Contest.
+ Goldman's essays "Francisco Ferrer and the Modern School" (in Anarchism
+ and Other Essays) and "The Social Importance of the Modern School" (in
+ Red Emma Speaks) as well as A.S Neil's Summerhill. For a good
+ introduction to anarchist viewpoints on education see "Kropotkin and
+ technical education: an anarchist voice" by Michael Smith (in For
+ Anarchism, David Goodway (ed.),) and Michael Bakunin's "All-Round
+ Education" (in The Basic Bakunin). For an excellent summary of the
+ advantages and benefits of co-operative learning, see Alfie Kohn's No
+ Contest.
J.5.14 What is Libertarian Municipalism?
- In his article "Theses on Libertarian Municipalism" [in The Anarchist
- Papers, Black Rose Press, 1986], Murray Bookchin has proposed a
- non-parliamentary electoral strategy for anarchists. He has repeated
- this proposal in many of his later works, such as From Urbanisation to
- Cities and has made it -- at least in the USA -- one of the many
- alternatives anarchists are involved in. The main points of his
- argument are summarised below, followed by a brief commentary.
+ As we noted in [28]section J.2, most anarchists reject participating in
+ electoral politics. A notable exception was Murray Bookchin who not
+ only proposed voting but also a non-parliamentary electoral strategy
+ for anarchists. He repeated this proposal in many of his later works,
+ such as From Urbanisation to Cities, and has made it -- at least in the
+ USA -- one of the many alternatives anarchists are involved in.
According to Bookchin, "the proletariat, as do all oppressed sectors of
society, comes to life when it sheds its industrial habits in the free
and spontaneous activity of communising, or taking part in the
- political life of the community." In other words, Bookchin thinks that
+ political life of the community." In other words, Bookchin thought that
democratisation of local communities may be as strategically important,
or perhaps more important, to anarchists than workplace struggles.
-
- Since local politics is humanly scaled, Bookchin argues that it can be
- participatory rather than parliamentary. Or, as he puts it, "[t]he
- anarchic ideal of decentralised, stateless, collectively managed, and
+ Since local politics is humanly scaled, Bookchin argued that it can be
+ participatory rather than parliamentary. Or, as he put it, the
+ "anarchic ideal of decentralised, stateless, collectively managed, and
directly democratic communities -- of confederated municipalities or
'communes' -- speaks almost intuitively, and in the best works of
Proudhon and Kropotkin, consciously, to the transforming role of
- libertarian municipalism as the framework of a liberatory society. . .
- " He also points out that, historically, the city has been the
- principle countervailing force to imperial and national states,
- haunting them as a potential challenge to centralised power and
- continuing to do so today, as can be seen in the conflicts between
- national government and municipalities in many countries.
-
- But, despite the libertarian potential of urban politics,
- "urbanisation" -- the growth of the modern megalopolis as a vast
- wasteland of suburbs, shopping malls, industrial parks, and slums that
- foster political apathy and isolation in realms of alienated production
- and private consumption -- is antithetical to the continued existence
- of those aspects of the city that might serve as the framework for a
- libertarian municipalism. "When urbanisation will have effaced city
- life so completely that the city no longer has its own identity,
- culture, and spaces for consociation, the bases for democracy -- in
- whatever way the word in defined -- will have disappeared and the
- question of revolutionary forms will be a shadow game of abstractions."
-
- Despite this danger, however, Bookchin thinks that a libertarian
- politics of local government is still possible, provided anarchists get
- their act together. "The Commune still lies buried in the city council;
- the sections still lie buried in the neighbourhood; the town meeting
- still lies buried in the township; confederal forms of municipal
- association still lie buried in regional networks of towns and cities."
+ libertarian municipalism as the framework of a liberatory society."
+ "Theses on Libertarian Municipalism", pp. 9-22, The Anarchist Papers,
+ Dimitrios I. Roussopoulos (ed.),p. 10] He also pointed out that,
+ historically, the city has been the principle countervailing force to
+ imperial and national states, haunting them as a potential challenge to
+ centralised power and continuing to do so today, as can be seen in the
+ conflicts between national government and municipalities in many
+ countries.
+
+ Despite the libertarian potential of urban politics, "urbanisation" --
+ the growth of the modern megalopolis as a vast wasteland of suburbs,
+ shopping malls, industrial parks, and slums that foster political
+ apathy and isolation in realms of alienated production and private
+ consumption -- is antithetical to the continued existence of those
+ aspects of the city that might serve as the framework for a libertarian
+ municipalism: "When urbanisation will have effaced city life so
+ completely that the city no longer has its own identity, culture, and
+ spaces for consociation, the bases for democracy -- in whatever way the
+ word in defined -- will have disappeared and the question of
+ revolutionary forms will be a shadow game of abstractions." Despite
+ this danger Bookchin argued that a libertarian politics of local
+ government is still possible, provided anarchists get our act together:
+ "The Commune still lies buried in the city council; the sections still
+ lie buried in the neighbourhood; the town meeting still lies buried in
+ the township; confederal forms of municipal association still lie
+ buried in regional networks of towns and cities." [Op. Cit., p. 16 and
+ p. 21]
What would anarchists do electorally at the local level? Bookchin
- proposes that they change city and town charters to make political
- institutions participatory. "An organic politics based on such radical
- participatory forms of civic association does not exclude the right of
- anarchists to alter city and town charters such that they validate the
- existence of directly democratic institutions. And if this kind of
- activity brings anarchists into city councils, there is no reason why
- such a politics should be construed as parliamentary, particularly if
- it is confined to the civic level and is consciously posed against the
- state."
-
- In a latter essay, Bookchin argues that Libertarian Muncipalism
- "depends upon libertarian leftists running candidates at the local
- level, calling for the division of municipalities into wards, where
- popular assemblies can be created that bring people into full and
- direct participation in political life . . . municipalities would
- [then] confederate into a dual power to oppose the nation-state and
- ultimately dispense with it and with the economic forces that underpin
- statism as such." [Democracy and Nature no. 9, p. 158] This would be
- part of a social wide transformation, whose "[m]inimal steps . . .
- include initiating Left Green municipalist movements that propose
- neighbourhood and town assemblies - even if they have only moral
- functions at first - and electing town and city councillors that
- advance the cause of these assemblies and other popular institutions.
- These minimal steps can lead step-by-step to the formation of
- confederal bodies. . . Civic banks to fund municipal enterprises and
- land purchases; the fostering of new ecologically-orientated
- enterprises that are owned by the community. . ." [From Urbanisation to
- Cities, p. 266]
-
- Thus Bookchin sees Libertarian Muncipalism as a process by which the
+ proposed that libertarians stand in local elections in order to change
+ city and town charters to make them participatory: "An organic politics
+ based on such radical participatory forms of civic association does not
+ exclude the right of anarchists to alter city and town charters such
+ that they validate the existence of directly democratic institutions.
+ And if this kind of activity brings anarchists into city councils,
+ there is no reason why such a politics should be construed as
+ parliamentary, particularly if it is confined to the civic level and is
+ consciously posed against the state." [Op. Cit., p. 21]
+
+ In short, Libertarian Muncipalism "depends upon libertarian leftists
+ running candidates at the local level, calling for the division of
+ municipalities into wards, where popular assemblies can be created that
+ bring people into full and direct participation in political life . . .
+ municipalities would [then] confederate into a dual power to oppose the
+ nation-state and ultimately dispense with it and with the economic
+ forces that underpin statism as such." [Democracy and Nature no. 9, p.
+ 158] This would be part of a social wide transformation, whose
+ "[m]inimal steps . . . include initiating Left Green municipalist
+ movements that propose neighbourhood and town assemblies -- even if
+ they have only moral functions at first -- and electing town and city
+ councillors that advance the cause of these assemblies and other
+ popular institutions. These minimal steps can lead step-by-step to the
+ formation of confederal bodies . . . Civic banks to fund municipal
+ enterprises and land purchases; the fostering of new
+ ecologically-orientated enterprises that are owned by the community."
+ Thus Bookchin saw Libertarian Muncipalism as a process by which the
state can be undermined by using elections as the means of creating
- popular assemblies. Part of this process, he argues, would be the
- "municipalisation of property" which would "bring the economy as a
- whole into the orbit of the public sphere, where economic policy could
- be formulated by the entire community." [Op. Cit. p. 235]
-
- Bookchin considers Libertarian Muncipalism as the key means of creating
- an anarchist society, and argues that those anarchists who disagree
- with it are failing to take their politics seriously. "It is curious,"
- he notes, "that many anarchists who celebrate the existence of a
- 'collectivised' industrial enterprise, here and there, with
- considerable enthusiasm despite its emergence within a thoroughly
- bourgeois economic framework, can view a municipal politics that
- entails 'elections' of any kind with repugnance, even if such a
- politics is structured around neighbourhood assemblies, recallable
- deputies, radically democratic forms of accountability, and deeply
- rooted localist networks." ["Theses on Libertarian Municipalism"]
+ popular assemblies. Part of this would be the "municipalisation of
+ property" which would "bring the economy as a whole into the orbit of
+ the public sphere, where economic policy could be formulated by the
+ entire community." [From Urbanisation to Cities, p. 266 and p. 235]
In evaluating Bookchin's proposal, several points come to mind.
Firstly, it is clear that Libertarian Muncipalism's arguments in favour
- of community assemblies is important and cannot be ignored. Bookchin is
- right to note that, in the past, many anarchists placed far too much
- stress on workplace struggles and workers' councils as the framework of
- a free society. Many of the really important issues that affect us
- cannot be reduced to workplace organisations, which by their very
- nature disenfranchise those who do not work in industry (such as
+ of community assemblies is important and cannot be ignored. Bookchin
+ was right to note that, in the past, many anarchists placed far too
+ much stress on workplace struggles and workers' councils as the
+ framework of a free society. Many of the really important issues that
+ affect us cannot be reduced to workplace organisations, which by their
+ very nature disenfranchise those who do not work in industry (such as
housewives, the old, and so on). And, of course, there is far more to
life than work and so any future society organised purely around
workplace organisations is reproducing capitalism's insane
glorification of economic activity, at least to some degree. So, in
this sense, Libertarian Muncipalism has a very valid point -- a free
society will be created and maintained within the community as well as
- in the workplace.
-
- Secondly, Bookchin and other Libertarian Muncipalists are totally
- correct to argue that anarchists should work in their local
- communities. As noted in section [28]J.5.1, many anarchists are doing
- just that and are being very successful as well. However, most
- anarchists reject the idea that using elections are a viable means of
- "struggle toward creating new civic institutions out of old ones (or
- replacing the old ones altogether)." [From Urbanisation to Cities, p.
- 267]
-
- The most serious problem has to do with whether politics in most cities
- has already become too centralised, bureaucratic, inhumanly scaled, and
- dominated by capitalist interests to have any possibility of being
- taken over by anarchists running on platforms of participatory
+ in the workplace. However, this perspective was hardly alien to such
+ anarchist thinkers as Proudhon, Bakunin and Kropotkin who all placed
+ communes at the centre of their vision of a free society.
+
+ Secondly, Bookchin and other Libertarian Muncipalists are correct to
+ argue that anarchists should work in their local communities. Many
+ anarchists are doing just that and are being very successful as well.
+ However, most anarchists reject the idea of a "confederal muncipalist
+ movement run[ning] candidates for municipal councils with demands for
+ the institution of public assemblies" as viable means of "struggle
+ toward creating new civic institutions out of old ones (or replacing
+ the old ones altogether)." [Bookchin, Op. Cit., p. 229 and p. 267]
+
+ The most serious objection to this has to do with whether politics in
+ most cities has already become too centralised, bureaucratic, inhumanly
+ scaled, and dominated by capitalist interests to have any possibility
+ of being taken over by anarchists running on platforms of participatory
democratisation. Merely to pose the question seems enough to answer it.
There is no such possibility in the vast majority of cities, and hence
it would be a waste of time and energy for anarchists to support
libertarian municipalist candidates in local elections -- time and
energy that could be more profitably spent in direct action. If the
central governments are too bureaucratic and unresponsive to be used by
- Libertarian Municipalists, the same can be said of local ones too.
+ Libertarian Municipalists, the same can be said of local ones too --
+ particularly as the local state has become increasingly controlled by
+ the central authorities (in the UK, for example, the Conservative
+ government of the 1980s successfully centralised power away from local
+ councils to undercut their ability to resist the imposition of its
+ neo-liberal policies).
The counter-argument to this is that even if there is no chance of such
candidates being elected, their standing for elections would serve a
valuable educational function. The answer to this is: perhaps, but
- would it be more valuable than direct action? And would its educational
- value, if any, outweigh the disadvantages of electioneering mentioned
- in sections [29]J.2.2 and [30]J.2.4, such as the fact that voting
- ratifies the current system? Given the ability of major media to
- marginalise alternative candidates, we doubt that such campaigns would
- have enough educational value to outweigh these disadvantages.
- Moreover, being an anarchist does not make one immune to the corrupting
- effects of electioneering (as highlighted in section [31]J.2.6).
- History is littered with radical, politically aware movements using
- elections and ending up becoming part of the system they aimed to
- transform. Most anarchists doubt that Libertarian Muncipalism will be
- any different -- after all, it is the circumstances the parties find
- themselves in which are decisive, not the theory they hold (the social
- relations they face will transform the theory, not vice versa, in other
- words).
+ would it be more valuable than direct action? Would its educational
+ value, if any, outweigh the disadvantages of electioneering discussed
+ in [29]section J.2? Given the ability of major media to marginalise
+ alternative candidates, we doubt that such campaigns would have enough
+ educational value to outweigh these disadvantages. Moreover, being an
+ anarchist does not make one immune to the corrupting effects of
+ electioneering. History is littered with radical, politically aware
+ movements using elections and ending up becoming part of the system
+ they aimed to transform. Most anarchists doubt that Libertarian
+ Muncipalism will be any different -- after all, it is the circumstances
+ the parties find themselves in which are decisive, not the theory they
+ hold. Why would libertarians be immune to this but not Marxists or
+ Greens?
Lastly, most anarchists question the whole process on which Libertarian
Muncipalism bases itself on. The idea of communes is a key one of
anarchism and so strategies to create them in the here and now are
important. However, to think that using alienated, representative
- institutions to abolish these institutions is mad. As the Italian
- activists (who organised a neighbourhood assembly by non-electoral
- means) argue, "[t]o accept power and to say that the others were acting
- in bad faith and that we would be better, would force non-anarchists
- towards direct democracy. We reject this logic and believe that
- organisations must come from the grassroots." ["Community Organising in
- Southern Italy", pp. 16-19, Black Flag no. 210, p. 18]
+ institutions to abolish these institutions is wrong. As Italian
+ activists who organised a neighbourhood assembly by non-electoral means
+ argue "[t]o accept power and to say that the others were acting in bad
+ faith and that we would be better, would force non-anarchists towards
+ direct democracy. We reject this logic and believe that organisations
+ must come from the grassroots." ["Community Organising in Southern
+ Italy", pp. 16-19, Black Flag no. 210, p. 18]
Thus Libertarian Municipalism reverses the process by which community
assemblies will be created. Instead of anarchists using elections to
build such bodies, they must work in their communities directly to
- create them (see section J.5.1 - [32]"What is Community Unionism?" for
- more details). Using the catalyst of specific issues of local interest,
- anarchists could propose the creation of a community assembly to
- discuss the issues in question and organise action to solve them.
- Instead of a "confederal muncipalist movement run[ning] candidates for
- municipal councils with demands for the institution of public
- assemblies" [Murray Bookchin, Op. Cit., p. 229] anarchists should
- encourage people to create these institutions themselves and empower
- themselves by collective self-activity. As Kropotkin argued, "Laws can
- only follow the accomplished facts; and even if they do honestly follow
- them - which is usually not the case - a law remains a dead letter so
- long as there are not on the spot the living forces required for making
- the tendencies expressed in the law an accomplished fact." [Kropotkin's
- Revolutionary Pamphlets, p. 171] Most anarchists, therefore, think it
- is far more important to create the "living forces" within our
- communities directly than waste energy in electioneering and the
- passing of laws creating or "legalising" community assemblies. In other
- words, community assemblies can only be created from the bottom up, by
- non-electoral means, a process which Libertarian Muncipalism confuses
- with electioneering.
+ create them (see [30]section J.5.1 for more details). Using the
+ catalyst of specific issues of local interest, anarchists could propose
+ the creation of a community assembly to discuss the issues in question
+ and organise action to solve them. Rather than stand in local
+ elections, anarchists should encourage people to create these
+ institutions themselves and empower themselves by collective
+ self-activity. As Kropotkin argued, "Laws can only follow the
+ accomplished facts; and even if they do honestly follow them -- which
+ is usually not the case -- a law remains a dead letter so long as there
+ are not on the spot the living forces required for making the
+ tendencies expressed in the law an accomplished fact." [Anarchism, p.
+ 171] Most anarchists, therefore, think it is far more important to
+ create the "living forces" within our communities directly than waste
+ energy in electioneering and the passing of laws creating or
+ "legalising" community assemblies. In other words, community assemblies
+ can only be created from the bottom up, by non-electoral means, a
+ process which Libertarian Muncipalism confuses with electioneering.
So, while Libertarian Muncipalism does raise many important issues and
correctly stresses the importance of community activity and
@@ -2776,31 +3247,30 @@ J.5.14 What is Libertarian Municipalism?
J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
- Currently we are seeing a concerted attempt to rollback the state
- within society. This has been begun by the right-wing in the name of
- "freedom," "individual dignity and responsibility" and "efficiency."
- The position of anarchists to this process is mixed. On the one hand,
- we are all in favour of reducing the size of the state and increasing
- individual responsibility and freedom, but, on the other, we are well
- aware that this process is part of an attack on the working class and
- tends to increase the power of the capitalists over us as the state's
- (direct) influence is reduced. Thus anarchists appear to be on the
- horns of a dilemma -- or, at least, apparently.
-
- So what attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state and the
- current attacks on it? (see [33]next section for a short discussion of
- business based welfare)
-
- First we must note that this attack of "welfare" is somewhat selective.
+ The period of neo-liberalism since the 1980s has seen a rollback of the
+ state within society by the right-wing in the name of "freedom,"
+ "individual responsibility" and "efficiency." The position of
+ anarchists to this process is mixed. On the one hand, we are all in
+ favour of reducing the size of the state and increasing individual
+ responsibility and freedom but, on the other, we are well aware that
+ this rollback is part of an attack on the working class and tends to
+ increase the power of the capitalists over us as the state's (direct)
+ influence is reduced. Thus anarchists appear to be on the horns of a
+ dilemma -- or, at least, apparently.
+
+ So what attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state and attacks on
+ it?
+
+ First we must note that this attack on "welfare" is somewhat selective.
While using the rhetoric of "self-reliance" and "individualism," the
practitioners of these "tough love" programmes have made sure that the
major corporations continue to get state hand-outs and aid while
attacking social welfare. In other words, the current attack on the
welfare state is an attempt to impose market discipline on the working
class while increasing state protection for the ruling class.
- Therefore, most anarchists have no problem in social welfare programmes
- as these can be considered as only fair considering the aid the
- capitalist class has always received from the state (both direct
+ Therefore, most anarchists have no problem defending social welfare
+ programmes as these can be considered as only fair considering the aid
+ the capitalist class has always received from the state (both direct
subsidies and protection and indirect support via laws that protect
property and so on). And, for all their talk of increasing individual
choice, the right-wing remain silent about the lack of choice and
@@ -2816,22 +3286,40 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
with the birth-rates among teenage mothers a decade later,' Mike Males
points out: 'That is, child poverty seems to lead to teenage
childbearing, not the other way around.'" ["Rollback III", Z Magazine,
- April, 1995] The same can be said for many of the claims about the evil
- effects of welfare which the rich and large corporations wish to save
- others (but not themselves) from. Such altruism is truly heart warming.
-
- Thirdly, we must note that while most anarchists are in favour of
- collective self-help and welfare, we are opposed to the welfare state.
- Part of the alternatives anarchists try and create are self-managed and
- communal community welfare projects (see [34]next section). Moreover,
- in the past, anarchists and syndicalists were at the forefront in
- opposing state welfare schemes (introduced, we may note, not by
+ April, 1995] The same charge of inaccurate scare-mongering can be laid
+ at the claims about the evil effects of welfare which the rich and
+ large corporations wish to save others (but not themselves) from. Such
+ altruism is truly heart warming. For those in the United States or
+ familiar with it, the same can be said of the hysterical attacks on
+ "socialised medicine" and health-care reform funded by insurance
+ companies and parroted by right-wing ideologues and politicians.
+
+ Thirdly, anarchists are just as opposed to capitalism as they are the
+ state. This means that privatising state functions is no more
+ libertarian than nationalising them. In fact, less so as such a process
+ reduces the limited public say state control implies in favour of more
+ private tyranny and wage-labour. As such, attempts to erode the welfare
+ state without other, pro-working class, social reforms violates the
+ anti-capitalist part of anarchism. Similarly, the introduction of a
+ state supported welfare system rather than a for-profit capitalist run
+ system (as in America) would hardly be considered any more a violation
+ of libertarian principles as the reverse happening. In terms of
+ reducing human suffering, though, most anarchists would oppose the
+ latter and be in favour of the former while aiming to create a third
+ (self-managed) alternative.
+
+ Fourthly, we must note that while most anarchists are in favour of
+ collective self-help and welfare, we are opposed to the state. Part of
+ the alternatives anarchists try and create are self-managed and
+ community welfare projects (see [31]next section). Moreover, in the
+ past, anarchists and syndicalists were at the forefront in opposing
+ state welfare schemes. This was because they were introduced not by
socialists but by liberals and other supporters of capitalism to
- undercut support for radical alternatives and aid long term economic
+ undercut support for radical alternatives and to aid long term economic
development by creating the educated and healthy population required to
- use advanced technology and fight wars). Thus we find that:
+ use advanced technology and fight wars. Thus we find that:
- "Liberal social welfare legislation. . . were seen by many [British
+ "Liberal social welfare legislation . . . were seen by many [British
syndicalists] not as genuine welfare reforms, but as mechanisms of
social control. Syndicalists took a leading part in resisting such
legislation on the grounds that it would increase capitalist
@@ -2840,16 +3328,16 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
1900-1914, p. 137]
Anarchists view the welfare state much as some feminists do. While they
- note the "patriarchal structure of the welfare state" they are also
- aware that it has "also brought challenges to patriarchal power and
- helped provide a basis for women's autonomous citizenship." [Carole
- Pateman, "The Patriarchal Welfare State", in The Disorder of Women, p.
- 195] She does on to note that "for women to look at the welfare state
- is merely to exchange dependence on individual men for dependence on
- the state. The power and capriciousness of husbands is replaced by the
- arbitrariness, bureaucracy and power of the state, the very state that
- has upheld patriarchal power. . . [this] will not in itself do anything
- to challenge patriarchal power relations." [Ibid., p. 200]
+ note, to quote Carole Pateman, the "patriarchal structure of the
+ welfare state" they are also aware that it has "also brought challenges
+ to patriarchal power and helped provide a basis for women's autonomous
+ citizenship." She goes on to note that "for women to look at the
+ welfare state is merely to exchange dependence on individual men for
+ dependence on the state. The power and capriciousness of husbands is
+ replaced by the arbitrariness, bureaucracy and power of the state, the
+ very state that has upheld patriarchal power." This "will not in itself
+ do anything to challenge patriarchal power relations." [The Disorder of
+ Women, p. 195 and p. 200]
Thus while the welfare state does give working people more options than
having to take any job or put up with any conditions, this relative
@@ -2858,11 +3346,11 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
and supports capitalism in the first place. And has we have became
painfully aware in recent years, it is the ruling class who has most
influence in the state -- and so, when it comes to deciding what state
- budgets to cut, social welfare ones are first in line. Given that state
- welfare programmes are controlled by the state, not working class
- people, such an outcome is hardly surprising. Not only this, we also
- find that state control reproduces the same hierarchical structures
- that the capitalist firm creates.
+ budgets to cut, social welfare ones are first in line. Given that such
+ programmes are controlled by the state, not working class people, such
+ an outcome is hardly surprising. Not only this, we also find that state
+ control reproduces the same hierarchical structures that the capitalist
+ firm creates.
Unsurprisingly, anarchists have no great love of such state welfare
schemes and desire their replacement by self-managed alternatives. For
@@ -2872,13 +3360,11 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
resentment, which is an accurate reflection of his housing
situation. People care about what is theirs, what they can modify,
alter, adapt to changing needs and improve themselves. They must
- have a direct responsibility for it.
-
- ". . .The tenant take-over of the municipal estate is one of those
- obviously sensible ideas which is dormant because our approach to
- municipal affairs is still stuck in the groves of nineteenth-century
- paternalism."
- [Anarchy in Action, p.73]
+ have a direct responsibility for it . . . The tenant take-over of
+ the municipal estate is one of those obviously sensible ideas which
+ is dormant because our approach to municipal affairs is still stuck
+ in the groves of nineteenth-century paternalism." [Anarchy in
+ Action, p. 73]
Looking at state supported education, Ward argues that the "universal
education system turns out to be yet another way in which the poor
@@ -2886,37 +3372,45 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
the nature of public authorities to run coercive and hierarchical
institutions whose ultimate function is to perpetuate social inequality
and to brainwash the young into the acceptance of their particular slot
- in the organised system." [Op. Cit., p. 83, p. 81]
-
- The role of state education as a means of systematically indoctrinating
- the working class is reflected in William Lazonick's essay "The
- Subjection of Labour to Capital: The rise of the Capitalist System":
+ in the organised system." [Op. Cit., p. 83 and p. 81] The role of state
+ education as a means of systematically indoctrinating the working class
+ is reflected in William Lazonick words:
- "The Education Act of 1870. . . [gave the] state. . . the
- facilities. . . to make education compulsory for all children from
+ "The Education Act of 1870 . . . [gave the] state . . . the
+ facilities . . . to make education compulsory for all children from
the age of five to the age of ten. It had also erected a powerful
- system of ideological control over the next generation of workers. .
- . [It] was to function as a prime ideological mechanism in the
+ system of ideological control over the next generation of workers .
+ . . [It] was to function as a prime ideological mechanism in the
attempt by the capitalist class through the medium of the state, to
continually reproduce a labour force which would passively accept
[the] subjection [of labour to the domination of capital]. At the
same time it had set up a public institution which could potentially
- be used by the working class for just the contrary purpose."
- [Radical Political Economy Vol. 2, p. 363]
+ be used by the working class for just the contrary purpose." ["The
+ Subjection of Labour to Capital: The rise of the Capitalist System",
+ Radical Political Economy Vol. 2, p. 363]
Lazonick, as did Pateman, indicates the contradictory nature of welfare
provisions within capitalism. On the one hand, they are introduced to
help control the working class (and to improve long term economic
development). On the other hand, these provisions can be used by
working class people as weapons against capitalism and give themselves
- more options than "work or starve" (the fact that the recent attack on
- welfare in the UK -- called, ironically enough, welfare to work --
- involves losing benefits if you refuse a job is not a surprising
- development). Thus we find that welfare acts as a kind of floor under
- wages. In the US, the two have followed a common trajectory (rising
- together and falling together). And it is this, the potential benefits
- welfare can have for working people, that is the real cause for the
- current capitalist attacks upon it.
+ more options than "work or starve" (the fact that the attacks on
+ welfare in the UK during the 1990s -- called, ironically enough,
+ welfare to work -- involves losing benefits if you refuse a job is not
+ a surprising development). Thus we find that welfare acts as a kind of
+ floor under wages. In the US, the two have followed a common trajectory
+ (rising together and falling together). And it is this, the potential
+ benefits welfare can have for working people, that is the real cause
+ for the current capitalist attacks upon it. As Noam Chomsky summarises:
+
+ "State authority is now under severe attack in the more democratic
+ societies, but not because it conflicts with the libertarian vision.
+ Rather the opposite: because it offers (weak) protection to some
+ aspects of that vision. Governments have a fatal flaw: unlike the
+ private tyrannies, the institutions of state power and authority
+ offer to the public an opportunity to play some role, however
+ limited, in managing their own affairs." [Chomsky on Anarchism, p.
+ 193]
Because of this contradictory nature of welfare, we find anarchists
like Noam Chomsky arguing that (using an expression popularised by
@@ -2924,7 +3418,7 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
the cage.' We know we're in a cage. We know we're trapped. We're going
to expand the floor, meaning we will extend to the limits what the cage
will allow. And we intend to destroy the cage. But not by attacking the
- cage when we're vulnerable, so they'll murder us. . . You have to
+ cage when we're vulnerable, so they'll murder us . . . You have to
protect the cage when it's under attack from even worse predators from
outside, like private power. And you have to expand the floor of the
cage, recognising that it's a cage. These are all preliminaries to
@@ -2933,150 +3427,196 @@ J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
and who need help, or, for that matter, to themselves." [Expanding the
Floor of the Cage]
- Thus, even though we know the welfare state is a cage and an instrument
- of class power, we have to defend it from a worse possibility --
- namely, the state as "pure" defender of capitalism with working people
- with few or no rights. At least the welfare state does have a
- contradictory nature, the tensions of which can be used to increase our
- options. And one of these options is its abolition from below!
+ Thus, even though we know the welfare state is a cage and part of an
+ instrument of class power, we have to defend it from a worse
+ possibility -- namely, the state as "pure" defender of capitalism with
+ working people with few or no rights. At least the welfare state does
+ have a contradictory nature, the tensions of which can be used to
+ increase our options. And one of these options is its abolition from
+ below!
For example, with regards to municipal housing, anarchists will be the
first to agree that it is paternalistic, bureaucratic and hardly a
- wonderful living experience. However, in stark contrast with the
- "libertarian" right who desire to privatise such estates, anarchists
- think that "tenants control" is the best solution as it gives us the
- benefits of individual ownership along with community (and so without
- the negative points of property, such as social atomisation). And
- anarchists agree with Colin Ward when he thinks that the demand for
- "tenant control" must come from below, by the "collective resistance"
- of the tenants themselves, perhaps as a growth from struggles against
- rent increases. [Op. Cit., p. 73]
+ wonderful living experience. However, in stark contrast with the right
+ who desire to privatise such estates, anarchists think that "tenants
+ control" is the best solution as it gives us the benefits of individual
+ ownership along with community (and so without the negative points of
+ property, such as social atomisation). The demand for "tenant control"
+ must come from below, by the "collective resistance" of the tenants
+ themselves, perhaps as a result of struggles against "continuous rent
+ increases" leading to "the demand . . . for a change in the status of
+ the tenant." Such a "tenant take-over of the municipal estate is one of
+ those sensible ideas which is dormant because our approach to municipal
+ affairs is still stuck in the grooves of nineteenth century
+ paternalism." [Ward, Op. Cit., p. 73]
And it is here that we find the ultimate irony of the right-wing, "free
market" attempts to abolish the welfare state -- neo-liberalism wants
to end welfare from above, by means of the state (which is the
- instigator of this "individualistic" "reform"). It does not seek the
- end of dependency by self-liberation, but the shifting of dependency
- from state to charity and the market. In contrast, anarchists desire to
- abolish welfare from below, by the direct action of those who receive
- it by a "multiplicity of mutual aid organisations among claimants,
- patients, victims" for this "represents the most potent lever for
- change in transforming the welfare state into a genuine welfare
- society, in turning community care into a caring community." [Colin
- Ward, Op. Cit., p. 125]
+ instigator of this individualistic "reform"). It does not seek the end
+ of dependency by self-liberation, but the shifting of dependency from
+ state to charity and the market. In contrast, anarchists desire to
+ abolish welfare from below. This the libertarian attitude to those
+ government policies which actually do help people. While anarchists
+ would "hesitate to condemn those measures taken by governments which
+ obviously benefited the people, unless we saw the immediate possibility
+ of people carrying them out for themselves. This would not inhibit us
+ from declaring at the same time that what initiatives governments take
+ would be more successfully taken by the people themselves if they put
+ their minds to the same problems . . . to build up a hospital service
+ or a transport system, for instance, from local needs into a national
+ organisation, by agreement and consent at all levels is surely more
+ economical as well as efficient than one which is conceived at top
+ level [by the state] . . . where Treasury, political and other
+ pressures, not necessarily connected with what we would describe as
+ needs, influence the shaping of policies." So "as long as we have
+ capitalism and government the job of anarchists is to fight both, and
+ at the same time encourage people to take what steps they can to run
+ their own lives." ["Anarchists and Voting", pp. 176-87, The Raven, No.
+ 14, p. 179]
Ultimately, unlike the state socialist/liberal left, anarchists reject
- the idea that the case of socialism, of a free society, can be helped
+ the idea that the cause of socialism, of a free society, can be helped
by using the state. Like the right, the left see political action in
- terms of the state. All its favourite policies have been statist -
+ terms of the state. All its favourite policies have been statist --
state intervention in the economy, nationalisation, state welfare,
state education and so on. Whatever the problem, the left see the
- solution as lying in the extension of the power of the state. And, as
- such, they continually push people in relying on others to solve their
- problems for them (moreover, such state-based "aid" does not get to the
- core of the problem. All it does is fight the symptoms of capitalism
- and statism without attacking their root causes -- the system itself).
+ solution as lying in the extension of the power of the state. They
+ continually push people in relying on others to solve their problems
+ for them. Moreover, such state-based "aid" does not get to the core of
+ the problem. All it does is fight the symptoms of capitalism and
+ statism without attacking their root causes -- the system itself.
Invariably, this support for the state is a move away from working
- class people, of trusting and empowering them to sort out their own
+ class people, from trusting and empowering them to sort out their own
problems. Indeed, the left seem to forget that the state exists to
- defend the collective interests of capitalists and other sections of
- the ruling class and so could hardly be considered a neutral body. And,
- worst of all, they have presented the right with the opportunity of
- stating that freedom from the state means the same thing as the freedom
- of the market (and as we have explained in detail in sections [35]B,
- [36]C and [37]D, capitalism is based upon domination -- wage labour --
+ defend the collective interests of the ruling class and so could hardly
+ be considered a neutral body. And, worst of all, they have presented
+ the right with the opportunity of stating that freedom from the state
+ means the same thing as the freedom of the market (so ignoring the
+ awkward fact that capitalism is based upon domination -- wage labour --
and needs many repressive measures in order to exist and survive).
Anarchists are of the opinion that changing the boss for the state (or
vice versa) is only a step sideways, not forward! After all, it is not
working people who control how the welfare state is run, it is
- politicians, "experts" and managers who do so. Little wonder we have
- seen elements of the welfare state used as a weapon in the class war
- against those in struggle (for example, in Britain during the 1980s the
- Conservative Government made it illegal to claim benefits while on
- strike, so reducing the funds available to workers in struggle and
- helping bosses force strikers back to work faster).
-
- Therefore, anarchists consider it far better to encourage those who
- suffer injustice to organise themselves and in that way they can change
- what they think is actually wrong, as opposed to what politicians and
+ politicians, "experts", bureaucrats and managers who do so ("Welfare is
+ administered by a top-heavy governmental machine which ensures that
+ when economies in public expenditure are imposed by its political
+ masters, they are made in reducing the service to the public, not by
+ reducing the cost of administration." [Ward, Op. Cit. p. 10]). Little
+ wonder we have seen elements of the welfare state used as a weapon in
+ the class war against those in struggle (for example, in Britain during
+ the miners strike in 1980s the Conservative Government made it illegal
+ to claim benefits while on strike, so reducing the funds available to
+ workers in struggle and helping bosses force strikers back to work
+ faster).
+
+ Anarchists consider it far better to encourage those who suffer
+ injustice to organise themselves and in that way they can change what
+ they think is actually wrong, as opposed to what politicians and
"experts" claim is wrong. If sometimes part of this struggle involves
protecting aspects of the welfare state ("expanding the floor of the
cage") so be it -- but we will never stop there and will use such
- struggles as a step in abolishing the welfare state from below by
- creating self-managed, working class, alternatives. As part of this
- process anarchists also seek to transform those aspects of the welfare
- state they may be trying to "protect". They do not defend an
+ struggles as a stepping stone in abolishing the welfare state from
+ below by creating self-managed, working class, alternatives. As part of
+ this process anarchists also seek to transform those aspects of the
+ welfare state they may be trying to "protect". They do not defend an
institution which is paternalistic, bureaucratic and unresponsive. For
example, if we are involved in trying to stop a local state-run
hospital or school from closing, anarchists would try to raise the
issue of self-management and local community control into the struggle
in the hope of going beyond the status quo.
+ In this, we follow the suggestion made by Proudhon that rather than
+ "fatten certain contractors," libertarians should be aiming to create
+ "a new kind of property" by "granting the privilege of running" public
+ utilities, industries and services, "under fixed conditions, to
+ responsible companies, not of capitalists, but of workmen."
+ Municipalities would take the initiative in setting up public works but
+ actual control would rest with workers' co-operatives for "it becomes
+ necessary for the workers to form themselves into democratic societies,
+ with equal conditions for all members, on pain of a relapse into
+ feudalism." [General Idea of the Revolution, p. 151 and p. 276-7] Thus,
+ for example, rather than nationalise or privatise railways, they should
+ be handed over workers' co-operatives to run. The same with welfare
+ services and such like: "the abolition of the State is the last term of
+ a series, which consists of an incessant diminution, by political and
+ administrative simplification the number of public functionaries and to
+ put into the care of responsible workers societies the works and
+ services confided to the state." [Proudhon, Carnets, vol. 3, p. 293]
Not only does this mean that we can get accustomed to managing our own
affairs collectively, it also means that we can ensure that whatever
- "safety-nets" we create for ourselves do what we want and not what
- capital wants. In the end, what we create and run by our own activity
- will be more responsive to our needs, and the needs of the class
- struggle, than reformist aspects of the capitalist state. This much, we
- think, is obvious. And it is ironic to see elements of the "radical"
- and "revolutionary" left argue against this working class self-help
- (and so ignore the long tradition of such activity in working class
- movements) and instead select for the agent of their protection a state
- run by and for capitalists!
+ "safety-nets" we have do what we want and not what capital wants. In
+ the end, what we create and run by ourselves will be more responsive to
+ our needs, and the needs of the class struggle, than reformist aspects
+ of the capitalist state. This much, we think, is obvious. And it is
+ ironic to see elements of the "radical" and "revolutionary" left argue
+ against this working class self-help (and so ignore the long tradition
+ of such activity in working class movements) and instead select for the
+ agent of their protection a state run by and for capitalists!
There are two traditions of welfare within society, one of "fraternal
and autonomous associations springing from below, the other that of
- authoritarian institutions directed from above." [Colin Ward, Op. Cit.,
- p. 123] While sometimes anarchists are forced to defend the latter
- against the greater evil of "free market" corporate capitalism, we
- never forget the importance of creating and strengthening the former. A
- point we will discuss more in section [38]J.5.16 when we highlight the
+ authoritarian institutions directed from above." [Ward, Op. Cit., p.
+ 123] While sometimes anarchists are forced to defend the latter against
+ the greater evil of "free market" capitalism, we never forget the
+ importance of creating and strengthening the former. As Chomsky
+ suggests, libertarians have to "defend some state institutions from the
+ attack against them [by private power], while trying at the same time
+ to pry them open to meaningful public participation -- and ultimately,
+ to dismantle them in a much more free society, if the appropriate
+ circumstances can be achieved." [Chomsky on Anarchism, p. 194] A point
+ we will discuss more in [32]the next section when we highlight the
historical examples of self-managed communal welfare and self-help
organisations.
J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective self-help?
- Yes, in all societies we see working people joining together to
- practice mutual aid and solidarity. These take many forms, such as
+ Yes, in all societies we see working class people joining together to
+ practice mutual aid and solidarity. This takes many forms, such as
trade and industrial unions, credit unions and friendly societies,
co-operatives and so on, but the natural response of working class
people to the injustices of capitalism was to practice collective
"self-help" in order to improve their lives and protect their friends,
communities and fellow workers.
+ There are, as Colin Ward stresses, "in fact several quite separate
+ traditions of social welfare: the product of totally different
+ attitudes to social needs . . . One of these traditions is that of a
+ service given grudgingly and punitively by authority, another is the
+ expression of social responsibility, or of mutual aid and self-help.
+ One is embodied in institutions, the other in associations." [Anarchy
+ in Action, p. 112] Anarchists, needless to say, favour the latter.
Unfortunately, this "great tradition of working class self-help and
mutual aid was written off, not just as irrelevant, but as an actual
impediment, by the political and professional architects of the welfare
- state. . . The contribution that the recipients had to make to all this
- theoretical bounty was ignored as a mere embarrassment - apart, of
- course, for paying for it. . . The socialist ideal was rewritten as a
- world in which everyone was entitled to everything, but where nobody
+ state . . . The contribution that the recipients had to make to all
+ this theoretical bounty was ignored as a mere embarrassment -- apart,
+ of course, for paying for it . . . The socialist ideal was rewritten as
+ a world in which everyone was entitled to everything, but where nobody
except the providers had any actual say about anything. We have been
learning for years, in the anti-welfare backlash, what a vulnerable
- utopia that was." [Colin Ward, Social Policy: an anarchist response, p.
- 3]
-
- Ward terms this self-help (and self-managed) working class activity the
- "welfare road we failed to take."
-
- Indeed, anarchists would argue that self-help is the natural side
- effect of freedom. There is no possibility of radical social change
- unless people are free to decide for themselves what their problems
- are, where their interests lie and are free to organise for themselves
- what they want to do about them. Self-help is a natural expression of
- people taking control of their own lives and acting for themselves.
- Anyone who urges state action on behalf of people is no socialist and
- any one arguing against self-help as "bourgeois" is no anti-capitalist.
- It is somewhat ironic that it is the right who have monopolised the
- rhetoric of "self-help" and turned it into yet another ideological
- weapon against working class direct action and self-liberation
- (although, saying that, the right generally likes individualised
- self-help -- given a strike or squatting or any other form of
- collective self-help movement they will be the first to denounce it):
+ utopia that was." This self-managed working class self-help was the
+ "welfare road we failed to take." [Ward, Social Policy: an anarchist
+ response, p. 11-2 and p. 9]
+
+ Anarchists would argue that self-help is the natural side effect of
+ freedom. There is no possibility of radical social change unless people
+ are free to decide for themselves what their problems are, where their
+ interests lie and are free to organise for themselves what they want to
+ do about them. Self-help is a natural expression of people taking
+ control of their own lives and acting for themselves. Anyone who urges
+ state action on behalf of people is no socialist and any one arguing
+ against self-help as "bourgeois" is no anti-capitalist. It is somewhat
+ ironic that it is the right who have monopolised the rhetoric of
+ "self-help" and turned it into yet another ideological weapon against
+ working class direct action and self-liberation (although, saying that,
+ the right generally likes individualised self-help -- given a strike,
+ squatting or any other form of collective self-help movement they will
+ be the first to denounce it):
"The political Left has, over the years, committed an enormous
- psychological error in allowing this king of language ["self-help",
+ psychological error in allowing this kind of language ["self-help",
"mutual aid", "standing on your own two feet" and so on] to be
appropriated by the political Right. If you look at the exhibitions
of trade union banners from the last century, you will see slogans
@@ -3084,47 +3624,40 @@ J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective self-help?
Fabians and academic Marxists who ridiculed out of existence the
values by which ordinary citizens govern their own lives in favour
of bureaucratic paternalising, leaving those values around to be
- picked up by their political opponents." [Colin Ward, Talking
- Houses, p. 58]
+ picked up by their political opponents." [Ward, Talking Houses, p.
+ 58]
We cannot be expected to provide an extensive list of working class
collective self-help and social welfare activity here, all we can do is
- present an overview. For a discussion of working class self-help and
- co-operation through the centuries we can suggest no better source than
- Kropotkin's Mutual Aid. Here we will (using other sources than Mutual
- Aid) indicate a few examples of collective welfare in action.
-
- In the case of Britain, we find that the "newly created working class
- built up from nothing a vast network of social and economic initiatives
- based on self-help and mutual aid. The list is endless: friendly
- societies, building societies, sick clubs, coffin clubs, clothing
- clubs, up to enormous federated enterprises like the trade union
- movement and the Co-operative movement." [Colin Ward, Social Policy: an
- anarchist response, p. 2]
-
- The historian E.P. Thompson confirms this picture of a wide network of
- working class self-help organisations:
-
- "Small tradesmen, artisans, labourers - all sought to insure themselves
- against sickness, unemployment, or funeral expenses through membership
- of . . . friendly societies." These were "authentic evidence of
- independent working-class culture and institutions . . . out of which .
- . . trade unions grew, and in which trade union officers were trained."
- Friendly societies "did not 'proceed from' an idea: both the ideas and
- institutions arose from a certain common experience . . . In the simple
- cellular structure of the friendly society, with its workaday ethos of
- mutual aid, we see many features which were reproduced in more
- sophisticated and complex form in trade unions, co-operatives, Hampden
- clubs, Political Unions, and Chartist lodges. . . Every kind of witness
- in the first half of the nineteenth century - clergymen, factory
- inspectors, Radical publicists - remarked upon the extent of mutual aid
- in the poorest districts. In times of emergency, unemployment, strikes,
- sickness, childbirth, then it was the poor who 'helped every one his
- neighbour.'" [The Making of the English Working Class, p. 458, pp.
- 460-1, p. 462]
-
- Taking the United States, Sam Dolgoff presents an excellent summary of
- similar self-help activities by the American working class:
+ present an overview of collective welfare in action (for a discussion
+ of working class self-help and co-operation through the centuries we
+ can suggest no better source than Kropotkin's Mutual Aid). In the case
+ of Britain, we find that the "newly created working class built up from
+ nothing a vast network of social and economic initiatives based on
+ self-help and mutual aid. The list is endless: friendly societies,
+ building societies, sick clubs, coffin clubs, clothing clubs, up to
+ enormous federated enterprises like the trade union movement and the
+ Co-operative movement." [Ward, Social Policy, pp. 10-1] The historian
+ E.P. Thompson confirmed this picture of a wide network of working class
+ self-help organisations. "Small tradesmen, artisans, labourers" he
+ summarised, "all sought to insure themselves against sickness,
+ unemployment, or funeral expenses through membership of . . . friendly
+ societies." These were "authentic evidence of independent working-class
+ culture and institutions . . . out of which . . . trade unions grew,
+ and in which trade union officers were trained." Friendly societies
+ "did not 'proceed from' an idea: both the ideas and institutions arose
+ from a certain common experience . . . In the simple cellular structure
+ of the friendly society, with its workaday ethos of mutual aid, we see
+ many features which were reproduced in more sophisticated and complex
+ form in trade unions, co-operatives, Hampden clubs, Political Unions,
+ and Chartist lodges . . . Every kind of witness in the first half of
+ the nineteenth century -- clergymen, factory inspectors, Radical
+ publicists -- remarked upon the extent of mutual aid in the poorest
+ districts. In times of emergency, unemployment, strikes, sickness,
+ childbirth, then it was the poor who 'helped every one his neighbour.'"
+ [The Making of the English Working Class, p. 458, pp. 460-1 and p. 462]
+ Sam Dolgoff gave an excellent summary of similar self-help activities
+ by the American working class:
"Long before the labour movement got corrupted and the state stepped
in, the workers organised a network of co-operative institutions of
@@ -3133,32 +3666,36 @@ J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective self-help?
life, and health insurance, technical education, housing, etc." [The
American Labour Movement: A New Beginning, p. 74]
- Dolgoff, like all anarchists, urges workers to "finance the
+ Dolgoff, like all anarchists, urged workers to "finance the
establishment of independent co-operative societies of all types, which
will respond adequately to their needs" and that such a movement "could
constitute a realistic alternative to the horrendous abuses of the
- 'establishment' at a fraction of the cost." [Op. Cit., p. 74, pp.
- 74-75]
-
- In this way a network of self-managed, communal, welfare associations
- and co-operatives could be built -- paid for, run by and run for
- working class people. Such a network could be initially build upon, and
- be an aspect of, the struggles of claimants, patients, tenants, and
- other users of the current welfare state (see [39]last section).
+ 'establishment' at a fraction of the cost." [Op. Cit., p. 74 and pp.
+ 74-75] In this way a network of self-managed, communal, welfare
+ associations and co-operatives could be built -- paid for, run by and
+ run for working class people. Such a system "would not . . . become a
+ plaything of central government financial policy." [Ward, Op. Cit., p.
+ 16] Such a network could be initially build upon, and be an aspect of,
+ the struggles of both workers in and claimants, patients, tenants, and
+ other users of the current welfare state. So a "multiplicity of mutual
+ aid organisations among claimants, patients, victims, represents the
+ most potent lever for change in transforming the welfare state into a
+ genuine welfare society, in turning community care into a caring
+ community." [Ward, Anarchy in Action, p. 125]
The creation of such a co-operative, community-based, welfare system
- will not occur over night. Nor will it be easy. But it is possible, as
- history shows. And, of course, it will have its problems, but as Colin
- Ward notes, that "the standard argument against a localist and
- decentralised point of view, is that of universalism: an equal service
- to all citizens, which it is thought that central control achieves. The
- short answer to this is that it doesn't!" [Colin Ward, Op. Cit., p. 6]
+ will not occur over night, nor will it be easy. But it is possible, as
+ history shows. It will, of course, have its problems, but as Colin Ward
+ notes, "the standard argument against a localist and decentralised
+ point of view, is that of universalism: an equal service to all
+ citizens, which it is thought that central control achieves. The short
+ answer to this is that it doesn't!" [Colin Ward, Social Policy, p. 16]
He notes that richer areas generally get a better service from the
welfare state than poorer ones, thus violating the claims of equal
- service. And a centralised system (be it state or private) will most
- likely allocate resources which reflect the interests and (lack of)
- knowledge of bureaucrats and experts, not on where they are best used
- or the needs of the users.
+ service. A centralised system (be it state or private) will most likely
+ allocate resources which reflect the interests and (lack of) knowledge
+ of bureaucrats and experts, not on where they are best used or the
+ needs of the users.
Anarchists are sure that a confederal network of mutual aid
organisations and co-operatives, based upon local input and control,
@@ -3166,93 +3703,55 @@ J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective self-help?
which, due to its lack of local input and participation will more
likely encourage parochialism and indifference than a wider vision and
solidarity. If you have no real say in what affects you, why should you
- be concerned with what affects others? Centralisation leads to
- disempowerment, which in turn leads to indifference, not solidarity.
- Rudolf Rocker reminds us of the evil effects of centralism when he
- writes:
-
- "For the state centralisation is the appropriate form of
- organisation, since it aims at the greatest possible uniformity in
- social life for the maintenance of political and social equilibrium.
- But for a movement whose very existence depends on prompt action at
- any favourable moment and on the independent thought and action of
- its supporters, centralism could but be a curse by weakening its
- power of decision and systematically repressing all immediate
- action. If, for example, as was the case in Germany, every local
- strike had first to be approved by the Central, which was often
- hundreds of miles away and was not usually in a position to pass a
- correct judgement on the local conditions, one cannot wonder that
- the inertia of the apparatus of organisation renders a quick attack
- quite impossible, and there thus arises a state of affairs where the
- energetic and intellectually alert groups no longer serve as
- patterns for the less active, but are condemned by these to
- inactivity, inevitably bringing the whole movement to stagnation.
- Organisation is, after all, only a means to an end. When it becomes
- an end in itself, it kills the spirit and the vital initiative of
- its members and sets up that domination by mediocrity which is the
- characteristic of all bureaucracies." [Anarcho-Syndicalism, p. 54]
-
- And, as an example, he notes that while the highly centralised German
- labour movement "did not raise a finger to avert the catastrophe" of
- Hitler's seizing power and "which in a few months beat their
- organisation completely to pieces" the exact opposite happened in Spain
- ("where Anarcho-Syndicalism had maintained its hold upon organised
- labour from the days of the First International"). There the
- anarcho-syndicalist C.N.T. "frustrated the criminal plans of Franco"
- and "by their heroic example spurred the Spanish workers and peasants
- to the battle." Without the heroic resistance of the
- Anarcho-Syndicalist labour unions the Fascist reaction would have
- dominated the whole country in a matter of weeks. [Op. Cit., p. 53]
-
- This is unsurprising, for what else is global action other than the
- product of thousands of local actions? Solidarity within our class is
- the flower that grows from the soil of our local self-activity, direct
- action and self-organisation. Unless we act and organise locally, any
- wider organisation and action will be hollow. Thus local organisation
- and empowerment is essential to create and maintain wider organisations
- and mutual aid.
+ be concerned with what affects others? This is unsurprising, for what
+ else is global action other than the product of thousands of local
+ actions? Solidarity within our class is the flower that grows from the
+ soil of our local self-activity, direct action and self-organisation.
+ Unless we act and organise locally, any wider organisation and action
+ will be hollow. Thus local organisation and empowerment is essential to
+ create and maintain wider organisations and mutual aid.
To take another example of the benefits of a self-managed welfare
- system, we find that it "was a continual complaint of the authorities
- [in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century] that friendly
- societies allowed members to withdraw funds when on strike." [E.P.
- Thompson, Op. Cit., p. 461f] The same complaints were voiced in Britain
- about the welfare state allowing strikers to claim benefit will on
- strike. The Conservative Government of the 1980s changed that by
- passing a law barring those in industrial dispute to claim benefits --
- and so removing a potential support for those in struggle. Such a
- restriction would have been far harder (if not impossible) to impose on
- a network of self-managed mutual aid co-operatives. And such
- institutions would have not become the plaything of central government
- financial policy as the welfare state and the taxes working class
- people have to pay have become.
-
- All this means that anarchists reject totally the phoney choice between
- private and state capitalism we are usually offered. We reject both
+ system, we find that it "was a continual complaint of the authorities"
+ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century "that friendly
+ societies allowed members to withdraw funds when on strike." [Thompson,
+ Op. Cit., p. 461f] The same complaints were voiced in Britain about the
+ welfare state allowing strikers to claim benefit will on strike. The
+ Conservative Government of the 1980s changed that by passing a law
+ barring those in industrial dispute to claim benefits -- and so
+ removing a potential support for those in struggle. Such a restriction
+ would have been far harder (if not impossible) to impose on a network
+ of self-managed mutual aid co-operatives. Such institutions would have
+ not become the plaything of central government financial policy as the
+ welfare state and the taxes working class people have to pay have
+ become.
+
+ All this means that anarchists reject the phoney choice between private
+ and state capitalism we are usually offered. We reject both
privatisation and nationalisation, both right and left wings (of
capitalism). Neither state nor private health care are user-controlled
-- one is subject to the requirements of politics and the other places
profits before people. As we have discussed the welfare state in the
- [40]last section, it is worthwhile to quickly discuss privatised
- welfare and why most anarchists reject this option even more than state
+ [33]last section, it is worthwhile to quickly discuss privatised
+ welfare and why anarchists reject this option even more than state
welfare.
- Firstly, all forms of private healthcare/welfare has to pay dividends
+ Firstly, all forms of private healthcare/welfare have to pay dividends
to capitalists, fund advertising, reduce costs to maximise profits by
standardising the "caring" process - i.e. McDonaldisation - and so on,
all of which inflates prices and produces substandard service across
- the industry as a whole. According to Alfie Kohn, the "[m]ore hospitals
- and clinics are being run by for-profit corporations; many
- institutions, forced to battle for 'customers,' seem to value a skilled
- director of marketing more highly than a skilled caregiver. As in any
- other economic sector, the race for profits translates into pressure to
+ the industry as a whole. According to Alfie Kohn, "[m]ore hospitals and
+ clinics are being run by for-profit corporations; many institutions,
+ forced to battle for 'customers,' seem to value a skilled director of
+ marketing more highly than a skilled caregiver. As in any other
+ economic sector, the race for profits translates into pressure to
reduce costs, and the easiest way to do it here is to cut back on
services to unprofitable patients, that is, those who are more sick
- than rich . . ." "The result: hospital costs are actually higher in
- areas where there is more competition for patients." [Alfie Kohn, No
- Contest, p. 240] In the UK, attempts to introduce "market forces" into
- the National Health Service also lead to increased costs as well as
- inflating the services bureaucracy.
+ than rich . . . The result: hospital costs are actually higher in areas
+ where there is more competition for patients." [No Contest, p. 240] In
+ the UK, attempts to introduce "market forces" into the National Health
+ Service has also lead to increased costs as well as inflating the size
+ and cost of its bureaucracy.
Looking at Chile, hyped by those who desire to privatise Social
Security, we find similar disappointing results (well, disappointing
@@ -3267,98 +3766,96 @@ J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective self-help?
"competing mutual funds have vast sales forces, and the portfolio
managers all have their vast fees. All in all, administrative costs . .
. are almost 30% of revenues, compared to well under 1% for the U.S.
- Social Security system." [Wall Street, p. 305] Although market
- competition was supposed to lower commissions in Chile, the private
- pension fund market is dominated by a handful of companies. These,
- according to economists Peter Diamond and Salvador Valdes-Prieto, form
- a "monopolistic competitive market" rather than a truly competitive
- one. A similar process seems to be taking place in Argentina, where
- commissions have remained around 3.5 percent of taxable salary. As
- argued in section [41]C.4, such oligopolistic tendencies are inherent
- in capitalism and so this development is not unexpected.
-
- Even if commission costs were lowered (perhaps by regulation), the
- impressive returns on capital seen between 1982 and 1995 (when the real
- annual return on investment averaged 12.7 percent) are likely not to be
+ Social Security system." [Wall Street, p. 305] In addition, the private
+ pension fund market is dominated by a handful of companies.
+
+ Even if commission costs were lowered (by regulation), the impressive
+ returns on capital seen between 1982 and 1995 (when the real annual
+ return on investment averaged 12.7 percent) are likely not to be
sustained. These average returns coincided with boom years in Chile,
complemented by government's high borrowing costs. Because of the debt
crisis of the 1980s, Latin governments were paying double-digit real
interest rates on their bonds -- the main investment vehicle of social
security funds. In effect, government was subsidising the "private"
- system by paying astronomical rates on government bonds.
-
- Another failing of the system is that only a little over half of
- Chilean workers make regular social security contributions. While many
- believe that a private system would reduce evasion because workers have
- a greater incentive to contribute to their own personal retirement
+ system by paying astronomical rates on government bonds. Another
+ failing of the system is that only a little over half of Chilean
+ workers make regular social security contributions. While many believe
+ that a private system would reduce evasion because workers have a
+ greater incentive to contribute to their own personal retirement
accounts, 43.4 percent of those affiliated with the new system in June
- of 1995 did not contribute regularly (see Stephen J. Kay, "The Chile
- Con: Privatizing Social Security in South America," The American
- Prospect no. 33, July-August 1997, pp. 48-52 for details).
-
- All in all, privatisation seems to be beneficial only to middle-men and
- capitalists, if Chile is anything to go by. As Henwood argues, while
- the "infusion of money" resulting from privatising social security "has
- done wonders for the Chilean stock market" "projections are that as
- many as half of future retirees will draw a poverty-level pension."
- [Op. Cit., pp. 304-5]
+ of 1995 did not contribute regularly. [Stephen J. Kay, "The Chile Con:
+ Privatizing Social Security in South America," The American Prospect
+ no. 33, pp. 48-52] All in all, privatisation seems to be beneficial
+ only to middle-men and capitalists, if Chile is anything to go by. As
+ Henwood argues, while the "infusion of money" resulting from
+ privatising social security "has done wonders for the Chilean stock
+ market" "projections are that as many as half of future retirees will
+ draw a poverty-level pension." [Henwood, Op. Cit., pp. 304-5]
+
+ Suffice to say, all you really need to know about privatisation of
+ pensions and healthcare in Chile is that the military dictatorship
+ which imposed it excluded the military from its dubious benefits. Such
+ altruism is truly touching.
So, anarchists reject private welfare as a con (and an even bigger one
- than state welfare). Instead we try to create real alternatives to
- hierarchy, be it state or capitalist, in the here and now which reflect
- our ideas of a free and just society. For, when it boils down to it,
- freedom cannot be given, only taken and this process of self-liberation
- is reflected in the alternatives we build to help win the class war.
+ than state welfare). As Colin Ward suggests, it "is the question of how
+ we get back on the mutual aid road instead of commercial health
+ insurance and private pension schemes." [Social Policy, p. 17] As
+ anarchists are both anti-state and anti-capitalist, swapping private
+ power for the state power is, at best, a step sideways. Usually, it is
+ worse for capitalist companies are accountable only to their owners and
+ the profit criteria. This means, as Chomsky suggests, "protecting the
+ state sector today is a step towards abolishing the state because it
+ maintains a public arena in which people can participate and organise,
+ and affect policy, and so on, though in limited ways. If that's
+ removed, we'd go back to a . . . private dictatorship, but that's
+ hardly a step towards liberation." [ Chomsky on Anarchism, p. 213]
+ Instead anarchists try to create real alternatives to hierarchy, be it
+ state or capitalist, in the here and now which reflect our ideas of a
+ free and just society. For, when it boils down to it, freedom cannot be
+ given, only taken and this process of self-liberation is reflected in
+ the alternatives we build to help win the class war.
The struggle against capitalism and statism requires that we build for
- the future ("the urge to destroy is a creative urge" - Bakunin) and,
- moreover, we should remember that "he who has no confidence in the
- creative capacity of the masses and in their capability to revolt
- doesn't belong in the revolutionary movement. He should go to a
- monastery and get on his knees and start praying. Because he is no
- revolutionist. He is a son of a bitch." [Sam Dolgoff, quoted by Ulrike
- Heider, Anarchism: left, right, and green, p. 12]
+ the future and, moreover, we should remember that "he who has no
+ confidence in the creative capacity of the masses and in their
+ capability to revolt doesn't belong in the revolutionary movement. He
+ should go to a monastery and get on his knees and start praying.
+ Because he is no revolutionist. He is a son of a bitch." [Sam Dolgoff,
+ quoted by Ulrike Heider, Anarchism: left, right, and green, p. 12]
References
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+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech28
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj14
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj52
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj53
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj54
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diff --git a/txt/secJ6.txt b/txt/secJ6.txt
index 665e0ae421a6a582c4c5d685e115ea67218d34e7..f649f8396e346bd52a4acde984f28232df3d3835 100644
--- a/txt/secJ6.txt
+++ b/txt/secJ6.txt
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
J.6 What methods of child rearing do anarchists advocate?
Anarchists have long been aware of the importance of child rearing and
- education. As such, we are aware that child rearing should aim to
- develop "a well-rounded individuality" and not "a patient work slave,
- professional automaton, tax-paying citizen, or righteous moralist."
- [Emma Goldman, Red Emma Speaks, p. 108] In this section of the FAQ we
- will discuss anarchist approaches to child rearing bearing in mind
- "that it is through the channel of the child that the development of
- the mature man must go, and that the present ideas of. . . educating or
- training. . . are such as to stifle the natural growth of the child."
- [Ibid., p. 107]
+ education. We are aware that child rearing should aim to develop "a
+ well-rounded individuality" and not "a patient work slave, professional
+ automaton, tax-paying citizen, or righteous moralist." In this section
+ of the FAQ we will discuss anarchist approaches to child rearing
+ bearing in mind "that it is through the channel of the child that the
+ development of the mature man [or woman] must go, and that the present
+ ideas of . . . educating or training . . . are such as to stifle the
+ natural growth of the child." [Emma Goldman, Red Emma Speaks, p. 131
+ and p. 130]
If one accepts the thesis that the authoritarian family is the breeding
ground for both individual psychological problems and political
@@ -20,111 +20,104 @@
as "free children."
Work in this field is still in its infancy (no pun intended). Wilhelm
- Reich is again the main pioneer in this field (an excellent, short
+ Reich was the main pioneer in this field (an excellent, short
introduction to his ideas can be found in Maurice Brinton's The
Irrational in Politics). In Children of the Future, Reich made numerous
suggestions, based on his research and clinical experience, for
parents, psychologists, and educators striving to develop libertarian
- methods of child rearing. (He did not use the term "libertarian," but
- that is what his methods are.)
-
- Hence, in this and the following sections we will summarise Reich's
- main ideas as well as those of other libertarian psychologists and
- educators who have been influenced by him, such as A.S. Neill and
- Alexander Lowen. Section [1]J.6.1 will examine the theoretical
- principles involved in raising free children, while subsequent sections
- will illustrate their practical application with concrete examples.
- Finally, in section [2]J.6.8, we will examine the anarchist approach to
- the problems of adolescence.
+ methods of child rearing (although he did not use the term
+ "libertarian").
+
+ In this and the following sections we will summarise Reich's main ideas
+ as well as those of other libertarian psychologists and educators who
+ have been influenced by him, such as A.S. Neill and Alexander Lowen. We
+ will examine the theoretical principles involved in raising free
+ children and will illustrate their practical application with concrete
+ examples. Finally, we will examine the anarchist approach to the
+ problems of adolescence.
Such an approach to child rearing is based upon the insight that
children "do not constitute anyone's property: they are neither the
property of the parents nor even of society. They belong only to their
own future freedom." [Michael Bakunin, The Political Philosophy of
- Bakunin, p. 327] As such, what happens to a child when it is growing up
- shapes the person they become and the society they live in. The key
+ Bakunin, p. 327] As such, what happens to a child when they are growing
+ up shapes the person they become and the society they live in. The key
question for people interested in freedom is whether "the child [is] to
be considered as an individuality, or as an object to be moulded
according to the whims and fancies of those about it?" [Emma Goldman,
- Op. Cit., p. 107] Libertarian child rearing is the means by which the
+ Op. Cit., p. 130] Libertarian child rearing is the means by which the
individuality of the child is respected and developed.
- This is in stark contrast to standard capitalist (and individualist
- anarchist we should note) claim that children are the property of their
- parents. If we accept that children are the property of their parents
- then we are implicitly stating that a child's formative years are spent
- in slavery, hardly a relationship which will promote the individuality
- and freedom of the child or the wider society. Little wonder that most
- anarchists reject such assertions. Instead they argue that the "rights
- of the parents shall be confined to loving their children and
- exercising over them . . . authority [that] does not run counter to
- their morality, their mental development, or their future freedom."
- [Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 327] Being someone's property (i.e. slave) runs
+ This is in stark contrast to standard capitalist claim that children
+ are the property of their parents. If we accept that children are the
+ property of their parents then we are implicitly stating that a child's
+ formative years are spent in slavery, hardly a relationship which will
+ promote the individuality and freedom of the child or the wider
+ society. Little wonder that most anarchists reject such assertions.
+ Instead we argue that the "rights of the parents shall be confined to
+ loving their children and exercising over them . . . authority [that]
+ does not run counter to their morality, their mental development, or
+ their future freedom." Being someone's property (i.e. slave) runs
counter to all these and "it follows that society, the whole future of
- which depends upon adequate education and upbringing of children. . . ,
- has not only the right but also the duty to watch over them..." [Ibid.,
- p. 327]
-
- Hence child rearing is part of society, a communal process by which
+ which depends upon adequate education and upbringing of children . . .
+ has not only the right but also the duty to watch over them." Hence
+ child rearing should be part of society, a communal process by which
children learn what it means to be an individual by being respected as
- one by others. In Bakunin's words, "real freedom - that is, the full
- awareness and the realisation thereof in every individual,
- pre-eminently based upon a feeling of one's dignity and upon the
- genuine respect for someone else's freedom and dignity, i.e. upon
- justice - such freedom can develop in children only through the
- rational development of their minds, character and will." [Op. Cit., p.
- 327]
-
- We wish to point out at the beginning that a great deal of work remains
- to be done in this field. Therefore our comments should be regarded
- merely as tentative bases for further reflection and research by those
- involved with raising and educating children. There is, and cannot be,
- any "rule book" for raising free children, because to follow an
- inflexible rule book is to ignore the fact that each child and its
- environment is unique and therefore demands unique responses from its
- parents. Hence the "principles" of libertarian child rearing to which
- we will refer should not be thought of as rules, but rather, as
- experimental hypotheses to be tested by parents within their own
- situation by applying their intelligence and deriving their own
- individual conclusions.
+ one by others: "real freedom -- that is, the full awareness and the
+ realisation thereof in every individual, pre-eminently based upon a
+ feeling of one's dignity and upon the genuine respect for someone
+ else's freedom and dignity, i.e. upon justice -- such freedom can
+ develop in children only through the rational development of their
+ minds, character and will." [Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 327]
+
+ We wish to re-iterate again that a great deal of work remains to be
+ done in this field. Therefore our comments should be regarded merely as
+ tentative bases for further reflection and research by those involved
+ with raising and educating children. There is, and cannot be, any "rule
+ book" for raising free children, because to follow an inflexible rule
+ book is to ignore the fact that each child and their environment is
+ unique and therefore demands unique responses from their parents. Hence
+ the principles of libertarian child rearing to which we will refer
+ should not be thought of as rules, but rather, as experimental
+ hypotheses to be tested by parents within their own situation by
+ applying their intelligence and deriving their own individual
+ conclusions.
Bringing up children must be like education, and based on similar
principles, namely "upon the free growth and development of the innate
forces and tendencies of the child. In this way alone can we hope for
the free individual and eventually also for a free community, which
shall make interference and coercion of human growth impossible."
- [Goldman, Op. Cit., p. 115] Indeed, child rearing and education cannot
+ [Goldman, Op. Cit., p. 139] Indeed, child rearing and education cannot
be separated as life itself is an education and so must share the same
- principles and viewed as a process of "development and exploration,
+ principles and be viewed as a process of "development and exploration,
rather than as one of repressing a child's instincts and inculcating
obedience and discipline." [Martha A. Ackelsberg, Free Women of Spain,
- p. 132]
+ p. 166]
Moreover, the role of parental example is very important to raising
- free children. Children often learn by mimicking their parents -
+ free children. Children often learn by mimicking their parents --
children do what their parents do, not as they say. If their mother and
father lie to each other, scream, fight and so on, then the child will
probably do so as well. Children's behaviour does not come out thin
- air, they are a product of the environment they are brought up in
- (partly by, initially at least, copying the parent). Children can only
- be encouraged by example, not by threats and commands. How parents act
- can be an obstacle to the development of a free child. Parents must,
- therefore, be aware that they must do more than just say the right
- things, but also act as anarchists in order to produce free children.
+ air, they are a product of the environment they are brought up in.
+ Children can only be encouraged by example, not by threats and
+ commands. So how parents act can be an obstacle to the development of a
+ free child. Parents must do more than just say the right things, but
+ also act as anarchists in order to produce free children.
The sad fact is that most modern people have lost the ability to raise
free children, and regaining this ability will be a long process of
- trial and error and parent education in which it is to be hoped that
- each succeeding generation will learn from the failures and successes
- of their predecessors, and so improve. In the best-case scenario, over
- the course of a few generations the number of progressive parents will
- continue to grow and raise ever freer children, who in turn will become
- even more progressive parents themselves, thus gradually changing mass
- psychology in a libertarian direction. Such changes can come about very
- fast, as can be seen from various communes all over the world and
- especially in the Israel-Palestine kibbutz where society is organised
- according to libertarian principles, and children are mainly growing in
- their collective homes. As Reich puts it:
+ trial and error as well as parent education in which it is to be hoped
+ that each succeeding generation will learn from the failures and
+ successes of their predecessors and so improve. In the best-case
+ scenario, over the course of a few generations the number of
+ progressive parents will continue to grow and raise ever freer
+ children, who in turn will become even more progressive parents
+ themselves, thus gradually changing mass psychology in a libertarian
+ direction. Such changes can come about very fast, as can be seen from
+ various communes all over the world where society is organised
+ according to libertarian principles. As Reich put it:
"We have learned that instead of a jump into the realm of the
Children of the Future, we can hope for no more than a steady
@@ -138,99 +131,31 @@
foundation for a social paradigm shift, from authoritarian to
libertarian institutions and values. And indeed, a gradual cultural
evolution toward increasing freedom does seem to exist. For example, as
- A.S. Neill writes in Summerhill, "There is a slow trend to freedom,
- sexual and otherwise. In my boyhood, a woman went bathing wearing
- stockings and a long dress. Today, women show legs and bodies. Children
- are getting more freedom with every generation. Today, only a few
- lunatics put cayenne pepper on a baby's thumb to stop sucking. Today,
- only a few countries beat their children in school." [p. 115]
-
- Most anarchists believe that, just as charity begins at home, so does
- the anarchist revolution. As some anarchists raise their own children
- in capitalist society and/or are involved in the raising and education
- of the children of other parents, they can practice in part libertarian
- principles even before the revolution. Hence we think it is important
- to discuss libertarian child rearing in some detail.
-
-J.6.1 What are the main principles of raising free children and the main
-obstacles to implementing those principles?
-
- Let's consider the obstacles first. As Reich points out, the biggest
- one is the training and character of most parents, physicians, and
- educators. Based on his clinical experience, Reich maintained that
- virtually all adults in our society have some degree of psychological
- problems, which is manifested somatically as a rigid muscular "armour":
- chronic muscular tensions and spasms in various regions of the body.
- One of the main functions of this armour is to inhibit the pleasurable
- sensations of life-energy that naturally "stream" or flow through an
- unarmoured body. Reich postulated that there is one basic bioenergy
- ("orgone") in the body, identical with what Freud called "libido,"
- which, besides animating the tissues and organs is also the energy of
- sex and the emotions (we should note that most anarchists do not
- subscribe to Reich's idea of "orgone" - the existence of which, we may
- note, has not been proved. However, the idea of character armour, by
- which individuals within a hierarchical society create psychological
- walls/defences around themselves is one most anarchists accept. Such
- walls will obviously have an effect both on the mental and physical
- state of the individual, and their capacity for living a free life and
- experiencing pleasure). This means that the pleasurable "streamings" of
- this bioenergy, which can be felt when the muscular armour is relaxed,
- have an erotic or "libidinous" quality. Thus an unarmoured organism
- (such as a new-born infant) automatically experiences pleasure with
- every breath, a pleasure derived from perception of the natural
- bioenergetic processes within its body. Such a mode of being in the
- world makes life intrinsically worth living and renders superfluous all
- questions about its "meaning" or "purpose" -- questions that occur only
- to armoured people, who have lost contact with their bioenergetic core
- of bodily sensations (or it is distorted, and so is changed from a
- source of pleasures to a source of suffering) and thus restricts their
- capacity to fully enjoy life.
-
- It is important for those involved in child rearing and education to
- understand how armouring develops in the new-born child. Reich points
- out that under the influence of a compulsive, pleasure-denying
- morality, children are taught to inhibit the spontaneous flow of
- life-energy in the body. Similarly, they are taught to disregard most
- bodily sensations. Due to Oedipal conflicts in the patriarchal family
- (see below), parents usually take the most severely repressive
- disciplinary measures against sexual expressions of life-energy in
- children. Thus, all erotic feelings, including the erotically-tinged
- "streaming" sensations, come to be regarded as "bad," "animalistic,"
- etc., and so their perception begins to arouse anxiety, which leads,
- among other bad results, to chronic muscular tensions as a way of
- cutting off or defending against such perceptions and their attendant
- anxiety. Shallow breathing, for example, reduces the amount of
- life-energy available to flow into excitation and emotion; tightening
- the muscles of the pelvic floor and abdomen reduces sexual feelings,
- and so on. As these tensions become chronic and unconscious, piling up
- in layer after layer of muscular armour, the person is eventually left
- with a feeling of inner emptiness or "deadness" and -- not surprisingly
- -- a lack of joy in life.
-
- For those who fail to build a stable physical and psychological armour
- around themselves to suppress these feelings and sensation, they just
- twist them and are flooded again and again with intense unpleasant
- feelings and sensations.
-
- Muscular armouring has its most profound effect on back pains and
- various respiration problems. Reich found that the "normal" man or
- woman in our society cannot spontaneously take full, deep, natural
- breaths, which involves both the chest and abdomen. Instead, most
- people (except when making a conscious effort) restrict their breathing
- through unconscious tensing of various muscles. Since the natural
- response to any restriction in the ability to breathe is anxiety,
- people growing up in repressive cultures such as ours are plagued by a
- tendency toward chronic anxiety. As a defence against this anxiety,
- they develop further layers of muscular armouring, which further
- restricts their ability to breathe, and so on, in a vicious circle. In
- other words, it is literally true that, as Max Stirner said, one cannot
- "take breath" in our authoritarian society with its life-denying
- atmosphere based on punishments, threats, and fear.
-
- Of course sex is not the only expression of life-energy that parents
- try to stifle in children. There are also, for example, the child's
+ A.S. Neill suggested there is "a slow trend to freedom, sexual and
+ otherwise. In my boyhood, a woman went bathing wearing stockings and a
+ long dress. Today, women show legs and bodies. Children are getting
+ more freedom with every generation. Today, only a few lunatics put
+ cayenne pepper on a baby's thumb to stop sucking. Today, only a few
+ countries beat their children in school." [Summerhill, p. 115]
+
+ Most anarchists believe that we must practice what we preach and so the
+ anarchist revolution begins at home. As anarchists raise their own
+ children in capitalist society and/or are involved in the raising and
+ education of the children of other parents, we can practice in part
+ libertarian principles even before the revolution. As such, we think it
+ is important to discuss libertarian child rearing.
+
+J.6.1 What are the main obstacles to raising free children?
+
+ The biggest obstacle is the training and character of most parents,
+ physicians, and educators. Individuals within a hierarchical society
+ create psychological walls/defences around themselves and these will
+ obviously have an effect both on the mental and physical state of the
+ individual and so their capacity for living a free life and
+ experiencing pleasure. Such parents then try (often unconsciously) to
+ stifle the life-energy in children. There are, for example, the child's
natural vocal expressions (shouting, screaming, bellowing, crying,
- etc.) and natural body motility. As Reich notes,
+ etc.) and natural body motility. As Reich noted:
"Small children go through a phase of development characterised by
vigorous activity of the voice musculature. The joy the infant
@@ -247,39 +172,30 @@ obstacles to implementing those principles?
of the throat. The automatic constrictions of the glottis and the
deep throat musculature, with subsequent inhibition of the
aggressive impulses of the head and neck, seems to be particularly
- characteristic." [Op. Cit., p. 128]
-
- (And we must add, that the suppression of the urge to move all children
- have is most destructive to the 15% or so of "Hyper-active" children,
- whose urge to move is hard to suppress.)
+ characteristic." [Children of the Future, p. 128]
- "Clinical experience has taught us," Reich concludes, "that small
+ "Clinical experience has taught us," Reich concluded, "that small
children must be allowed to 'shout themselves out' when the shouting is
inspired by pleasure. This might be disagreeable to some parents, but
questions of education must be decided exclusively in the interests of
- the child, not in those of the adults." [Ibid.]
-
- Besides deadening the pleasurable streamings of life energy in the
- body, muscular armouring also functions to inhibit the anxiety
- generated by the presence of anti-social, cruel, and perverse impulses
- within the psyche (impulses referred to by Reich as "secondary" drives)
- -- for example, destructiveness, sadism, greed, power hunger,
- brutality, rape fantasies, etc. Ironically, these secondary drives
- result from the suppression of the primary drives (e.g. for sex,
- physical activity, vocal expression, etc.) and the sensations of
- pleasure associated with them. The secondary drives develop because,
- when muscular armouring sets in and a person loses touch with his or
- her bioenergetic core and other emotional urges, the only emotional
- expressions that can get through the thick, hard wall of armour are
- distorted, harsh, and/or mechanical. Thus, for example, a heavily
- armoured person who tries to express love may find that the emotion is
- shredded by the wall of armour and comes out in distorted form as an
- impulse to hurt the person loved (sadism) -- an impulse that causes
- anxiety and then has to be repressed. In other words, compulsive
+ the child, not in those of the adults." [Op. Cit., p. 128]
+
+ Besides deadening life energy in the body, such stifling also inhibits
+ the anxiety generated by the presence of anti-social, cruel, and
+ perverse impulses within the psyche -- for example, destructiveness,
+ sadism, greed, power hunger, brutality, etc. (impulses referred to by
+ Reich as "secondary" drives). In other words, this reduces our ability
+ to empathise with others and so the internal ethical guidelines we all
+ develop are blunted, making us more likely tp express such secondary,
+ anti-social, drives. So, ironically, these secondary drives result from
+ the suppression of the primary drives and the sensations of pleasure
+ associated with them. These secondary drives develop because the only
+ emotional expressions that can get through a person's defences are
+ distorted, harsh, and/or mechanical. In other words, compulsive
morality (i.e. acting according to externally imposed rules) becomes
necessary to control the secondary drives which compulsion itself
creates. By such processes, authoritarian child-rearing becomes
- self-justifying. Thus:
+ self-justifying:
"Psychoanalysts have failed to distinguish between primary natural
and secondary perverse, cruel drives, and they are continuously
@@ -288,7 +204,8 @@ obstacles to implementing those principles?
that it is exactly this killing of the natural principle which
creates the secondary perverse and cruel nature, human nature so
called, and that these artificial cultural creations in turn make
- compulsive moralism and brutal laws necessary" [Ibid., p. 17-18].
+ compulsive moralism and brutal laws necessary." [Reich, Op. Cit., p.
+ 17-18]
Moralism, however, can never get at the root of the problem of
secondary drives, but in fact only increases the pressure of crime and
@@ -299,192 +216,94 @@ obstacles to implementing those principles?
expression of natural life-impulses. The systematic development of the
emphatic tendencies of the young infant is the best way to "socialise"
and restrict activities that are harmful to the others. As A.S. Neill
- points out, "self-regulation implies a belief in the goodness of human
- nature; a belief that there is not, and never was, original sin." [Op.
- Cit., p. 103]
+ pointed out "self-regulation implies a belief in the goodness of human
+ nature; a belief that there is not, and never was, original sin."
+ [Summerhill, p. 103]
According to Neill, children who are given freedom from birth and not
forced to conform to parental expectations spontaneously learn how to
keep themselves clean and develop social qualities like courtesy,
common sense, an interest in learning, respect for the rights of
- others, and so forth (see [3]next section). However, once the child has
- been armoured through authoritarian methods intended to force it to
- develop such qualities, it becomes what Reich calls "biopathic" -- out
- of touch with its living core and therefore no longer able to develop
- self-regulation. In this stage it becomes harder and harder for the
- pro-social emotions to shape the developing mode of life of the new
- member of society. At that point, when the secondary drives develop,
- parental authoritarianism becomes a necessity. As Reich puts it:
-
- "This close interrelation between biopathic behaviour and
- authoritarian countermeasures seems to be automatic. Self-regulation
- appears to have no place in and no influence upon emotions which do
- not come from the living core directly but only as if through a
- thick hard wall. Moreover, one has the impression that secondary
- drives cannot stand self-regulatory conditions of existence. They
- force sharp discipline on the part of the educator or parent. It is
- as if a child with an essentially secondary-drive structure feels
- that it cannot function or exist without disciplinary guidance. This
- is paralleled by the interlacing of self-regulation in the healthy
- child with self-regulation in the environment. Here the child cannot
- function unless it has freedom of decision and movement. It cannot
- tolerate discipline any more than the armoured child can tolerate
- freedom."
-
- This inability to tolerate freedom, which the vast majority of people
- develop automatically from the way they are raised, is what makes the
- whole subject of armouring and its prevention of crucial importance to
- anarchists. Reich concludes that if parents do not suppress nature in
- the first place, then no anti-social drives will be created and no
- authoritarianism will be required to suppress them: "What you so
- desperately and vainly try to achieve by way of compulsion and
- admonition is there in the new-born infant ready to live and function.
- Let it grow as nature requires, and change our institutions
- accordingly" [Ibid., p. 47, emphasis in original].
-
- As Alexander Lowen points out in Fear of Life, parents are particularly
- anxious to suppress the sexual expressions of life energy in their
- children because of unresolved Oedipal conflicts within themselves.
-
- Hence, in order to raise psychologically healthy children, parents need
- to acquire self-knowledge, particularly of how Oedipal conflicts,
- sibling rivalry, and other internal conflicts develop in family
- relationships, and to free themselves as much as possible from neurotic
- forms of armouring. The difficulty of parents acquiring such
- self-knowledge and sufficiently de-conditioning themselves is obviously
- another obstacle to raising self-regulated children.
-
- However, the greatest obstacle is the fact that armouring and other
- twisting mechanisms set in so very early in life, i.e. soon after
- birth. Reich emphasises that with the first armour blockings, the
- infant's self-regulatory powers begin to wane. "They become steadily
- weaker as the armouring spreads over the whole organism, and they must
- be replaced by compulsive, moral principles if the child is to exist
- and survive in its given environment." [Ibid., pp. 44-45] Hence it is
- important for parents to obtain a thorough knowledge of what armouring
- and other rigid suppressions are and how they function, so that from
- the beginning they can prevent (or at least decrease) them from forming
- in their children. Some practical examples of how this can be done will
- be discussed in the [4]next section.
-
- Finally, Reich cautions that it is crucial to avoid any mixing of
- concepts. "One cannot mix a bit of self-regulation with a bit of moral
- demand. Either we trust nature as basically decent and self-regulatory
- or we do not, and then there is only one way, that of training by
- compulsion. It is essential to grasp the fact that the two ways of
- upbringing do not go together." [Ibid., p. 46]
-
-J.6.2. What are some examples of libertarian child-rearing methods applied to
-the care of new-born infants?
+ others, and so forth. However, once the child has been armoured through
+ authoritarian methods intended to force it to develop such qualities,
+ it becomes out of touch with its living core and therefore no longer
+ able to develop self-regulation. In this stage it becomes harder and
+ harder for the pro-social emotions to shape the developing mode of life
+ of the new member of society. At that point, when the secondary drives
+ develop, parental authoritarianism becomes a necessity.
+
+ This oppression produces an inability to tolerate freedom. The vast
+ majority of people develop this automatically from the way they are
+ raised and is what makes the whole subject of bringing up children of
+ crucial importance to anarchists. Reich concluded that if parents do
+ not suppress nature in the first place, then no anti-social drives will
+ be created and no authoritarianism will be required to suppress them:
+ "What you so desperately and vainly try to achieve by way of compulsion
+ and admonition is there in the new-born infant ready to live and
+ function. Let it grow as nature requires, and change our institutions
+ accordingly." [Op. Cit., p. 47] So in order to raise psychologically
+ healthy children, parents need to acquire self-knowledge, particularly
+ of how internal conflicts develop in family relationships, and to free
+ themselves as much as possible from neurotic forms of behaviour. The
+ difficulty of parents acquiring such self-knowledge and sufficiently
+ de-conditioning themselves is obviously another obstacle to raising
+ self-regulated children.
+
+ However, the greatest obstacle is the fact that twisting mechanisms set
+ in so very early in life, i.e. soon after birth. Hence it is important
+ for parents to obtain a thorough knowledge of what rigid suppressions
+ are and how they function, so that from the beginning they can prevent
+ (or at least decrease) them from forming in their children. Finally,
+ Reich cautioned that it is crucial to avoid any mixing of concepts:
+ "One cannot mix a bit of self-regulation with a bit of moral demand.
+ Either we trust nature as basically decent and self-regulatory or we do
+ not, and then there is only one way, that of training by compulsion. It
+ is essential to grasp the fact that the two ways of upbringing do not
+ go together." [Op. Cit., p. 46]
+
+J.6.2. What are some examples of libertarian child-rearing methods?
According to Reich, the problems of parenting a free child actually
begin before conception, with the need for a prospective mother to free
- herself as much as possible from chronic muscular tensions, especially
- in the pelvic area, which may inhibit the optimal development of a
- foetus. As Reich points out, the mother's body provides the environment
- for the child from the moment the embryo is formed until the moment of
- birth, and strong muscular armouring in her pelvis as a result of
- sexual repression or other emotional problems is very detrimental. Such
- a mother will have a bioenergetically "dead" and possibly spastic
- uterus, which can traumatise an infant even before it is born by
- reducing the circulation of blood and body fluids and making the energy
- metabolism inefficient, thus damaging the child's vitality.
-
- Moreover, it has been found in many studies that not only the physical
- health of the mother can influence the foetus. Various psychological
- stresses influence the chemical and hormonal environment, affecting the
- foetus. Even short ones, when acute, can have significant effects on
- it.
-
- Immediately after birth, it is important for the mother to establish
+ herself as much as possible from chronic muscular tensions. It has been
+ found in many studies that not only the physical health of the mother
+ can influence the foetus. Various psychological stresses influence the
+ chemical and hormonal environment, affecting the foetus.
+
+ Immediately after birth it is important for the mother to establish
contact with her child. This means, basically, constant loving
attention to the baby, expressed by plenty of holding, cuddling,
playing, etc., and especially by breast feeding. By such "orgonotic"
contact (to use Reich's term), the mother is able to establish the
initial emotional bonding with the new born, and a non-verbal
understanding of the child's needs. This is only possible, however, if
- she is in touch with her own internal processes - emotional and
- cognitive - and bioenergetic core, i.e. is not too neurotically
- armoured (in Reich's terminology). Thus:
-
- "The orgonotic sense of contact, a function of the . . . energy
- field of both the mother and the child, is unknown to most
- specialists; however, the old country doctor knew it well. . . .
- Orgonotic contact is the most essential experiential and emotional
- element in the interrelationship between mother and child,
- particularly prenatally and during the first days and weeks of life.
- The future fate of the child depends on it. It seems to be the core
- of the new-born infant's emotional development." [Ibid. p. 99]
-
- It is less crucial but still important for the father to establish
- orgonotic contact as well, although since fathers lack the primary
- means of establishing it -- namely the ability to breast feed -- their
- contact can never be as close as the mother's (see below).
-
- A new-born child has only one way of expressing its needs: through
- crying. Crying has many nuances and can convey much more than the level
- of distress of the child. If a mother is unable to establish contact at
- the most basic emotional ("bioenergetic," according to Reich) level,
- she will be unable to understand intuitively what needs the child is
- expressing through its crying. Any unmet needs will in turn be felt by
- the child as a deprivation, to which it will respond with a wide array
- of negative emotions and deleterious physiological processes and
- emotional tension. If continued for long, such tensions can become
- chronic and thus the beginning of "armouring" and adaptation to a
- "cruel" reality.
-
- The most important factor in the establishment of bonding is the tender
- physical contact between mother and infant is undoubtedly breast
- feeding. Thus:
-
- "The most salient place of contact in the infant's body is the
- bioenergetically highly charged mouth and throat. This body organ
- reaches out immediately for gratification. If the nipple of the
- mother reacts to the infant's sucking movements in a biophysically
- normal manner with sensations of pleasure, it will become strongly
- erect and the orgonotic excitation of the nipple will become one
- with that of the infant's mouth, just as in the orastically
- gratifying sexual act, in which the male and female genitals
- luminate and fuse orgonotically. There is nothing 'abnormal' or
- 'disgusting' in this. Every healthy mother experiences the sucking
- as pleasure and yields to it. . . . However, about 80 percent of all
- women suffer from vaginal anaesthesia and frigidity. Their nipples
- are correspondingly anorgonotic, i.e. 'dead.' The mother may develop
- anxiety or loathing in response to what would naturally be a
- sensation of pleasure aroused in the breast by the infant's sucking.
- This is why so many mothers do not want to nurse their babies." [pp.
- 115-116]
-
- Reich and other libertarian psychologists therefore maintain that the
- practice of bottle feeding is harmful, particularly if it completely
- replaces breast feeding from the day of birth, because it eliminates
- one of the most important forms of establishing bioenergetic contact
- between mother and child. This lack of contact can then contribute in
- later life to "oral" forms of neurotic character structure or traits.
- (For more on these, see Alexander Lowen, Physical Dynamics of Character
- Structure, Chapter 9, "The Oral Character"]. Lowen believes that the
- practice of breast feeding should be continued for about three years,
- as it usually is among "primitive" peoples, and that weaning before
- this time is experienced as a major trauma. "[I]f the breast is
- available to a child for about three years, which I believe to be the
- time required to fulfil a child's oral needs, weaning causes very
- little trauma, since the loss of this pleasure is offset by the many
- other pleasures the child can then have." [Depression and the Body, p.
- 133]
-
- Another harmful practice in infant care is the compulsive-neurotic
- method of feeding children on schedule, invented by Pirquet in Vienna,
- which "was devastatingly wrong and harmful to countless children."
- Frustration of oral needs through this practice (which is fortunately
- less in vogue now than it was fifty years ago), is guaranteed to
- produce neurotic armouring in infants.
-
- As Reich puts it, "As long as parents, doctors, and educators approach
- infants with false, unbending behaviour, inflexible opinions,
- condescension, and officiousness, instead of with orgonotic contact,
- infants will continue to be quiet, withdrawn, apathetic, 'autistic,'
- 'peculiar,' and, later, 'little wild animals,' whom the cultivated feel
- they have to 'tame.'" [Op. Cit. p. 124]
+ she is in touch with her own emotional and cognitive internal
+ processes: "Orgonotic contact is the most essential experiential and
+ emotional element in the interrelationship between mother and child,
+ particularly prenatally and during the first days and weeks of life.
+ The future fate of the child depends on it. It seems to be the core of
+ the new-born infant's emotional development." [Children of the Future,
+ p. 99] It is important for the father to establish orgonotic contact as
+ well.
+
+ Reich amaintained that the practice of bottle feeding is harmful,
+ particularly if it completely replaces breast feeding from the day of
+ birth, because it eliminates one of the most important forms of
+ establishing physical and emotional contact between mother and child.
+ This lack of contact can then contribute in later life to "oral" forms
+ of neurotic character structure or traits (see Chapter 9 of Alexander
+ Lowen's Physical Dynamics of Character Structure). Another harmful
+ practice in infant care is the compulsive-neurotic method of feeding
+ children on schedule, invented by Pirquet in Vienna, which was
+ devastatingly wrong and harmful to countless children. Frustration of
+ oral needs through this practice (which is fortunately less in vogue
+ now than it was fifty years ago), is guaranteed to produce neurotic
+ armouring in infants. As Reich put it: "As long as parents, doctors,
+ and educators approach infants with false, unbending behaviour,
+ inflexible opinions, condescension, and officiousness, instead of with
+ orgonotic contact, infants will continue to be quiet, withdrawn,
+ apathetic, 'autistic,' 'peculiar,' and, later, 'little wild animals,'
+ whom the cultivated feel they have to 'tame.'" [Op. Cit. p. 124]
Another harmful practice is allowing the baby to "cry itself out."
Thus: "Parking a baby in a baby carriage in the garden, perhaps for
@@ -493,74 +312,44 @@ the care of new-born infants?
waking up suddenly to find himself alone in a strange place. Those who
have heard a baby's screams on such occasions have some idea of the
cruelty of this stupid custom." [Neill, Summerhill, p. 336] Indeed, in
- The Physical Dynamics of Character Structure, Lowen has traced specific
- neuroses, particularly depression, to this practice. Hospitals also
- have been guilty of psychologically damaging sick infants by isolating
- them from their mothers, a practice that has undoubtedly produced
- untold numbers of neurotics and psychopaths.
-
- Also, as Reich notes, "the sadistic habit of circumcision will soon be
- recognised as the senseless, fanatical cruelty it truly is." [Op. Cit.,
- p. 68] He remarks that he has observed infants who took over two weeks
- to "recover" from the trauma of circumcision, a "recovery" that left
- permanent psychological scars in the form of chronic muscular tensions
- in the pelvic floor. These tensions form the first layer of pelvic
- armouring, to which sexual repression and other inhibitions (especially
- those acquired during toilet training) later add.
-
- The diaphragm, however, is perhaps the most important area to protect
- from early armouring. After observing infants for several years in a
- research setting, Reich concluded that armouring in babies usually
- appears first as a blocking of free respiration, expressed as harsh,
- rough, uneven, or laboured breathing, which may lead to colds, coughs,
- bronchitis, etc.
-
- "The early blocking of respiration seemed to gain importance rapidly as
- more children were observed. Somehow the diaphragmatic region appeared
- to respond first and most severely to emotional, bioenergetic
- discomfort." [Ibid., p. 110] Hence the infant's breathing is a key
- indicator of its emotional health, and any disturbance is a signal that
- something is wrong. Or, as Neill puts it, "The sign of a well-reared
- child is his free, uninhibited breathing. It shows that he is not
- afraid of life." [Op. Cit., p. 131]
-
- Neill sums up the libertarian attitude toward the care of infants as
+ The Physical Dynamics of Character Structure, Alexander Lowen has
+ traced specific neuroses, particularly depression, to this practice.
+ Hospitals also have been guilty of psychologically damaging sick
+ infants by isolating them from their mothers, a practice that has
+ undoubtedly produced untold numbers of neurotics and psychopaths.
+
+ Neill summed up the libertarian attitude toward the care of infants as
follows: "Self-regulation means the right of a baby to live freely
without outside authority in things psychic and somatic. It means that
the baby feeds when it is hungry; that it becomes clean in habits only
when it wants to; that it is never stormed at nor spanked; that it is
- always loved and protected." [Op. Cit. p. 105]
-
- Obviously self-regulation doesn't mean leaving the baby alone when it
- heads toward a cliff or starts playing with an electrical socket.
- Anarchists do not advocate a lack of common sense. We recognise that
- adults must override an infant's will when it is a question of
- protecting its physical safety. As Neill writes, "Only a fool in charge
- of young children would allow unbarred bedroom windows or an
+ always loved and protected." Obviously self-regulation does not mean
+ leaving the baby alone when it heads toward a cliff or starts playing
+ with an electrical socket. Libertarians do not advocate a lack of
+ common sense. We recognise that adults must override an infant's will
+ when it is a question of protecting their physical safety: "Only a fool
+ in charge of young children would allow unbarred bedroom windows or an
unprotected fire in the nursery. Yet, too often, young enthusiasts for
self-regulation come to my school as visitors, and exclaim at our lack
of freedom in locking poison in a lab closet, or our prohibition about
playing on the fire escape. The whole freedom movement is marred and
despised because so many advocates of freedom have not got their feet
- on the ground." [Ibid., p. 106]
+ on the ground." [Op. Cit., p. 105 and p. 106]
Nevertheless, the libertarian position does not imply that a child
should be punished for getting into a dangerous situation. Nor is the
best thing to do in such a case to shout in alarm (unless that is the
only way to warn the child before it is too late), but simply to remove
- the danger without any fuss. As Neill says, "Unless a child is mentally
- defective, he will soon discover what interests him. Left free from
- excited cries and angry voices, he will be unbelievably sensible in his
- dealing with material of all kinds." [Ibid., p. 108] Provided, of
- course, that he or she has been allowed self-regulation from the
- beginning, and thus has not developed any irrational, secondary drives.
-
-J.6.3 What are some examples of libertarian child-rearing methods applied to the
-care of young children?
+ the danger without any fuss: "Unless a child is mentally defective, he
+ will soon discover what interests him. Left free from excited cries and
+ angry voices, he will be unbelievably sensible in his dealing with
+ material of all kinds." [Neil, Op. Cit., p. 108] Provided, of course,
+ that he or she has been allowed self-regulation from the beginning, and
+ thus has not developed any irrational, secondary drives.
The way to raise a free child becomes clear when one considers how an
- unfree child is raised. Thus imagine the typical infant, John Smith,
- whose upbringing A.S. Neill describes:
+ unfree child is raised. Thus imagine the typical infant whose
+ upbringing A.S. Neill described:
"His natural functions were left alone during the diaper period. But
when he began to crawl and perform on the floor, words like naughty
@@ -579,17 +368,16 @@ care of young children?
John had to show himself as a well-trained child. He had to say
Thank you when Auntie gave him a piece of chocolate; and he had to
be most careful about his table manners; and especially, he had to
- refrain from speaking when adults were speaking."
- [Summerhill, p. 97]
-
- When he was little older, things got worse for John. "All his curiosity
- about the origins of life were met with clumsy lies, lies so effective
- that his curiosity about life and birth disappeared. The lies about
- life became combined with fears when at the age of five his mother
- found him having genital play with his sister of four and the girl next
- door. The severe spanking that followed (Father added to it when he
- came home from work) forever conveyed to John the lesson that sex is
- filthy and sinful, something one must not even think of." [Ibid.]
+ refrain from speaking when adults were speaking . . .
+
+ "All his curiosity about the origins of life were met with clumsy
+ lies, lies so effective that his curiosity about life and birth
+ disappeared. The lies about life became combined with fears when at
+ the age of five his mother found him having genital play with his
+ sister of four and the girl next door. The severe spanking that
+ followed (Father added to it when he came home from work) forever
+ conveyed to John the lesson that sex is filthy and sinful, something
+ one must not even think of." [Op. Cit., p. 96-7]
Of course, parents' ways of imparting negative messages about sex are
not necessarily this severe, especially in our allegedly enlightened
@@ -601,46 +389,28 @@ care of young children?
"toleration" of sexual curiosity and play is far different in its
psychological effects from positive affirmation.
- Based on the findings of clinical psychiatry, Reich postulated a "first
- puberty" in children, from the ages of about 3 to 6, when the child's
- attention shifts from the satisfaction of oral needs to an interest in
- its sexuality -- a stage characterised by genital play of all kinds.
- The parents' task at this stage is not only to allow children to engage
- in such play, but to encourage it. "In the child, before the age of
- four or five, genitality has not yet fully developed. The task here
- plainly consists of removing the obstacles in the way of natural
- development toward full genitality. To fulfil this task, we must agree
- that a first puberty in children exists; that genital games are the
- peak of its development; that lack of genital activity is a sign of
- sickness and not of health, as previously assumed; and that healthy
- children play genital games of all kinds, which should be encouraged
- and not hindered." [Children of the Future, p. 66]
-
Along the same lines, to prevent the formation of sex-negative
- attitudes means that nakedness should never be discouraged. "The baby
+ attitudes means that nakedness should never be discouraged: "The baby
should see its parents naked from the beginning. However, the child
should be told when he is ready to understand that some people don't
like to see children naked and that, in the presence of such people, he
- should wear clothes." [Neill, Summerhill, p. 229]
-
- Neill maintains that not only should parents never spank or punish a
- child for genital play, but that spanking and other forms of punishment
- should never be used in any circumstances, because they instil fear,
- turning children into cowards and often leading to phobias. "Fear must
- be entirely eliminated -- fear of adults, fear of punishment, fear of
- disapproval, fear of God. Only hate can flourish in an atmosphere of
- fear." [Ibid., p. 124]
-
- Punishment also turns children into sadists. "The cruelty of many
- children springs from the cruelty that has been practised on them by
- adults. You cannot be beaten without wishing to beat someone else. . .
- Every beating makes a child sadistic in desire or practice." [Ibid., p.
- 269, 271] This is obviously an important consideration to anarchists,
- as sadistic drives provide the psychological ground for militarism,
- war, police brutality, and so on. Such drives are undoubtedly also part
- of the desire to exercise hierarchical authority, with its
- possibilities for using negative sanctions against subordinates as an
- outlet for sadistic impulses.
+ should wear clothes." Neill maintains that not only should parents
+ never spank or punish a child for genital play, but that spanking and
+ other forms of punishment should never be used in any circumstances,
+ because they instil fear, turning children into cowards and often
+ leading to phobias. "Fear must be entirely eliminated -- fear of
+ adults, fear of punishment, fear of disapproval, fear of God. Only hate
+ can flourish in an atmosphere of fear." Punishment also turns children
+ into sadists: "The cruelty of many children springs from the cruelty
+ that has been practised on them by adults. You cannot be beaten without
+ wishing to beat someone else." ("Every beating makes a child sadistic
+ in desire or practice." [Neil Op. Cit., p. 229, p. 124, p. 269 and p.
+ 271] This is obviously an important consideration to anarchists, as
+ sadistic drives provide the psychological ground for militarism, war,
+ police brutality, and so on. Such drives are undoubtedly also part of
+ the desire to exercise hierarchical authority, with its possibilities
+ for using negative sanctions against subordinates as an outlet for
+ sadistic impulses.
Child beating is particularly cowardly because it is a way for adults
to vent their hatred, frustration, and sadism on those who are unable
@@ -650,7 +420,7 @@ care of young children?
want him to prepare him for a harsh world" or "I spank my children
because my parents spanked me, and it did me a hell of a lot of good."
But despite such rationalisations, the fact remains that punishment is
- always an act of hate. To this hate, the child responds in kind by
+ always an act of hate. To this hate the child responds in kind by
hating the parents, followed by fantasy, guilt, and repression. For
example, the child may fantasise the father's death, which immediately
causes guilt, and so is repressed. Often the hatred induced by
@@ -667,19 +437,19 @@ care of young children?
children." This is so because the parent arouses more and more hatred
(and diminishing trust in other human beings) in the child with each
spanking, which is expressed in still worse behaviour, calling for more
- spankings, and so on, in a vicious circle. In contrast, "The
- self-regulated child does not need any punishment," Neill argues, "and
+ spankings, and so on, in a vicious circle. In contrast, the
+ "self-regulated child does not need any punishment," Neill argued, "and
he does not go through this hate cycle. He is never punished and he
does not need to behave badly. He has no use for lying and for breaking
things. His body has never been called filthy or wicked. He has not
needed to rebel against authority or to fear his parents. Tantrums he
will usually have, but they will be short-lived and not tend toward
- neurosis." [Ibid., p. 166]
+ neurosis." [Op. Cit., p. 166]
We could cite many further examples of how libertarian principles of
child-rearing can be applied in practice, but we must limit ourselves
to these few. The basic principles can be summed up as follows: Get rid
- of authority, moralism, and the desire to "improve" and "civilise"
+ of authority, moralising, and the desire to "improve" and "civilise"
children. Allow them to be themselves, without pushing them around,
bribing, threatening, admonishing, lecturing, or otherwise forcing them
to do anything. Refrain from action unless the child, by expressing
@@ -690,53 +460,48 @@ care of young children?
to follow. It is quite amazing how people who call themselves
libertarians in political and economic matters draw the line when it
comes to their behaviour within the family -- as if such behaviour had
- no wider social consequences! Hence, the opponents of children's
- freedom are legion, as are their objections to libertarian child
- rearing. In the next few sections we will examine some of the most
- common of these objections.
+ no wider social consequences!
-J.6.4 If children have nothing to fear, how can they be good?
+J.6.3 If children have nothing to fear, how can they be good?
Obedience that is based on fear of punishment, this-worldly or
- otherworldly, is not really goodness, it is merely cowardice. True
+ other-worldly, is not really goodness, it is merely cowardice. True
morality (i.e. respect for others and one-self) comes from inner
conviction based on experience, it cannot be imposed from without by
fear. Nor can it be inspired by hope of reward, such as praise or the
- promise of heaven, which is simply bribery. As noted in the [5]previous
- section, if children are given as much freedom as possible from the day
- of birth and not forced to conform to parental expectations, they will
- spontaneously learn the basic principles of social behaviour, such as
- cleanliness, courtesy, and so forth. But they must be allowed to
- develop them at their own speed, at the natural stage of their growth,
- not when parents think they should develop them. And what is "natural"
- timing must be discovered by observation, not by defining it a priori
- based on one's own expectations.
-
- Can a child really be taught to keep itself clean without being
+ promise of heaven, which is simply bribery. If children are given as
+ much freedom as possible from the day of birth, if parents respect them
+ as individuals and give a positive example as well as not being forced
+ to conform to parental expectations, they will spontaneously learn the
+ basic principles of social behaviour, such as cleanliness, courtesy,
+ and so forth. But they must be allowed to develop them at their own
+ speed, at the natural stage of their growth, not when parents think
+ they should develop them. What is "natural" timing must be discovered
+ by observation, not by defining it a priori based on one's own
+ expectations.
+
+ Can a child really be taught to keep themselves clean without being
punished for getting dirty? According to many psychologists, it is not
only possible but vitally important for the child's mental health to do
so, since punishment will give the child a fixed and repressed interest
- in his bodily functions. As Reich and Lowen have shown, for example,
- various forms of compulsive and obsessive neuroses can be traced back
- to the punishments used in toilet training. Dogs, cats, horses, and
- cows have no complexes about excrement. Complexes in human children
- come from the manner of their instruction.
-
- As Neill observes, "When the mother says naughty or dirty or even tut
- tut, the element of right and wrong arises. The question becomes a
- moral one -- when it should remain a physical one." He suggests that
- the wrong way to deal with a child who likes to play with faeces is to
- tell him he is being dirty. "The right way is to allow him to live out
- his interest in excrement by providing him with mud or clay. In this
- way, he will sublimate his interest without repression. He will live
- through his interest; and in doing so, kill it." [Summerhill, p. 174]
+ in their bodily functions. As Reich and Lowen have shown various forms
+ of compulsive and obsessive neuroses can be traced back to the
+ punishments used in toilet training. As Neill observed: "When the
+ mother says naughty or dirty or even tut tut, the element of right and
+ wrong arises. The question becomes a moral one -- when it should remain
+ a physical one." He suggested that the wrong way to deal with a child
+ who likes to play with faeces is to tell him he is being dirty. The
+ right way "is to allow him to live out his interest in excrement by
+ providing him with mud or clay. In this way, he will sublimate his
+ interest without repression. He will live through his interest; and in
+ doing so, kill it." [Summerhill, p. 174]
Similarly, sceptics will probably question how children can be induced
to eat a healthy diet without threats of punishment. The answer can be
discovered by a simple experiment: set out on the table all kinds of
- foods, from candy and ice cream to whole wheat bread, lettuce, sprouts,
- and so on, and allow the child complete freedom to choose what is
- desired or to eat nothing at all if he or she is not hungry. Parents
+ foods, from sweets and ice cream to whole wheat bread, lettuce,
+ sprouts, and so on, and allow the child complete freedom to choose what
+ is desired or to eat nothing at all if he or she is not hungry. Parents
will find that the average child will begin choosing a balanced diet
after about a week, after the desire for prohibited or restricted foods
has been satisfied. This is an example of what can be called "trusting
@@ -747,14 +512,14 @@ J.6.4 If children have nothing to fear, how can they be good?
and most other areas.
The disciplinarian argument that that children must be forced to
- respect property is also defective, because it always requires some
+ respect possessions is also defective, because it always requires some
sacrifice of a child's play life (and childhood should be devoted to
play, not to "preparing for adulthood," because playing is what
children spontaneously do). The libertarian view is that a child should
arrive at a sense of value out of his or her own free choice. This
means not scolding or punishing them for breaking or damaging things.
As they grow out of the stage of preadolescent indifference to
- property, they learn to respect it naturally.
+ possessions, they learn to respect it naturally.
"But shouldn't a child at least be punished for stealing?" it will be
asked. Once again, the answer lies in the idea of trusting nature. The
@@ -770,9 +535,6 @@ J.6.4 If children have nothing to fear, how can they be good?
of others, not out of a cowardly fear of punishment but from his or her
own self-nature.
-J.6.5 But how can children learn ethics if they are not given punishments,
-prohibitions, and religious instruction?
-
Most parents believe that, besides taking care of their child's
physical needs, the teaching of ethical/moral values is their main
responsibility and that without such teaching the child will grow up to
@@ -781,65 +543,56 @@ prohibitions, and religious instruction?
our society believe, at least passively, that human beings are
naturally bad and that unless they are "trained" to be good they will
be lazy, mean, violent, or even murderous. This, of course, is
- essentially the idea of "original sin." Because of its widespread
+ essentially the idea of "original sin" and because of its widespread
acceptance, nearly all adults believe that it is their job to "improve"
- children.
-
- According to libertarian psychologists, however, there is no original
- sin. In fact, it would be more accurate to say that there is "original
- virtue." As we have seen, Reich found that externally imposed,
+ children. Yet according to libertarian psychologists there is no
+ original sin. In fact, it would be more accurate to say that there is
+ "original virtue." Wilhelm Reich found that externally imposed,
compulsive morality actually causes immoral behaviour by creating cruel
- and perverse "secondary drives." Neill puts it this way: "I find that
+ and perverse "secondary drives." Neill put it this way: "I find that
when I smash the moral instruction a bad boy has received, he becomes a
- good boy." [Summerhill, p. 250]
-
- Unconscious acceptance of some form of the idea of original sin is, as
- mentioned previously, the main recruiting tool of organised religions,
- as people who believe they are born "sinners" feel a strong sense of
- guilt and need for redemption. Therefore Neill advises parents to
- "eliminate any need for redemption, by telling the child that he is
- born good -- not born bad." This will help keep them from falling under
- the influence of life-denying religions, which are inimical to the
- growth of a healthy character structure.
-
- As Reich points out, "The Church, because of its influence on the
- sexuality of youth, is an institution that exerts an extremely damaging
- effect on health." [Children of the Future, p. 217] Citing ethnological
- studies, he notes the following:
+ good boy." [, p. 250]
+
+ Unconscious acceptance of some form of the idea of original sin is the
+ main recruiting tool of organised religions, as people who believe they
+ are born "sinners" feel a strong sense of guilt and need for
+ redemption. Parents to should eliminate any need for redemption, by
+ telling the child that he is born good, not born bad. This will help
+ keep them from falling under the influence of life-denying religions,
+ which are inimical to the growth of a healthy character structure.
+ Citing ethnological studies, Reich argued the following:
"Among those primitive peoples who lead satisfactory, unimpaired
sexual lives, there is no sexual crime, no sexual perversion, no
sexual brutality between man and woman; rape is unthinkable because
it is unnecessary in their society. Their sexual activity flows in
normal, well-ordered channels which would fill any cleric with
- indignation and fear, because the pale, ascetic youth and the
- gossiping, child-beating woman do not exist in these primitive
- societies. They love the human body and take pleasure in their
- sexuality. They do not understand why young men and women should not
- enjoy their sexuality. But when their lives are invaded by the
- ascetic, hypocritical morass and by the Church, which bring them
- 'culture' along with exploitation, alcohol, and syphilis, they begin
- to suffer the same wretchedness as ourselves. They begin to lead
- 'moral' lives, i.e. to suppress their sexuality, and from then on
- they decline more and more into a state of sexual distress, which is
- the result of sexual suppression. At the same time, they become
- sexually dangerous; murders of spouses, sexual diseases, and crimes
- of all sorts start to appear." [Ibid., p. 193]
+ indignation and fear . . . They love the human body and take
+ pleasure in their sexuality. They do not understand why young men
+ and women should not enjoy their sexuality. But when their lives are
+ invaded by the ascetic, hypocritical morass and by the Church, which
+ bring them 'culture' along with exploitation, alcohol, and syphilis,
+ they begin to suffer the same wretchedness as ourselves. They begin
+ to lead 'moral' lives, i.e. to suppress their sexuality, and from
+ then on they decline more and more into a state of sexual distress,
+ which is the result of sexual suppression. At the same time, they
+ become sexually dangerous; murders of spouses, sexual diseases, and
+ crimes of all sorts start to appear." [Children of the Future, p.
+ 193]
Such crimes in our society would be greatly reduced if libertarian
child rearing practices were widely followed. These are obviously
important considerations for anarchists, who are frequently asked to
explain how crime can be prevented in an anarchist society. The answer
is that if people are not suppressed during childhood there will be far
- less crime, because the secondary-drive structure that leads to
- anti-social behaviour of all kinds will not be created in the first
- place. In other words, the solution to the so-called crime problem is
- not more police, more laws, or a return to the disciplinarianism of
- "traditional family values," as conservatives claim, but depends mainly
- on getting rid of such values.
+ less anti-social behaviour, because the secondary-drive structure that
+ leads to it will not be created in the first place. In other words, the
+ solution to the so-called crime problem is not more police, more laws,
+ or a return to the disciplinarianism of "traditional family values," as
+ conservatives claim, but depends mainly on getting rid of such values.
There are other problems as well with the moralism taught by organised
- religions. One danger is making the child a hater. "If a child is
+ religions. One danger is making the child a hater: "If a child is
taught that certain things are sinful, his love of life must be changed
to hate. When children are free, they never think of another child as
being a sinner." [Neill, Op. Cit., p. 245] From the idea that certain
@@ -851,30 +604,28 @@ prohibitions, and religious instruction?
the relevance for anarchism is obvious.
A further danger of religious instruction is the development of a fear
- of life. "Religion to a child most always means only fear. God is a
+ of life: "Religion to a child most always means only fear. God is a
mighty man with holes in his eyelids: He can see you wherever you are.
To a child, this often means that God can see what is being done under
the bedclothes. And to introduce fear into a child's life is the worst
of all crimes. Forever the child says nay to life; forever he is an
- inferior; forever a coward." [Ibid., p. 246] People who have been
- threatened with fear of an afterlife in hell can never be entirely free
- of neurotic anxiety about security in this life. In turn, such people
- become easy targets of ruling-class propaganda that plays upon their
- material insecurity, e.g. the rationalisation of imperialistic wars as
- necessary to "preserve jobs" (cited, for example, by US Secretary of
- State James Baker as one rationale for the Gulf War).
+ inferior; forever a coward." [Neill, Op. Cit., p. 246] People who have
+ been threatened with fear of an afterlife in hell can never be entirely
+ free of neurotic anxiety about security in this life. In turn, such
+ people become easy targets of ruling-class propaganda that plays upon
+ their material and emotional insecurity, e.g. the rationalisation of
+ imperialist wars, the Military-Industrial Complex, increased state
+ powers, and so on as necessary to "preserve jobs", for security against
+ external threats and so forth.
-J.6.6 But how will a free child ever learn unselfishness?
+J.6.3 But how will a free child ever learn unselfishness?
Another common objection to self-regulation is that children can only
- be taught to be unselfish through punishment and admonition. Again,
+ be taught to be "unselfish" through punishment and admonition. Again,
however, such a view comes from a distrust of nature and is part of the
common attitude that nature is mere "raw material" to be shaped by
human beings according to their own wishes. The libertarian attitude is
- that unselfishness develops at the proper time -- which is not during
- childhood. Children are primarily egoists, generally until the
- beginning of puberty, and until then they usually don't have the
- ability to identify with others. Thus:
+ that empathy for others develops at the proper time:
"To ask a child to be unselfish is wrong. Every child is an egoist
and the world belongs to him. When he has an apple, his one wish is
@@ -884,35 +635,35 @@ J.6.6 But how will a free child ever learn unselfishness?
not taught to be unselfish. It probably never comes at all if the
child has been forced to be unselfish. By suppressing the child's
selfishness, the mother is fixing that selfishness forever." [Neill,
- Op. Cit., pp. 250-251]
-
- Unfulfilled wishes (like all "unfinished business") live on in the
- unconscious. Hence children who are pressured too hard - "taught" - to
- be unselfish will, while conforming outwardly with parental demands,
- unconsciously repress part of their real, selfish wishes, and these
- repressed infantile desires will make the person selfish (and possibly
- neurotic) throughout life. Moreover, telling children that what they
- want to do is "wrong" or "bad" is equivalent to teaching them to hate
- themselves, and it is a well-known principle of psychology that people
- who do not love themselves cannot love others. Thus moral instruction,
- although it aims to develop altruism and love for others, is actually
- self-defeating, having just the opposite result.
-
- Moreover, such attempts to produce "unselfish" children (and so adults)
- actually works against developing the individuality of the child and
- their abilities to develop their own abilities (in particular their
- ability of critical thought). As Erich Fromm puts it, "[n]ot to be
- selfish implies not to do what one wishes, to give up one's own wishes
- for the sake of those in authority. . . Aside from its obvious
- implication, it means 'don't love yourself,' 'don't be yourself', but
- submit yourself to something more important than yourself, to an
- outside power or its internalisation, 'duty.' 'Don't be selfish'
- becomes one of the most powerful ideological tools in suppressing
- spontaneity and the free development of personality. Under the pressure
- of this slogan one is asked for every sacrifice and for complete
- submission: only those acts are 'unselfish' which do not serve the
- individual but somebody or something outside himself." [Man for
- Himself, p. 127]
+ Summerhill, pp. 250-251]
+
+ Unfulfilled wishes live on in the unconscious so children who are
+ pressured too hard -- "taught" -- to be unselfish will, while
+ conforming outwardly with parental demands, unconsciously repress part
+ of their real, selfish wishes, and these repressed infantile desires
+ will make the person selfish (and possibly neurotic) throughout life.
+ Moreover, telling children that what they want to do is "wrong" or
+ "bad" is equivalent to teaching them to hate themselves, and it is a
+ well-known principle of psychology that people who do not love
+ themselves cannot love others. Thus moral instruction, although it aims
+ to develop altruism and love for others, is actually self-defeating,
+ having just the opposite result. Moreover, such attempts to produce
+ "unselfish" children (and so adults) actually works against developing
+ the individuality of the child and they developing their own abilities
+ (in particular their ability of critical thought). As Erich Fromm put
+ it:
+
+ "Not to be selfish implies not to do what one wishes, to give up
+ one's own wishes for the sake of those in authority . . . Aside from
+ its obvious implication, it means 'don't love yourself,' 'don't be
+ yourself', but submit yourself to something more important than
+ yourself, to an outside power or its internalisation, 'duty.' 'Don't
+ be selfish' becomes one of the most powerful ideological tools in
+ suppressing spontaneity and the free development of personality.
+ Under the pressure of this slogan one is asked for every sacrifice
+ and for complete submission: only those acts are 'unselfish' which
+ do not serve the individual but somebody or something outside
+ himself." [Man for Himself, p. 127]
While such "unselfishness" is ideal for creating "model citizens" and
willing wage slaves, it is not conducive for creating anarchists or
@@ -920,7 +671,7 @@ J.6.6 But how will a free child ever learn unselfishness?
urge to rebel and saw it as the key to human progress! Fromm goes on to
note that selfishness and self-love, "far from being identical, are
actually opposites" and that "selfish persons are incapable of loving
- others. . . [or] loving themselves..." [Op. Cit., p. 131] Individuals
+ others . . . [or] loving themselves." [Op. Cit., p. 131] Individuals
who do not love themselves, and so others, will be more willing to
submit themselves to hierarchy than those who do love themselves and
are concerned for their own, and others, welfare. Thus the
@@ -938,45 +689,44 @@ J.6.6 But how will a free child ever learn unselfishness?
small, weak person at hand who cannot resist one's will to power?
Instead of issuing directives, libertarians believe in letting social
behaviour develop naturally, which it will do after other people's
- opinions becomes important to the child. As Neill points out, "Everyone
- seeks the good opinion of his neighbours. Unless other forces push him
- into unsocial behaviour, a child will naturally want to do that which
- will cause him to be well-regarded, but this desire to please others
- develops at a certain stage in his growth. The attempt by parents and
- teachers to artificially accelerate this stage does the child
- irreparable damage." [Neill, Op. Cit., p. 256]
+ opinions becomes important to the child. As Neill pointed out:
+
+ "Everyone seeks the good opinion of his neighbours. Unless other
+ forces push him into unsocial behaviour, a child will naturally want
+ to do that which will cause him to be well-regarded, but this desire
+ to please others develops at a certain stage in his growth. The
+ attempt by parents and teachers to artificially accelerate this
+ stage does the child irreparable damage." [Op. Cit., p. 256]
Therefore, parents should allow children to be "selfish" and
"ungiving", free to follow their own childish interests throughout
- their childhood. And when their individual interests clash with social
- interests (e.g. the opinion of the neighbours), the individual
- interests should take precedence. Every interpersonal conflict of
- interest should be grounds for a lesson in dignity on one side and
- consideration on the other. Only by this process can a child develop
- their individuality. By so doing they will come to recognise the
- individuality of others and this is the first step in developing
- ethical concepts (which rest upon mutual respect for others and their
- individuality).
-
-J.6.7 Isn't what you call "libertarian child-rearing" just another name for
-spoiling the child?
+ their childhood. Every interpersonal conflict of interest should be
+ grounds for a lesson in dignity on one side and consideration on the
+ other. Only by this process can a child develop their individuality. By
+ so doing they will come to recognise the individuality of others and
+ this is the first step in developing ethical concepts (which rest upon
+ mutual respect for others and their individuality).
+
+J.6.4 Isn't "libertarian child-rearing" just another name for spoiling the
+child?
No. This objection confuses the distinction between freedom and
license. To raise a child in freedom does not mean letting him or her
- walk all over you; it does not mean never saying "no." It is true that
- free children are not subjected to punishment, irrational authority, or
- moralistic admonitions, but they are not "free" to violate the rights
- of others. As Neill puts it, "in the disciplined home, the children
- have no rights. In the spoiled home, they have all the rights. The
- proper home is one in which children and adults have equal rights." Or
- again, "To let a child have his own way, or do what he wants to at
- another's expense, is bad for the child. It creates a spoiled child,
- and the spoiled child is a bad citizen." [Summerhill, p. 107, 167]
+ walk all over you or others; it does not mean never saying "no." It is
+ true that free children are not subjected to punishment, irrational
+ authority, or moralistic admonitions, but they are not "free" to
+ violate the rights of others. As Neill put it: "in the disciplined
+ home, the children have no rights. In the spoiled home, they have all
+ the rights. The proper home is one in which children and adults have
+ equal rights." Or again: "To let a child have his own way, or do what
+ he wants to at another's expense, is bad for the child. It creates a
+ spoiled child, and the spoiled child is a bad citizen." [Summerhill, p.
+ 107 and 167]
There will inevitably be conflicts of will between parents and
- children, and the healthy way to resolve them is to come to some sort
- of a compromise agreement. The unhealthy ways are either to resort to
- authoritarian discipline or to spoil the child by allowing it to have
+ children, and the healthy way to resolve them is discussion and coming
+ to an agreement. The unhealthy ways are either to resort to
+ authoritarian discipline or to spoil the child by allowing them to have
all the social rights. Libertarian psychologists argue that no harm is
done to children by insisting on one's individual rights, but that the
harm comes from moralism, i.e. when one introduces the concepts of
@@ -984,17 +734,17 @@ spoiling the child?
produce guilt.
Therefore it should not be thought that free children are free to "do
- as they please." Freedom means doing what one likes so long as it
- doesn't infringe on the freedom of others. Thus there is a big
- difference between compelling a child to stop throwing stones at others
- and compelling him or her to learn geometry. Throwing stones infringes
- on others' rights, but learning geometry involves only the child. The
- same goes for forcing children to eat with a fork instead of their
- fingers; to say "please" and "thank you;" to tidy up their rooms, and
- so on. Bad manners and untidiness may be annoying to adults, but they
- are not a violation of adults' rights. One could, of course, define an
- adult "right" to be free of annoyance from anything one's child does,
- but this would simply be a license for authoritarianism, emptying the
+ as they please." Freedom means doing what one likes so long as it does
+ not infringe on the freedom of others. Thus there is a big difference
+ between compelling a child to stop throwing stones at others and
+ compelling him or her to learn geometry. Throwing stones infringes on
+ others' rights, but learning geometry involves only the child. The same
+ goes for forcing children to eat with a fork instead of their fingers;
+ to say "please" and "thank you"; to tidy up their rooms, and so on. Bad
+ manners and untidiness may be annoying to adults, but they are not a
+ violation of adults' rights. One could, of course, define an adult
+ "right" to be free of annoyance from anything one's child does, but
+ this would simply be a license for authoritarianism, emptying the
concept of children's rights of all content.
As mentioned, giving children freedom does not mean allowing them to
@@ -1003,12 +753,12 @@ spoiling the child?
medicine, nor a run-down and overtired child whether she wants to go to
bed. But the imposition of such forms of necessary authority is
compatible with the idea that children should be given as much
- responsibility as they can handle at their particular age. For only in
- this way can they develop self-assurance. And again, it is important
- for parents to examine their own motives when deciding how much
+ responsibility as they can handle at their particular age. Only in this
+ way can they develop self-assurance. And, again, it is important for
+ parents to examine their own motives when deciding how much
responsibility to give their child. Parents who insist on choosing
- their children's' clothes for them, for example, are generally worried
- that little Tommy might select clothes that would reflect badly on his
+ their children's clothes for them, for example, are generally worried
+ that the child might select clothes that would reflect badly on their
parents' social standing.
As for those who equate "discipline" in the home with "obedience," the
@@ -1019,20 +769,20 @@ spoiling the child?
is absent in the libertarian home, there still remains what can be
called a kind of "authority," namely adult protection, care, and
responsibility, as well as the insistence on one's own rights. As Neill
- observes, "Such authority sometimes demands obedience but at other
+ observed: "Such authority sometimes demands obedience but at other
times gives obedience. Thus I can say to my daughter, 'You can't bring
that mud and water into our parlour.' That's no more than her saying to
me, 'Get out of my room, Daddy. I don't want you here now,' a wish that
- I, of course, obey without a word" [Op. Cit., p. 156]. Therefore there
- will still be "discipline" in the libertarian home, but it will be of
- the kind that protects the individual rights of each family member.
+ I, of course, obey without a word." [Op. Cit., p. 156]. So there will
+ still be "discipline" in the libertarian home, but it will be of the
+ kind that protects the individual rights of each family member.
Raising children in freedom also does not imply giving them a lot of
- toys, money, and so on. Reichians have argued that children should not
- be given everything they ask for and that it is better to give them too
- little than too much. Under constant bombardment by commercial
- advertising campaigns, parents today generally tend to give their
- children far too much, with the result that the children stop
+ toys, money, and so on. Reich's followers have argued that children
+ should not be given everything they ask for and that it is better to
+ give them too little than too much. Under constant bombardment by
+ commercial advertising campaigns, parents today generally tend to give
+ their children far too much, with the result that the children stop
appreciating gifts and rarely value any of their possessions. This same
applies to money, which, if given in excess, can be detrimental to
children's' creativity and play life. If children are not given too
@@ -1046,13 +796,13 @@ spoiling the child?
them, but rewards can still undermine a child's morale. This is
because, firstly, rewards are superfluous and in fact often decrease
motivation and creativity, as several psychological studies have shown
- (see section [6]I.4.10). Creative people work for the pleasure of
+ (see [1]section I.4.11). Creative people work for the pleasure of
creating; monetary interests are not central (or necessary) to the
creative process. Secondly, rewards send the wrong message, namely,
that doing the deed for which the reward is offered is not worth doing
for its own sake and the pleasure associated with productive, creative
- activity. And thirdly, rewards tend to reinforce the worst aspects of
- the competitive system, leading to the attitude that money is the only
+ activity. Thirdly, rewards tend to reinforce the worst aspects of the
+ competitive system, leading to the attitude that money is the only
thing which can motivate people to do the work that needs doing in
society.
@@ -1065,15 +815,15 @@ spoiling the child?
more anti-social secondary drives such as sadism, destructive urges,
greed, sexual perversions, etc., as well as repressed rage and fear.
The presence of such impulses just below the surface of consciousness
- causes anxiety, which is automatically defended against by layers of
- rigid muscular armouring, which leaves the person stiff, frustrated,
- bitter, and burdened with feelings of inner emptiness. In such a
- condition, people easily fall victim to the capitalist gospel of
+ causes anxiety, which is automatically defended against by
+ psychological walls which leave the person stiff, frustrated, bitter
+ and burdened with feelings of inner emptiness. In such a condition
+ people easily fall victim to the capitalist gospel of
super-consumption, which promises that money will enable them to fill
the inner void by purchasing commodities -- a promise that, of course,
is hollow.
- The neurotically armoured person also tends to look for scapegoats on
+ The neurotically enclosed person also tends to look for scapegoats on
whom to blame his or her frustration and anxiety and against whom
repressed rage can be vented. Reactionary politicians know very well
how to direct such impulses against minorities or "hostile nations"
@@ -1083,54 +833,52 @@ spoiling the child?
typically produces a submissive/authoritarian personality -- a man or
woman who blindly follows the orders of "superiors" while at the same
time desiring to exercise authority on "subordinates," whether in the
- family, the state bureaucracy, or the corporation. In this way, the
- "traditional" (e.g., authoritarian, disciplinarian, patriarchal) family
- is the necessary foundation for authoritarian civilisation, reproducing
- it and its attendant social evils from generation to generation. Irving
- Staub's Roots of Evil includes interviews of imprisoned SS men, who, in
- the course of extensive interviews (meant to determine how ostensibly
- "normal" people could perform acts of untold ruthlessness and violence)
- revealed that they overwhelmingly came from authoritarian,
- disciplinarian homes.
-
-J.6.8 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual liberation?
+ family, the state bureaucracy, or the company. Ervin Staub's Roots of
+ Evil includes interviews of imprisoned SS men, who, in the course of
+ extensive interviews (meant to determine how ostensibly "normal" people
+ could perform acts of untold ruthlessness and violence) revealed that
+ they overwhelmingly came from authoritarian, disciplinarian homes.
+
+ In this way, the "traditional" (e.g., authoritarian, disciplinarian,
+ patriarchal) family is the necessary foundation for authoritarian
+ civilisation, reproducing it and its attendant social evils from
+ generation to generation.
+
+J.6.5 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual liberation?
One of the biggest problems of adolescence is sexual suppression by
parents and society in general. The teenage years are the time when
sexual energy is at its height. Why, then, the absurd demand that
teenagers "wait until marriage," or at least until leaving home, before
- becoming sexually active? Why are there laws on the books in "advanced"
- countries like the United States that allow a 19-year-old "boy" who
- makes love with his 17-year-old girlfriend, with her full consent, to
- be arrested by the girl's parents (!) for "statutory rape?"
+ becoming sexually active? Why are there laws in "advanced" countries
+ like the United States that allow a 19-year-old "boy" who makes love
+ with his 17-year-old girlfriend, with her full consent, to be arrested
+ by the girl's parents (!) for "statutory rape"?
To answer such questions, let us recall that the ruling class is not
- interested in encouraging mass tendencies toward democracy and
- independence and pleasure not derived from commodities but instead
- supports whatever contributes to mass submissiveness, docility,
- dependence, helplessness, and respect for authority -- traits that
- perpetuate the hierarchies on which ruling-class power and privileges
- depend.
-
- We have noted earlier that, because sex is the most intense form of
- pleasure (one of the most prominent contributors for intimacy and
- bonding people) and involves the bioenergy of the body and emotions,
- repression of sexuality is the most powerful means of psychologically
- crippling people and giving them a submissive/authoritarian character
- structure (as well as alienating people from each other). As Reich
- observes, such a character is composed of a mixture of "sexual
- impotence, helplessness, a need for attachments, a nostalgia for a
- leader, fear of authority, timidity, and mysticism." As he also points
- out, "people structured in this manner are incapable of democracy. All
- attempts to build up or maintain genuine democratically directed
- organisations come to grief when they encounter these character
- structures. They form the psychological soil of the masses in which
- dictatorial strivings and bureaucratic tendencies of democratically
- elected leaders can develop. . . . [Sexual suppression] produces the
- authority-fearing, life-fearing vassal, and thus constantly creates new
- possibilities whereby a handful of men in power can rule the masses."
- [The Sexual Revolution: Toward a Self-Regulating Character Structure,
- p. 82, emphasis added]
+ interested in encouraging mass tendencies toward liberty, independence
+ and pleasure not derived from commodities but instead supports whatever
+ contributes to mass submissiveness, docility, dependence, helplessness,
+ and respect for authority -- traits that perpetuate the hierarchies on
+ which ruling-class power and privileges depend.
+
+ As sex is one of the most intense forms of pleasure and one of the most
+ prominent contributors for intimacy and bonding with people
+ emotionally, repression of sexuality is the most powerful means of
+ psychologically crippling people and giving them a
+ submissive/authoritarian character structure (as well as alienating
+ people from each other). As Reich observed, such a character is
+ composed of a mixture of "sexual impotence, helplessness, a need for
+ attachments, a nostalgia for a leader, fear of authority, timidity, and
+ mysticism" and "people structured in this manner are incapable of
+ democracy. All attempts to build up or maintain genuine democratically
+ directed organisations come to grief when they encounter these
+ character structures. They form the psychological soil of the masses in
+ which dictatorial strivings and bureaucratic tendencies of
+ democratically elected leaders can develop." Sexual suppression
+ "produces the authority-fearing, life-fearing vassal, and thus
+ constantly creates new possibilities whereby a handful of men in power
+ can rule the masses." [The Sexual Revolution, p. 82]
No doubt most members of the ruling elite are not fully conscious that
their own power and privileges depend on the mass perpetuation of
@@ -1142,14 +890,13 @@ J.6.8 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual liberation?
"family values," and "religion" (i.e. discipline and compulsive sexual
morality) are the mainstays of the conservative/reactionary agenda.
Thus it is crucially important for anarchists to address every aspect
- of sexual suppression in society. And this means affirming the right of
+ of sexual suppression in society. This means affirming the right of
adolescents to an unrestricted sex life.
There are numerous arguments for teenage sexual liberation. For
example, many teen suicides could be prevented by removing the
restrictions on adolescent sexuality. This becomes clear from
- ethnological studies of sexually unrepressive "primitive" peoples.
- Thus:
+ ethnological studies of sexually unrepressive tribal peoples:
"All reports, whether by missionaries or scholars, with or without
the proper indignation about the 'moral depravity' of 'savages,'
@@ -1167,25 +914,24 @@ J.6.8 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual liberation?
indication of sexual misery or suicide by adolescents suffering from
unrequited love (although the latter does of course occur). The
contradiction between sexual maturity and the absence of genital
- sexual gratification is non-existent." [Ibid., p. 85]
+ sexual gratification is non-existent." [Reich, Op. Cit., p. 85]
Teenage sexual repression is also closely connected with crime. If
- there are hundreds of teenagers in a neighbourhood who have no place to
- pursue intimate sexual relationships, they will do it in dark corners,
- in cars or vans, etc., always on the alert and anxious lest someone
- discover them. Under such conditions, full gratification is impossible,
- leading to a build-up of tension, frustration and stagnation of
- bioenergy (sexual stasis). Thus they feel unsatisfied, disturb each
- other, become jealous and angry, get into fights, turn to drugs as a
- substitute for a satisfying sex life, vandalise property to let off
- "steam" (repressed rage), or even murder someone. As Reich notes,
- "juvenile delinquency is the visible expression of the subterranean
- sexual crisis in the lives of children and adolescents. And it may be
- predicted that no society will ever succeed in solving this problem,
- the problem of juvenile psychopathology, unless that society can muster
- the courage and acquire the knowledge to regulate the sexual life of
- its children and adolescents in a sex-affirmative manner." [Ibid., p.
- 271]
+ there are teenagers in a neighbourhood who have no place to pursue
+ intimate sexual relationships, they will do it in dark corners, in cars
+ or vans, etc., always on the alert and anxious lest someone discover
+ them. Under such conditions, full gratification is impossible, leading
+ to a build-up of tension and frustration. Thus they feel unsatisfied,
+ disturb each other, become jealous and angry, get into fights, turn to
+ drugs as a substitute for a satisfying sex life, vandalise property to
+ let off "steam" (repressed rage), or even murder someone. As Reich
+ noted, "juvenile delinquency is the visible expression of the
+ subterranean sexual crisis in the lives of children and adolescents.
+ And it may be predicted that no society will ever succeed in solving
+ this problem, the problem of juvenile psychopathology, unless that
+ society can muster the courage and acquire the knowledge to regulate
+ the sexual life of its children and adolescents in a sex-affirmative
+ manner." [Op. Cit., p. 271]
For these reasons, it is clear that a solution to the "gang problem"
also depends on adolescent sexual liberation. We are not suggesting, of
@@ -1193,144 +939,171 @@ J.6.8 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual liberation?
their main attractions to teens is undoubtedly the hope of more
opportunities for sex as a gang member. However, gangs' typical
obsessiveness with the promiscuous, pornographic, sadistic, and other
- "dark" aspects of sex shows that by the time children reach the gang
- age they have already developed unhealthy secondary drives due to the
+ "dark" aspects of sex shows that by the time children reach gang age
+ they have already developed unhealthy secondary drives due to the
generally sex-negative and repressive environment in which they have
grown up. The expression of such drives is not what anarchists mean by
"sexual freedom." Rather, anarchist proposals for teenage liberation
- are based on the premise that unrestricted sexuality in early childhood
- is the necessary condition for a healthy sexual freedom in adolescence.
+ are based on the premise that a libertarian childhood is the necessary
+ condition for a healthy sexual freedom in adolescence.
Applying these insights to our own society, it is clear that teenagers
- should not only have ample access to a private room where they can be
- undisturbed with their sexual partners, but that parents should
- actively encourage such behaviour for the sake of their child's health
- and happiness (while, of course, encouraging the knowledge and use of
- contraceptives and safe sex in general as well as respect for the other
- person involved in the relationship). This last point (of respecting
- others) is essential. As Maurice Brinton points out, attempts at sexual
- liberation will encounter two kinds of responses from established
- society - direct opposition and attempts at recuperation. The second
- response takes the form of "first alienating and reifying sexuality,
- and then of frenetically exploiting this empty shell for commercial
- ends. As modern youth breaks out of the dual stranglehold of the
- authoritarian patriarchal family it encounters a projected image of
- free sexuality which is in fact a manipulatory distortion of it." This
- can be seen from the use of sex in advertising to the successful
- development of sex into a major consumer industry.
-
+ should have ample access to a private room where they can be
+ undisturbed with their sexual partners. Parents should also encourage
+ the knowledge and use of contraceptives and safe sex in general as well
+ as respect for the other person involved in the relationship. This does
+ not mean encouraging promiscuity or sex for the sake of it. Rather, it
+ means encouraging teenagers to know their own minds and desires,
+ refusing to be pressured by anyone into anything. As can be seen from
+ experience of this anarchist activist during the 1930s:
+
+ "One time, a companero from the Juventudes [libertarian youth
+ organisation] came over to me and said, 'You, who say you're so
+ liberated. You're not so liberated.' (I'm telling you this so youll
+ see the mentality of these men.) 'Because if I ask you to give me a
+ kiss, you wouldn't.
+
+ "I just stood there staring at him, and thinking to myself, 'How do
+ I get out of this one?" And then I said to him, 'Listen, when I want
+ to go to bed with a guy, I'm the one that has to choose him. I don't
+ go to bed with just anyone. You don't interest me as a man. I don't
+ feel anything for you... Why should you want me to 'liberate
+ myself,' as you put it, by going to bed with you? That's no
+ liberation for me. That's just making love simply for the sake of
+ making love.' 'No,' I said to him, 'love is something that has to be
+ like eating: if you're hungry, you eat, and if you want to go to bed
+ with a guy, then... Besides, I'm going to tell you something else .
+ . . Your mouth doesn't appeal to me... And I don't like to make love
+ with a guy without kissing him.'
+
+ "He was left speechless! But I did it with a dual purpose in mind...
+ because I wanted to show him that that's not the way to educate
+ companeros... That's what the struggle of women was like in Spain --
+ even with men from our own group -- and I'm not even talking about
+ what it was like with other guys." [quoted by Martha A. Ackelsberg,
+ Free Women of Spain, pp. 116-7]
+
+ So respecting yourself and others, it must be stressed, is essential.
+ As Maurice Brinton pointed out, attempts at sexual liberation will
+ encounter two kinds of responses from established society -- direct
+ opposition and attempts at recuperation. The second response takes the
+ form of "first alienating and reifying sexuality, and then of
+ frenetically exploiting this empty shell for commercial ends. As modern
+ youth breaks out of the dual stranglehold of repressive traditional
+ morality and of the authoritarian patriarchal family it encounters a
+ projected image of free sexuality which is in fact a manipulatory
+ distortion of it." This can be seen from the use of sex in advertising
+ to the successful development of sex into a major consumer industry.
However, such a development is the opposite of the healthy sexuality
desired by anarchists. This is because "sex is presented as something
to be consumed. But the sexual instinct differs from certain other
- instincts... [as it can be satisfied only by] another human being,
- capable of thinking, acting, suffering. The alienation of sexuality
- under the conditions of modern capitalism is very much part of the
- general alienating process, in which people are converted into objects
- (in this case, objects of sexual consumption) and relationships are
- drained of human content. Undiscriminating, compulsive sexual activity,
- is not sexual freedom - although it may sometimes be a preparation for
- it (which repressive morality can never be). The illusion that
- alienated sex is sexual freedom constitutes yet another obstacle on the
- road to total emancipation. Sexual freedom implies a realisation and
- understanding of the autonomy of others." [The Irrational in Politics,
- p. 60, p. 61]
+ instincts" as it can be satisfied only by "another human being, capable
+ of thinking, acting, suffering. The alienation of sexuality under the
+ conditions of modern capitalism is very much part of the general
+ alienating process, in which people are converted into objects (in this
+ case, objects of sexual consumption) and relationships are drained of
+ human content. Undiscriminating, compulsive sexual activity, is not
+ sexual freedom -- although it may sometimes be a preparation for it
+ (which repressive morality can never be). The illusion that alienated
+ sex is sexual freedom constitutes yet another obstacle on the road to
+ total emancipation. Sexual freedom implies a realisation and
+ understanding of the autonomy of others." ["The Irrational in
+ Politics", pp. 257-92, For Workers' Power, p. 277]
Therefore, anarchists see teenage sexual liberation as a means of
developing free individuals as well as reducing the evil effects of
sexual repression (which, we must note, also helps dehumanise
individuals by encouraging the objectification of others, and in a
- patriarchal society, particularly of women).
+ patriarchal society particularly of women).
-J.6.9 But isn't this concern with teenage sexual liberation just a distraction
-from issues that should be of more concern to anarchists, like restructuring the
-economy?
+J.6.6 But isn't this concern with sexual liberation just a distraction from
+revolution?
It would be insulting to teenagers to suggest that sexual freedom is,
or should be, their only concern. Many teens have a well-developed
social conscience and are keenly interested in problems of economic
exploitation, poverty, social breakdown, environmental degradation, and
- the like.
-
- However, it is essential for anarchists to guard against the attitude
- typically found in Marxist-Leninist parties that spontaneous
- discussions about the sexual problems of youth are a "diversion from
- the class struggle." Such an attitude is economistic (not to mention
- covertly ascetic), because it is based on the premise that the economy
- must be the focus of all revolutionary efforts toward social change. No
- doubt restructuring the economy is important, but without mass sexual
- liberation no working class revolution be complete. In a so called free
- society, there will not be enough people around with the character
- structures necessary to create a lasting worker-controlled economy --
- i.e. people who are capable of accepting freedom with responsibility.
- Instead, the attempt to force the creation of such an economy without
- preparing the necessary psychological soil for its growth will lead to
- a quick reversion to some new form of hierarchy and exploitation.
-
- Moreover, for most teenagers, breaking free from the sexual suppression
+ the like. The same can be said of people of any age!
+
+ It is essential for anarchists to guard against the attitude typically
+ found in Marxist-Leninist parties that spontaneous discussions about
+ sexual problems are a "diversion from the class struggle." Such an
+ attitude is economistic (not to mention covertly ascetic), because it
+ is based on the premise that economic class must be the focus of all
+ revolutionary efforts toward social change. No doubt transforming the
+ economy is important, but without mass sexual liberation no working
+ class revolution be complete as there will not be enough people around
+ with the character structures necessary to create a lasting
+ self-managed society and economy (i.e., people who are capable of
+ accepting freedom with responsibility). Instead, the attempt to force
+ the creation of such a system without preparing the necessary
+ psychological soil for its growth will lead to a reversion to some new
+ form of hierarchy and exploitation. Equally, society would be "free" in
+ name only if repressive social morals existed and people were not able
+ to express themselves as they so desire.
+
+ Moreover, for many people breaking free from the sexual suppression
that threatens to cripple them psychologically is a major issue in
- their lives. For this reason, not many of them are likely to be
- attracted to the anarchist "freedom" movement if its exponents limit
- themselves to dry discussions of surplus value, alienated labour, and
- so forth. Instead, addressing sexual questions and problems must be
- integrated into a multi-faceted attack on the total system of
- domination. Teens should feel confident that anarchists are on the side
- of sexual pleasure and are not revolutionary ascetics demanding
- self-denial for the "sake of the revolution." Rather, it should be
- stressed that the capacity for full sexual enjoyment is the an
- essential part of the revolution. Indeed, "incessant questioning and
- challenge to authority on the subject of sex and of the compulsive
- family can only complement the questioning and challenge to authority
- in other areas (for instance on the subject of who is to dominate the
- work process - or the purpose of work itself). Both challenges stress
- the autonomy of individuals and their domination of over important
- aspects of their lives. Both expose the alienated concepts which pass
- for rationality and which govern so much of our thinking and behaviour.
- The task of the conscious revolutionary is to make both challenges
- explicit, to point out their deeply subversive content, and to explain
- their inter-relation." [Maurice Brinton, Op. Cit., p. 62]
-
- We noted previously that in pre-patriarchal society, which rests on the
- social order of primitive communism, children have complete sexual
- freedom and that the idea of childhood asceticism develops as
- matricentric clan societies turn toward patriarchy in the economy and
- social structure (see section [7]B.1.5). This sea-change in social
- attitudes toward childhood sexuality allows the authority-oriented
- character structure to develop instead of the formerly
- non-authoritarian ones. Ethnological research has shown that in
- pre-patriarchal societies, the general nature of work life in the
- collective corresponds with the free sexuality of children and
- adolescents -- that is, there are no rules coercing children and
+ their lives. For this reason, few of them are likely to be attracted to
+ the anarchist "freedom" movement if its exponents limit themselves to
+ dry discussions of surplus value, alienated labour, and so forth.
+ Instead, addressing sexual questions and problems must be integrated
+ into a multi-faceted attack on the total system of domination. People
+ should feel confident that anarchists are on the side of sexual
+ pleasure and are not revolutionary ascetics demanding self-denial for
+ the "sake of the revolution." Rather, it should be stressed that the
+ capacity for full sexual enjoyment is the an essential part of the
+ revolution. Indeed, "incessant questioning and challenge to authority
+ on the subject of sex and of the compulsive family can only complement
+ the questioning and challenge to authority in other areas (for instance
+ on the subject of who is to dominate the work process -- or the purpose
+ of work itself). Both challenges stress the autonomy of individuals and
+ their domination over important aspects of their lives. Both expose the
+ alienated concepts which pass for rationality and which govern so much
+ of our thinking and behaviour. The task of the conscious revolutionary
+ is to make both challenges explicit, to point out their deeply
+ subversive content, and to explain their inter-relation." [Maurice
+ Brinton, "The Irrational in Politics", pp. 257-92, For Workers' Power,
+ p. 278]
+
+ We noted previously that in pre-patriarchal society, which rests on a
+ communistic/communal social order, children have complete sexual
+ freedom and that the idea of childhood asceticism develops as such
+ societies turn toward patriarchy in the economic and social structure
+ (see [2]section B.1.5). This sea-change in social attitudes toward
+ sexuality allows the authority-oriented character structure to develop
+ instead of the formerly non-authoritarian ones. Ethnological research
+ has shown that in pre-patriarchal societies the general nature of work
+ life in the community corresponds with the free development of children
+ and adolescents -- that is, there are no rules coercing children and
adolescents into specific forms of sexual life, and this creates the
- psychological basis for voluntary integration into the collective and
- voluntary discipline in work. This historical fact supports the premise
- that widespread sex-positive attitudes are a necessary condition of a
- viable libertarian socialism.
-
- Psychology also clearly shows that every impediment to infantile and
- adolescent sexuality by parents, teachers, or administrative
- authorities must be stopped. As anarchists, our preferred way of doing
- so is by direct action. Thus we should encourage teens to feel that
- they have every chance of building their own lives. This will certainly
- not be an obstacle to or a distraction from their involvement in the
- anarchist movement. On the contrary, if they can gradually solve the
- problem of (e.g.) private rooms themselves, they will work on other
- social projects with greatly increased pleasure and concentration. For,
- contrary to Freud, Reichian psychologists argue that beyond a certain
- point, excess sexual energy cannot be sublimated in work or any other
- purposeful activity but actually disturbs work by making the person
- restless and prone to fantasies, thus hindering concentration.
+ psychological basis for voluntary integration into the community and
+ voluntary discipline in all forms of collective activity. This supports
+ the premise that widespread sex-positive attitudes are a necessary
+ condition of a viable libertarian socialism.
+
+ Psychology also clearly shows that every impediment to free expression
+ of children by parents, teachers, or administrative authorities must be
+ stopped. As anarchists, our preferred way of doing so is by direct
+ action. Thus we should encourage all to feel that they have every
+ chance of building their own personal lives. This will certainly not be
+ an obstacle to or a distraction from their involvement in the anarchist
+ movement. On the contrary, if they can gradually solve the problems
+ facing their private lives, they will work on other social projects
+ with greatly increased pleasure and concentration.
Besides engaging in direct action, anarchists can also support legal
- protection of infantile and adolescent sexuality (repeal of the insane
- statutory rape laws would be one example), just as they support
- legislation that protects workers' right to strike, family leave, and
- so forth. However, as Reich observes, "under no circumstances will the
- new order of sexual life be established by the decree of a central
- authority." [Ibid., p. 279] That was a Leninist illusion. Rather, it
- will be established from the bottom up, by the gradual process of ever
- more widespread dissemination of knowledge about the adverse personal
- and social effects of sexual suppression, which will lead to mass
- acceptance of libertarian child-rearing and educational methods.
+ protection free expression and sexuality (repeal of the insane
+ statutory rape laws and equal rights for gays, for example), just as
+ they support legislation that protects workers' right to strike, family
+ leave, and so forth. However, as Reich observed, "under no
+ circumstances will the new order of sexual life be established by the
+ decree of a central authority." [The Sexual Revolution, p. 279] That
+ was a Leninist illusion. Rather, it will be established from the bottom
+ up, by the gradual process of ever more widespread dissemination of
+ knowledge about the adverse personal and social effects of sexual
+ repression, and the benefits of libertarian child-rearing and
+ educational methods.
A society in which people are capable of sexual happiness will be one
where they prefer to "make love, not war," and so will provide the best
@@ -1342,13 +1115,13 @@ economy?
responsibly, rather than unconsciously longing for an authoritarian
father-figure to tell them what to do.
- Therefore, concern and action upon teenage sexual liberation (or child
- rearing in general or libertarian education) is a key part of social
- struggle and change. In no way can it be considered a "distraction"
- from "important" political and economic issues as some "serious"
- revolutionaries like to claim. As Martha A. Ackelsberg notes (in
+ Therefore, concern and action upon sexual liberation, libertarian child
+ rearing and libertarian education are key parts of social struggle and
+ change. In no way can they be considered as "distractions" from
+ "important" political and economic issues as some "serious"
+ revolutionaries like to claim. As Martha A. Ackelsberg notes in
relation to the practical work done by the Mujeres Libres group during
- the Spanish Revolution):
+ the Spanish Revolution:
"Respecting children and educating them well was vitally important
to the process of revolutionary change. Ignorance made people
@@ -1360,12 +1133,24 @@ economy?
necessary to prepare people to live in a society without
domination." [Free Women of Spain, p. 133]
+ The personal is political and there is little point in producing a free
+ economy if the people in it are not free to lead a full and pleasurable
+ life! As such, the issue of sexual freedom is as important as economic
+ and social freedom for anarchists. This can be seen when Emma Goldman
+ recounted meeting Kropotkin who praised a paper she was involved with
+ but proclaimed "it would do more if it would not waste so much space
+ discussing sex." She disagreed and a heated argument ensured about "the
+ place of the sex problem in anarchist propaganda." Finally, she
+ remarked "All right, dear comrade, when I have reached your age, the
+ sex question may no longer be of importance to me. But it is now, and
+ it is a tremendous factor for thousands, millions even, of young
+ people." This, Goldman recalled, made Kropotkin stop short with "an
+ amused smile lighting up his kindly face. 'Fancy, I didn't think of
+ that,' he replied. 'Perhaps you are right, after all.' He beamed
+ affectionately upon me, with a humorous twinkle in his eye." [Living My
+ Life, vol. 1, p. 253]
+
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj61
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj68
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj62
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj62
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj63
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI4.html#seci410
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secB1.html#secb15
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI4.txt#seci411
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secB1.txt#secb15
diff --git a/txt/secJ7.txt b/txt/secJ7.txt
index b7cfca7faf7a0e6dbe48b679713497e92fc67b65..cc1d0c43497288e7ed9eb3f2e0cf23dd6d9356f0 100644
--- a/txt/secJ7.txt
+++ b/txt/secJ7.txt
@@ -1,83 +1,103 @@
- J.7 What do anarchists mean by "social revolution"?
+ J.7 What do anarchists mean by social revolution?
- In anarchist theory, "social revolution" means far more than just
+ In anarchist theory, social revolution means far more than just
revolution. For anarchists, a true revolution is far more than just a
change in the political makeup, structure or form of a society. It must
transform all aspects of a society -- political, economic, social,
- interpersonal relationships, sexual and so on -- and the individuals
- who comprise it. Indeed, these two transformations go hand in hand,
- complementing each other and supporting each other -- individuals,
- while transforming society, transform themselves in the process.
-
- As Alexander Berkman put it, "there are revolutions and revolutions.
- Some revolutions change only the governmental form by putting a new set
- of rulers in place of the old. These are political revolutions, and as
- such they are often meet with little resistance. But a revolution that
- aims to abolish the entire system of wage slavery must also do away
- with the power of one class to oppress another. That is, it is not any
- more a mere change of rulers, of government, not a political
- revolution, but one that seeks to alter the whole character of society.
- That would be a social revolution." [ABC of Anarchism, p. 34]
-
- It means two related things. Firstly, it means transforming all aspects
- of society and not just tinkering with certain aspects of the current
+ interpersonal relationships, and so on -- and the individuals who
+ comprise it. Indeed, these two transformations go hand in hand,
+ complementing each other and supporting each other. People, while
+ transforming society, transform themselves. As Alexander Berkman put
+ it:
+
+ "there are revolutions and revolutions. Some revolutions change only
+ the governmental form by putting a new set of rulers in place of the
+ old. These are political revolutions, and as such they are often
+ meet with little resistance. But a revolution that aims to abolish
+ the entire system of wage slavery must also do away with the power
+ of one class to oppress another. That is, it is not any more a mere
+ change of rulers, of government, not a political revolution, but one
+ that seeks to alter the whole character of society. That would be a
+ social revolution." [What is Anarchism?, p. 176]
+
+ It means two related things. First, it means transforming all parts of
+ society and not just tinkering with certain aspects of the current
system. Where political revolution means, in essence, changing bosses,
- social revolution means changing society. Thus social revolution
- signifies a change in the social, economic and cultural and sexual in a
- libertarian direction, a transformation in the way society is organised
- and run. Social revolution, in other words, does not aim to alter one
- form of subjection for another, but to do away with everything that can
- enslave and oppress the individual. Secondly, it means bringing about
- this fundamental change directly by the mass of people in society,
- rather than relying on political means of achieving this end, in the
- style of Marxist-Leninists and other authoritarian socialists. For
- anarchists, such an approach is a political revolution only and doomed
- to failure. Hence the "actual, positive work of the social revolution
- must . . . be carried out by the toilers themselves, by the labouring
- people." [Alexander Berkman, Op. Cit., p. 45]
+ social revolution means changing society, a transformation in the way
+ society is organised and run. Social revolution, in other words, does
+ not aim to change one form of subjection for another, but to do away
+ with everything that can enslave and oppress the individual. Second, it
+ means bringing about this fundamental change directly by the mass of
+ people in society, rather than relying on political means of achieving
+ this end, in the style of Marxist-Leninists and other authoritarian
+ socialists. For anarchists, such an approach is a political revolution
+ only and doomed to failure. The "actual, positive work of the social
+ revolution must . . . be carried out by the toilers themselves, by the
+ labouring people" as "the worse victims of present institutions, it is
+ to their own interest to abolish them." [Berkman, Op. Cit., p. 189 and
+ p. 187]
That is not to say that an anarchist social revolution is not political
- in content -- far from it; it should be obvious to anyone reading this
- FAQ that there are considerable political theories at work within
- anarchism. What we are saying, however, is that anarchists do not seek
- to seize power and attempt, through control of law enforcement and the
+ in content -- far from it; it should be obvious to anyone familiar with
+ anarchist theory that there are political theories and goals at work
+ within anarchism. With an analysis of the state which proclaims it to
+ be an instrument of minority class rule, designed to exclude
+ participation by the many, it should be obvious that we aim to abolish
+ it. What we are saying, however, is that anarchists do not seek to
+ seize power and attempt, through control of law enforcement and the
military (in the style of governments) to bring change about from the
top-down. Rather, we seek to bring change upward from below, and in so
doing, make such a revolution inevitable and not contingent on the
- machinations of a political vanguard. As Durruti argued, "[w]e never
- believed that the revolution consisted of the seizure of power by a
- minority which would impose a dictatorship on the people . . . We want
- a revolution by and for the people. Without this no revolution is
- possible. It would be a Coup d'Etat, nothing more." [quoted by Abel
- Paz, Durruti: The People Armed, pp. 135-7]
-
- Thus, for anarchists, a social revolution is a movement from below, of
- the oppressed and exploited struggling for their own freedom. Moreover,
+ machinations of a political vanguard (unsurprisingly, as we noted in
+ [1]section H.3.3, Lenin dismissed talk of change exclusively from below
+ as anarchist and saw the need for change from above by government). As
+ Durruti argued: "We never believed that the revolution consisted of the
+ seizure of power by a minority which would impose a dictatorship on the
+ people . . . We want a revolution by and for the people. Without this
+ no revolution is possible. It would be a Coup d'Etat, nothing more."
+ [quoted by Abel Paz, Durruti: The People Armed, pp. 135-7]
+
+ For anarchists, a social revolution is a movement from below, of the
+ oppressed and exploited struggling for their own freedom. Moreover,
such a revolution does not appear as if by magic. Rather, it is the
case that revolutions "are not improvised. They are not made at will by
- individuals. They come about through the force of circumstance and are
- independent of any deliberate will or conspiracy." [Michael Bakunin,
- quote by Brian Morris, Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom, p. 139] They
- are, in fact, a product of social evolution and of social struggle. As
- Malatesta reminds us:
+ individuals nor even by the most powerful associations. They come
+ independently of all will and all conspiracies, and are always brought
+ on by the natural force of circumstance." [Bakunin, The Political
+ Philosophy of Bakunin, p. 323] Revolutions break-out when the
+ conditions are ripe and cannot be artificially produced (by, say, a
+ union leadership proclaiming out of the blue such-and-such a day for a
+ general strike). However, the actions of individuals and associations
+ can make revolution more likely by their propaganda, struggles and
+ organising so that when the circumstances change, people are able and
+ willing to act in a revolutionary manner (by, say, spontaneously going
+ on strike and their unions expanding the struggle into a general
+ strike). This means that there is no mechanical, objective, process at
+ work but rather something which we can influence but not command.
+ Revolutions are a product of social evolution and of the social
+ struggle which is an inevitable part of it:
"the oppressed masses . . . have never completely resigned
themselves to oppression and poverty, and who today more than ever
- than ever show themselves thirsting for justice, freedom and
- wellbeing, are beginning to understand that they will not be able to
- achieve their emancipation except by union and solidarity with all
- the oppressed, with the exploited everywhere in the world. And they
- also understand that the indispensable condition for their
- emancipation which cannot be neglected is the possession of the
- means of production, of the land and of the instruments of labour."
- [Anarchy, p. 30]
+ show themselves thirsting for justice, freedom and wellbeing, are
+ beginning to understand that they will not be able to achieve their
+ emancipation except by union and solidarity with all the oppressed,
+ with the exploited everywhere in the world. And they also understand
+ that the indispensable condition for their emancipation which cannot
+ be neglected is the possession of the means of production, of the
+ land and of the instruments of labour." [Malatesta, Anarchy, p. 33]
Thus any social revolution proceeds from the daily struggles of working
class people (just as anarchism does). It is not an event, rather it is
- a process -- a process which is occurring at this moment. Thus, for
- anarchists, a social revolution is not something in the future but an
- process which is occurring in the here and now. As German Anarchist
- Gustav Landauer put it:
+ a process -- a process which is occurring at this moment. So a social
+ revolution is not something in the future which we wait for but an
+ process which is occurring in the here and now which we influence along
+ side other tendencies as well as objective factors. This means that
+ "evolution and revolution are not two separate and different things.
+ Still less are they opposites . . . Revolution is merely the boiling
+ point of evolution." [Berkman, Op. Cit., p. 179] This means how we act
+ now matters as we shape the future by our struggles today. As German
+ Anarchist Gustav Landauer put it:
"The State is not something that can be destroyed by a revolution,
but it is a condition, a certain relationship between human beings,
@@ -86,61 +106,60 @@
Anarchism, p. 421]
This does not mean that anarchists do not recognise that a revolution
- will be marked by, say, insurrectionary events (such as a general
- strike, wide scale occupations of land, housing, workplaces, etc.,
- actual insurrections and so on). Of course not, it means that we place
- these events in a process, within social movements and that they do not
- occur in isolation from history or the evolution of ideas and movements
- within society.
-
- Berkman echoes this point when he argued that while "a social
+ will be marked by, say, specific events (such as a general strike, wide
+ scale occupations of land, housing, workplaces, actual insurrections
+ and so on). Of course not. It means that we place these events in a
+ process, within social movements recognising that they do not occur in
+ isolation from history nor the evolution of ideas and movements within
+ society.
+
+ Berkman echoed this point when he argued that while "a social
revolution is one that entirely changes the foundation of society, its
- political, economic and social character," such a change "must first
+ political, economic and social character" such a change "must first
take place in the ideas and opinions of the people, in the minds of men
[and women]." This means that "the social revolution must be prepared.
Prepared in these sense of furthering evolutionary process, of
enlightening the people about the evils of present-day society and
convincing them of the desirability and possibility, of the justice and
- practicability of a social life based on liberty." [Alexander Berkman,
- Op. Cit., p. 38] And such preparation would be the result of social
- struggle in the here and now, social struggle based on direct action,
- solidarity and self-managed organisations. While Berkman concentrates
- on the labour movement in his classic work, but his comments are
- applicable to all social movements:
+ practicability of a social life based on liberty." [Op. Cit., p. 180-1]
+ Such preparation would be the result of social struggle in the here and
+ now, social struggle based on direct action, solidarity and
+ self-managed organisations. While Berkman concentrated on the labour
+ movement, his comments are applicable to all social movements:
"In the daily struggle of the proletariat such an organisation [a
syndicalist union] would be able to achieve victories about which
- the conservative union, as at present built, cannot even dream. . .
- . Such a union would soon become something more than a mere defender
+ the conservative union, as at present built, cannot even dream . . .
+ Such a union would soon become something more than a mere defender
and protector of the worker. It would gain a vital realisation of
the meaning of unity and consequent power, of labour solidarity. The
factory and shop would serve as a training camp to develop the
- worker's understanding of his proper role in life, to cultivate his
- [or her] self-reliance and independence, teach him [or her] mutual
- help and co-operation, and make him [or her] conscious of his [or
- her] responsibility. He will learn to decide and act on his [or her]
- own judgement, not leaving it to leaders or politicians to attend to
- his [or her] affairs and look out for his [or her] welfare. . . He
- [or she] will grow to understand that present economic and social
- arrangements are wrong and criminal, and he [or she] will determine
- to change them. The shop committee and union will become the field
- of preparation for a new economic system, for a new social life."
- [Op. Cit., p. 59]
+ worker's understanding of his [or her] proper role in life, to
+ cultivate his [or her] self-reliance and independence, teach him [or
+ her] mutual help and co-operation, and make him [or her] conscious
+ of his [or her] responsibility. He [or she] will learn to decide and
+ act on his [or her] own judgement, not leaving it to leaders or
+ politicians to attend to his [or her] affairs and look out for his
+ [or her] welfare . . . He [or she] will grow to understand that
+ present economic and social arrangements are wrong and criminal, and
+ he [or she] will determine to change them. The shop committee and
+ union will become the field of preparation for a new economic
+ system, for a new social life." [Op. Cit., pp. 206-7]
In other words, the struggle against authority, exploitation,
oppression and domination in the here and now is the start of the
- social revolution. It is this daily struggle which creates free people
- and the organisations it generates "bear . . . the living seed of the
- new society which is to replace the old one. They are creating not only
- the ideas, but also the facts of the future itself." [Michael Bakunin,
- Bakunin On Anarchism, p. 255] Hence Bakunin's comment that anarchists
- think socialism will be attained only "by the development and
- organisation, not of the political but of the social organisation (and,
- by consequence, anti-political) power of the working masses as much in
- the towns as in the countryside." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings,
- pp. 197-8] Such social power is expressed in economic and community
- organisations such as self-managed unions and workplace/community
- assemblies (see [1]section J.5).
+ social revolution. It is this daily struggle, Bakunin stressed, which
+ creates free people and the organisations it generates "bear . . . the
+ living seed of the new society which is to replace the old one. They
+ are creating not only the ideas, but also the facts of the future
+ itself." Therefore (libertarian) socialism will be attained only
+ "through the development and organisation of the non-political or
+ anti-political social power of the working classes in city and
+ country." [Bakunin On Anarchism, p. 255 and p. 263] Such social power
+ is expressed in economic and community organisations such as
+ self-managed unions and workplace/community assemblies (see [2]section
+ J.5) and these form the organisational framework of a free society (see
+ [3]section I.2.3).
Anarchists try and follow the example of our Spanish comrades in the
C.N.T. and F.A.I. who, when "faced with the conventional opposition
@@ -148,16 +167,16 @@
forward a third alternative, seeking to obtain immediate practical
improvements through the actual development, in practice, of
autonomous, libertarian forms of self-organisation." [Nick Rider, "The
- Practice of Direct Action: The Barcelona Rent Strike of 1931", in For
- Anarchism, pp. 79-105, David Goodway (ed.), p. 99] While doing this,
+ Practice of Direct Action: The Barcelona Rent Strike of 1931", pp.
+ 79-105, For Anarchism, David Goodway (ed.), p. 99] While doing this,
anarchists must also "beware of ourselves becoming less anarchist
- because the masses are not ready for anarchy." [Malatesta, Life and
- Ideas, p. 162]
+ because the masses are not ready for anarchy." [Malatesta, Errico
+ Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 162]
- Therefore, revolution and anarchism is the product of struggle, a
- social process in which anarchist ideas spread and develop. However,
- "[t]his does not mean. . . that to achieve anarchy we must wait till
- everyone becomes an anarchist. On the contrary. . . under present
+ So revolution and anarchism is the product of struggle, a social
+ process in which anarchist ideas spread and develop."This does not
+ mean," argued Malatesta, "that to achieve anarchy we must wait till
+ everyone becomes an anarchist. On the contrary . . . under present
conditions only a small minority, favoured by specific circumstances,
can manage to conceive what anarchy is. It would be wishful thinking to
hope for a general conversion before a change actually took place in
@@ -167,43 +186,41 @@
of anarchy which could become gradually feasible, as soon as a
sufficient amount of freedom has been won and a nucleus of anarchists
somewhere exists that is both numerically strong enough and able to be
- self-sufficient and to spread its influence locally." [Errico
- Malatesta, The Anarchist Revolution, pp. 83-4]
+ self-sufficient and to spread its influence locally." [The Anarchist
+ Revolution, pp. 83-4]
- Thus anarchists influence the struggle, the revolutionary process by
- encouraging anarchistic tendencies within those who are not yet
+ Thus anarchists influence social struggle, the revolutionary process,
+ by encouraging anarchistic tendencies within those who are not yet
anarchists but are instinctively acting in a libertarian manner.
- Anarchists spread the anarchist message to those in struggle and
- support libertarian tendencies in it as far as they can. In this way,
- more and more people will become anarchists and anarchy will become
- increasingly possible. We discuss the role of anarchists in a social
- revolution in [2]section J.7.4 and will not do so now.
-
- For anarchists, a social revolution is the end product of years of
- social struggle. It is marked by the transformation of a given society
- and the breaking down of all forms of oppression and the creation of
- new ways of living, new forms of self-managed organisation, a new
- attitude to live itself. Moreover, we do not wait for the future to
- introduce such transformations in our daily life. Rather, we try and
- create as much anarchistic tendencies in today's society as possible in
+ Anarchists spread our message to those in struggle and support
+ libertarian tendencies in it as far as we can. In this way, more and
+ more people will become anarchists and anarchy will become increasingly
+ possible (we discuss the role of anarchists in a social revolution in
+ [4]section J.7.4). For anarchists, a social revolution is the end
+ product of years of struggle. It is marked by the transformation of a
+ given society, the breaking down of all forms of oppression and the
+ creation of new ways of living, new forms of self-managed organisation,
+ a new attitude to life itself. Moreover, we do not wait for the future
+ to introduce such transformations in our daily life. Rather, we try and
+ create as many anarchistic tendencies in today's society as possible in
the firm belief that in so doing we are pushing the creation of a free
society nearer.
- So anarchists, including revolutionary ones, try to make the world more
- libertarian and so bring us closer to freedom. Few anarchists think of
- anarchy as something in (or for) the distant future, rather it is
- something we try and create in the here and now by living and
- struggling in a libertarian manner. Once enough people do this, then a
- more extensive change towards anarchy (i.e. a revolution) is
- inevitable.
+ So anarchists, including revolutionary ones, try to make the world
+ today more libertarian and so bring us closer to freedom. Few
+ anarchists think of anarchy as something in (or for) the distant
+ future, rather it is something we try and create in the here and now by
+ living and struggling in a libertarian manner. Once enough people do
+ this, then a more extensive change towards anarchy (i.e. a revolution)
+ is possible.
-J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
+J.7.1 Why are most anarchists revolutionaries?
- No, far from it. While most anarchists do believe that a social
- revolution is required to create a free society, some reject the idea.
- This is because they think that revolutions are by their very nature
- violent and coercive and so are against anarchist principles. In the
- words of Proudhon (in reply to Marx):
+ While most anarchists do believe that a social revolution is required
+ to create a free society, some reject the idea. This is because they
+ think that revolutions are by their very nature coercive and so are
+ against anarchist principles. In the words of Proudhon (in reply to
+ Marx):
"Perhaps you still hold the opinion that no reform is possible
without a helping coup de main, without what used to be called a
@@ -225,15 +242,21 @@ J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
Those opposed to revolution come from all tendencies of the movement.
Traditionally, Individualist anarchists are usually against the idea of
revolution, as was Proudhon. However, with the failure of the Russian
- Revolution and the defeat of the C.N.T.-F.A.I. in Spain, some social
+ Revolution and the defeat of the CNT-FAI in Spain, some social
anarchists have rethought support for revolution. Rather than seeing
revolution as the key way of creating a free society they consider it
doomed to failure as the state is too strong a force to be overcome by
insurrection. Instead of revolution, such anarchists support the
creation of alternatives, such as co-operatives, mutual banks and so
- on, which will help transform capitalism into libertarian socialism.
- Such alternative building, combined with civil disobedience and
- non-payment of taxes, is seen as the best way to creating anarchy.
+ on, which will help transform capitalism into libertarian socialism by
+ "burn[ing] Property little by little" via "some system of economics"
+ which will "put back into society . . . the wealth which has been taken
+ out of society by another system of economics." [Proudhon, Op. Cit., p.
+ 151] Such alternative building, combined with pressurising the state
+ to, say, use co-operatives to run public services and industries as
+ well as civil disobedience and non-payment of taxes, is seen as the
+ best way to creating anarchy. This may take time, they argue, but such
+ gradual change will be more successful in the long run.
Most revolutionary anarchists agree on the importance of building
libertarian alternatives in the here and now. They would agree with
@@ -251,75 +274,73 @@ J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
within society as they support revolutionary situations when they
occur.
- Moreover, revolutionary anarchists argue that, ultimately, capitalism
+ However, revolutionary anarchists argue that, ultimately, capitalism
cannot be reformed away nor will the state wither away under the
- onslaught of libertarian institutions and attitudes. They do not
- consider it possible to "burn Property little by little" via "some
- system of economics" which will "put back into society . . . the wealth
- which has been taken out of society by another system of economics", to
- use Proudhon's expression. [Op. Cit., p. 151] Therefore, libertarian
- tendencies within capitalism may make life better under that system but
- they cannot, ultimately, get rid of it. This implies a social
- revolution, they argue. Such anarchists agree with Alexander Berkman
- when he writes:
-
- "This is no record of any government or authority, of any group or
- class in power having given up its mastery voluntarily. In every
- instance it required the use of force, or at least the threat of
- it." [ABC of Anarchism, p. 32]
-
- Even the end of State capitalism ("Communism") in the Eastern Block
- does not contradict this argument. Without the mass action of the
- population, the regime would have continued. Faced with a massive
- popular revolt, the Commissars realised that it was better to renounce
- power than have it taken from them. Thus mass rebellion, the start of
- any true revolution, was required.
-
- Moreover, the argument that the state is too powerful to be defeated
- has been proven wrong time and time again. Every revolution has
- defeated a military machine which previously been claimed to be
- unbeatable. For example, the people armed is Spain defeated the
- military in two-thirds of the country. Ultimately, the power of the
- state rests on its troops following orders. If those troops rebel, then
- the state is powerless. That is why anarchists have always produced
- anti-militarist propaganda urging troops to join strikers and other
- people in revolt. Revolutionary anarchists, therefore, argue that any
- state can be defeated, if the circumstances are right and the work of
- anarchists is to encourage those circumstances.
+ onslaught of libertarian institutions and attitudes. Neither mutual
+ banking (see [5]section J.5.7) nor co-operatives (see [6]section
+ J.5.11) can out-compete capitalist institutions. This means that these
+ alternatives, will important, are insufficient to the task of creating
+ a free society. This suggests that while libertarian tendencies within
+ capitalism may make life better under that system, they cannot get rid
+ of it. This requires a social revolution, they argue. Such anarchists
+ agree with Alexander Berkman that there "is no record of any government
+ or authority, of any group or class in power having given up its
+ mastery voluntarily. In every instance it required the use of force, or
+ at least the threat of it." [What is Anarchism?, p. 174] Even the end
+ of State capitalism ("Communism") in Eastern Europe did not contradict
+ this argument. Without the mass action of the population, the regime
+ would have continued. Faced with a massive popular revolt, the
+ Commissars realised that it was better to renounce (some) power than
+ have it all taken from them (and they were right, as this allowed many
+ of them to become part of the new, private capitalist, ruling class).
+ Thus mass rebellion, the start of any true revolution, was required.
+
+ The argument that the state is too powerful to be defeated has been
+ proven wrong time and time again. Every revolution has defeated a
+ military machine which previously had been proclaimed to be unbeatable
+ (most obviously, the people armed in Spain defeated the military in
+ two-thirds of the country). Ultimately, the power of the state rests on
+ its troops following orders. If those troops rebel, then the state is
+ powerless. That is why anarchists have always produced anti-militarist
+ propaganda urging troops to join strikers and other people in revolt.
+ Revolutionary anarchists argue that any state can be defeated, if the
+ circumstances are right and the work of anarchists is to encourage
+ those circumstances.
In addition, revolutionary anarchists argue that even if anarchists did
not support revolutionary change, this would not stop such events
happening. Revolutions are the product of developments in human society
and occur whether we desire them or not. They start with small
- rebellions, small acts of refusal by individuals, groups, workplaces,
- communities and grow. These acts of rebellion are inevitable in any
- hierarchical society, as is their spreading wider and wider.
+ rebellions, small acts of refusal by individuals, groups, workplaces
+ and communities, then grow. These acts of rebellion are inevitable in
+ any hierarchical society, as is their spreading wider and wider.
Revolutionary anarchists argue that anarchists must, by the nature of
our politics and our desire for freedom, support such acts of rebellion
and, ultimately, social revolution. Not to do so means ignoring people
in struggle against our common enemy and ignoring the means by which
anarchists ideas and attitudes will grow within existing society. Thus
- Alexander Berkman is right when he wrote:
+ Alexander Berkman was right when he wrote:
"That is why it is no prophecy to foresee that some day it must come
to decisive struggle between the masters of life and the
dispossessed masses.
- "As a matter if fact, that struggle is going on all the time. There
- is a continuous warfare between capital and labour. That warfare
- generally proceeds within so-called legal forms. But even these
- erupt now and then in violence, as during strikes and lockouts,
- because the armed fist of government is always at the service of the
- masters, and that fist gets into action the moment capital feels its
- profits threatened: then it drops the mask of 'mutual interests' and
- 'partnership' with labour and resorts to the final argument of every
- master, to coercion and force.
+ "As a matter if fact, that struggle is going on all the time.
+
+ "There is a continuous warfare between capital and labour. That
+ warfare generally proceeds within so-called legal forms. But even
+ these erupt now and then in violence, as during strikes and
+ lockouts, because the armed fist of government is always at the
+ service of the masters, and that fist gets into action the moment
+ capital feels its profits threatened: then it drops the mask of
+ 'mutual interests' and 'partnership' with labour and resorts to the
+ final argument of every master, to coercion and force.
"It is therefore certain that government and capital will not allow
themselves to be quietly abolished if they can help it; nor will
they miraculously 'disappear' of themselves, as some people pretend
- to believe. It will require a revolution to get rid of them."
- [Op. Cit., p. 33]
+ to believe. It will require a revolution to get rid of them." [Op.
+ Cit., p. 174]
However, all anarchists are agreed that any revolution should be as
non-violent as possible. Violence is the tool of oppression and, for
@@ -329,7 +350,11 @@ J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
kow-tow to authority then that authority will use violence against
them. This use of violence has been directed against non-violent forms
of direct action and so those anarchists who reject revolution will not
- avoid state violence directed against.
+ avoid state violence directed against them unless they renounce all
+ forms of resistance to state and capitalist authority. So when it comes
+ to effective action by the subjects of an authority, the relevant
+ question quickly becomes how much does our freedom depend on us not
+ exercising it?
Nor do revolutionary anarchists think that revolution is in
contradiction to the principles of anarchism. As Malatesta put it,
@@ -337,14 +362,15 @@ J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
insists on using force to oblige the other to work for him and serve
him, then the other, if he wishes to retain his dignity as a man and
not be reduced to abject slavery, will be obliged, in spite of his love
- of peace, to resist force with adequate means." [Malatesta, Life and
- Ideas, p. 54] Under any hierarchical system, those in authority do not
- leave those subject to them in peace. The boss does not treat his/her
- workers as equals, working together by free agreement without
- differences in power. Rather, the boss orders the worker about and uses
- the threat of sanctions to get compliance. Similarly with the state.
- Under these conditions, revolution cannot be authoritarian -- for it is
- not authoritarian to destroy authority! To quote Rudolf Rocker:
+ of peace, to resist force with adequate means." [Errico Malatesta: His
+ Life and Ideas, p. 54] Under any hierarchical system, those in
+ authority do not leave those subject to them in peace. The boss does
+ not treat his/her workers as equals, working together by free agreement
+ without differences in power. Rather, the boss orders the worker about
+ and uses the threat of sanctions to get compliance. Similarly with the
+ state. Under these conditions, revolution cannot be authoritarian --
+ for it is not authoritarian to destroy authority! To quote Rudolf
+ Rocker:
"We . . . know that a revolution cannot be made with rosewater. And
we know, too, that the owning classes will never yield up their
@@ -358,10 +384,15 @@ J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
under dominion. Such an action is, without doubt, an act of
liberation; a proclamation of social justice; the very essence of
social revolution, which has nothing in common with the utterly
- bourgeois principle of dictatorship." [Anarchism and Sovietism]
+ bourgeois principle of dictatorship." ["Anarchism and Sovietism",
+ pp. 53-74, The Poverty of Statism, Albert Meltzer (ed.), p. 73]
- Errico Malatesta comments reflect well the position of revolutionary
- anarchists with regards to the use of force:
+ It should also be noted that those who proclaim that a revolution is
+ inherently authoritarian like, say, Engels (see [7]section H.4.7) are
+ confused. They fail to see that it is hardly "authoritarian" to stop
+ someone ruling you! It is an act of liberation to free oneself from
+ those oppressing you. Malatesta comments reflect well the position of
+ revolutionary anarchists with regards to the use of force:
"We neither seek to impose anything by force nor do we wish to
submit to a violent imposition.
@@ -376,12 +407,11 @@ J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
"We shall resist with force whoever would wish by force, to retain
or regain the means to impose his will and exploit the labour of
- others. . .
+ others . . .
"With the exception of these cases, in which the use of violence is
justified as a defence against force, we are always against
- violence, and for self-determination."
- [Op. Cit., p. 56]
+ violence, and for self-determination." [Op. Cit., p. 56]
This is the reason why most anarchists are revolutionaries. They do not
think it against the principles of anarchism and consider it the only
@@ -413,7 +443,7 @@ J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
anywhere in the world becomes addicted to power, those within range of
their aggression also feel compelled to embrace the structures of
power, including centralised control over the use of deadly force, in
- order to protect themselves from their neighbours. But once these
+ order to protect themselves from their neighbours. Once these
structures of power are adopted, authoritarian institutions become
self-perpetuating.
@@ -421,43 +451,41 @@ J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
conservatism, conformity, and mental inertia of the majority, who in
that state become vulnerable to the self-serving propaganda of
authoritarian elites alleging the necessity of the state, strong
- leaders, militarism, "law and order," capitalist bosses, etc. Hence the
+ leaders, militarism, "law and order," capitalists, rulers, etc. The
simultaneous transformation of institutions and individual psychology
becomes even more difficult to imagine.
Serious as these obstacles may be, they do not warrant despair. To see
- why, let's note first that "paradigm shifts" in science have not
+ why, let us note first that "paradigm shifts" in science have not
generally derived from new developments in one field alone but from a
convergence of cumulative developments in several different fields at
once. For example, the Einsteinian revolution which resulted in the
overthrow of the Newtonian paradigm was due to simultaneous progress in
mathematics, physics, astronomy and other sciences that all influenced,
- reacted on, and cross-fertilised each other (see Thomas Kuhn, The
- Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962). Similarly, if there is
- going to be a "paradigm shift" in the social realm, i.e. from
- hierarchical to non-hierarchical institutions, it is likely to emerge
- from the convergence of a number of different socio-economic and
- political developments at the same time. We have discussed these
- developments in [3]section J.4 and so will not repeat ourselves here.
- In a hierarchical society, the oppression which authority produces
- resistance, and so hope. The "instinct for freedom" cannot be repressed
- forever.
-
- That is why anarchists stress the importance of direct action and
- self-help (see sections [4]J.2 and [5]J.4). By the very process of
- struggle, by practising self-management, direct action, solidarity
+ reacted on, and cross-fertilised each other (see Thomas Kuhn's The
+ Structure of Scientific Revolutions). Similarly, if there is going to
+ be a "paradigm shift" in the social realm, i.e. from hierarchical to
+ non-hierarchical institutions, it is likely to emerge from the
+ convergence of a number of different socio-economic and political
+ developments at the same time. In a hierarchical society, the
+ oppression authority produces also generates resistance, and so hope.
+ The "instinct for freedom" cannot be repressed forever.
+
+ That is why anarchists stress the importance of direct action
+ ([8]section J.2) and self-help ([9]section J.5). By the very process of
+ struggle, by practising self-management, direct action and solidarity,
people create the necessary "paradigm shift" in both themselves and
- society as a whole. In the words of Malatesta, "[o]nly freedom or the
- struggle for freedom can be the school for freedom." [Life and Ideas,
- p. 59] Thus the struggle against authority is the school of anarchy --
- it encourages libertarian tendencies in society and the transformation
- of individuals into anarchists. In a revolutionary situation, this
- process is accelerated. It is worth quoting Murray Bookchin at length
- on this subject:
+ society as a whole. Thus the struggle against authority is the school
+ of anarchy -- it encourages libertarian tendencies in society and the
+ transformation of individuals into anarchists ("Only freedom or the
+ struggle for freedom can be the school for freedom." [Malatesta, Errico
+ Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 59]). In a revolutionary situation,
+ this process is accelerated. It is worth quoting Murray Bookchin at
+ length on this subject:
"Revolutions are profoundly educational processes, indeed veritable
cauldrons in which all kinds of conflicting ideas and tendencies are
- sifted out in the minds of a revolutionary people. . .
+ sifted out in the minds of a revolutionary people . . .
"Individuals who enter into a revolutionary process are by no means
the same after the revolution as they were before it began. Those
@@ -472,7 +500,7 @@ J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
radical the latter may profess to be -- and they soon become deeply
rooted in the popular consciousness. Authorities hallowed by age-old
tradition are suddenly divested of their prestige, legitimacy, and
- power to govern. . .
+ power to govern . . .
"So tumultuous socially and psychologically are revolutions in
general that they constitute a standing challenge to ideologues,
@@ -485,12 +513,12 @@ J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
behaviour of a people during and after a revolution by the same
standards one judged them by beforehand is completely myopic.
- "I wish to argue [like all anarchists] that the capacity of a
- revolution to produce far-reaching ideological and moral changes in
- a people stems primarily from the opportunity it affords ordinary,
- indeed oppressed, people to exercise popular self-management -- to
- enter directly, rapidly, and exhilaratingly into control over most
- aspects of their social and personal lives. To the extent that an
+ "I wish to argue that the capacity of a revolution to produce
+ far-reaching ideological and moral changes in a people stems
+ primarily from the opportunity it affords ordinary, indeed
+ oppressed, people to exercise popular self-management -- to enter
+ directly, rapidly, and exhilaratingly into control over most aspects
+ of their social and personal lives. To the extent that an
insurrectionary people takes over the reins of power from the
formerly hallowed elites who oppressed them and begins to
restructure society along radically populist lines, individuals grow
@@ -499,18 +527,22 @@ J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
solidarity. They learn that society is neither immutable nor
sanctified, as inflexible custom had previously taught them; rather,
it is malleable and subject, within certain limits, to change
- according to human will and desire."
- [The Third Revolution, vol. 1, pp. 6-7]
+ according to human will and desire." [The Third Revolution, vol. 1,
+ pp. 6-7]
+
+ In short, "it is only through th[e] struggle for freedom, equality and
+ solidarity that you will reach an understanding of anarchism." [Nestor
+ Makhno, The Struggle Against the State and Other Essays, p. 71]
So, social revolutions are possible. Anarchists anticipate successful
- co-operation within certain circumstance. People who are in the habit
- of taking orders from bosses are not capable of creating a new society.
+ revolts within certain circumstance. People who are in the habit of
+ taking orders from bosses are not capable of creating a new society.
Tendencies towards freedom, self-management, co-operation and
solidarity are not simply an act of ethical will which overcomes the
competitive and hierarchical behaviour capitalism generates within
- those who live in it. Capitalism is, as Malatesta argued, based on
- competition -- and this includes the working class. Thus conflict is
- endemic to working class life under capitalism. However, co-operation
+ those who live in it. Capitalism is, as Malatesta noted, based on
+ competition -- and this includes within the working class. However,
+ co-operation
is stimulated within our class by our struggles to survive in and
resist the system. This tendency for co-operation generated by struggle
against capitalism also produces the habits required for a free society
@@ -530,24 +562,23 @@ J.7.3 Doesn't revolution mean violence?
by their very nature, the social revolution desired by anarchists is
essentially non-violent. This is because, to quote Bakunin, "[i]n order
to launch a radical revolution, it is . . . necessary to attack
- positions and things and to destroy [the institution of] property and
- the State, but there will be no need to destroy men and to condemn
- ourselves to the inevitable reaction which is unfailingly produced in
- every society by the slaughter of men." [Michael Bakunin: Selected
- Writings, pp. 168-9]
-
- As Bakunin noted elsewhere, the end of property is also non-violent:
+ positions and things and to destroy property and the State, but there
+ will be no need to destroy men and to condemn ourselves to the
+ inevitable reaction which is unfailingly produced in every society by
+ the slaughter of men." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, pp. 168-9]
+ Equally, to destroy the institution of private property there is no
+ need to destroy the actual useful things monopolised by the few:
"How to smash the tyranny of capital? Destroy capital? But that
would be to destroy all the riches accumulated on earth, all primary
- materials, all the instruments of labour, all the means of labour. .
- . Thus capital cannot and must not be destroyed. It must be
+ materials, all the instruments of labour, all the means of labour .
+ . . Thus capital cannot and must not be destroyed. It must be
preserved . . . there is but a single solution -- the intimate and
complete union of capital and labour . . . the workers must obtain
not individual but collective property in capital . . . the
collective property of capital . . . [is] the absolutely necessary
- conditions for of the emancipation of labour and of the workers."
- [The Basic Bakunin, pp. 90-1]
+ conditions of the emancipation of labour and of the workers." [The
+ Basic Bakunin, pp. 90-1]
The essentially non-violent nature of anarchist ideas of social
revolution can be seen from the Seattle General Strike of 1919. Here is
@@ -567,52 +598,74 @@ J.7.3 Doesn't revolution mean violence?
no matter how achieved." [quoted by Howard Zinn, A People's History
of the United States, pp. 370-1]
- If the strikers had occupied their workplaces and local communities can
+ If the strikers had occupied their workplaces and local communities had
created popular assemblies then the attempted revolution would have
- become an actual one without any use of violence at all. This indicates
- the strength of ordinary people and the relative weakness of government
- and capitalism -- they only work when they can force people to respect
- them.
-
- In Italy, a year latter, the occupations of the factories and land
- started. As Malatesta pointed out, "in Umanita Nova [the daily
- anarchist newspaper] we . . . said that if the movement spread to all
- sectors of industry, that is workers and peasants followed the example
- of the metallurgists, of getting rid of the bosses and taking over the
- means of production, the revolution would succeed without shedding a
- single drop of blood." Thus the "occupation of the factories and the
- land suited perfectly our programme of action." [Life and Ideas, p.
- 135]
+ become an actual one without any use of violence at all. In Italy, a
+ year later, the occupations of the factories and land started. As
+ Malatesta pointed out, "in Umanita Nova [the daily anarchist newspaper]
+ we . . . said that if the movement spread to all sectors of industry,
+ that is workers and peasants followed the example of the metallurgists,
+ of getting rid of the bosses and taking over the means of production,
+ the revolution would succeed without shedding a single drop of blood."
+ Thus the "occupation of the factories and the land suited perfectly our
+ programme of action." [Errico Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 135]
+ Sadly the workers followed their socialist trade union leaders and
+ stopped the occupations rather than spreading them.
+
+ These events indicate the strength of ordinary people and the relative
+ weakness of government and capitalism -- they only work when they can
+ force people to respect them. After all, a government is "only a
+ handful of men" and is strong "when the people are with it. Then they
+ supply the government with money, with an army and navy, obey it, and
+ enable it to function." Remove that support and "no government can
+ accomplish anything." The same can be said of capitalists, whose wealth
+ "would do them no good but for the willingness of the people to work
+ for them and pay tribute to them." Both would "find out that all their
+ boasted power and strength disappear when the people refuse to
+ acknowledge them as masters, refuse to let them lord it over them." In
+ contrast, "the people's power" is "actual: it cannot be taken away . .
+ . It cannot be taken away because it does not consist of possessions
+ but in ability. It is the ability to create, to produce." To achieve a
+ free society we need to "be conscious of its tremendous power."
+ [Alexander Berkman, What is Anarchism?, p. 84, p. 86, p. 87 and p. 83]
Therefore the notion that a social revolution is necessarily violent is
a false one. For anarchists, social revolution is essentially an act of
self-liberation (of both the individuals involved and society as a
whole). It has nothing to do with violence, quite the reverse, as
anarchists see it as the means to end the rule and use of violence in
- society. Therefore anarchists hope that any revolution is essentially
- non-violent, with any violence being defensive in nature.
-
- Of course, many revolutions are marked by violence. However, as
- Alexander Berkman argues, this is not the aim of anarchism or the
- revolution and has far more to do with previous repression and
- domination than anarchist ideas:
+ society. Anarchists hope that any revolution is essentially
+ non-violent, with any violence being defensive in nature. As Malatesta
+ stressed, "Anarchists are opposed to violence" and it "is justifiable
+ only when it is necessary to defend oneself and others from violence."
+ [Errico Malatesta: His Life and Ideas, p. 53]
+
+ Of course, many revolutions are marked by violence. It has two sources.
+ First, and most obviously, the violent resistance of those protecting
+ their power and wealth against those seeking liberty. Unsurprisingly,
+ this violence is usually downplayed in history books and the media.
+ Second, acts of revenge resulting from the the domination and
+ repression of the system the revolution seeks to end. Such violence is
+ not desired nor the aim of anarchism nor of the revolution. As Berkman
+ argued:
"We know that revolution begins with street disturbances and
outbreaks; it is the initial phase which involves force and
violence. But that is merely the spectacular prologue of the real
revolution. The age long misery and indignity suffered by the masses
burst into disorder and tumult, the humiliation and injustice meekly
- borne for decades find vents in facts of fury and destruction. That
+ borne for decades find vents in acts of fury and destruction. That
is inevitable, and it is solely the master class which is
responsible for this preliminary character of revolution. For it is
even more true socially than individually that 'whoever sows the
- wind will reap the whirlwind;' the greater the oppression and
+ wind will reap the whirlwind'; the greater the oppression and
wretchedness to which the masses had been made to submit, the
- fiercer the rage [of] the social storm. All history proves it . . ."
- [ABC of Anarchism, p. 50]
+ fiercer will rage the social storm. All history proves it, but the
+ lords of life have never harkened to its warning voice." [Op. Cit.,
+ p. 195]
- He also argues that "[m]ost people have very confused notions about
- revolution. To them it means just fighting, smashing things,
+ "Most people have very confused notions about revolution," Berkman
+ suggested. "To them it means just fighting, smashing things,
destroying. It is the same as if rolling up your sleeves for work
should be considered the work itself that you have to do. The fighting
bit of the revolution is merely the rolling up of your sleeves." The
@@ -620,21 +673,27 @@ J.7.3 Doesn't revolution mean violence?
and "conditions are not destroyed [by] breaking and smashing things.
You can't destroy wage slavery by wrecking the machinery in the mills
and factories . . . You won't destroy government by setting fire to the
- White House." He correctly points out that to think of revolution "in
- terms of violence and destruction is to misinterpret and falsify the
- whole idea of it. In practical application such a conception is bound
- to lead to disastrous results." [Op. Cit., pp. 40-1]
+ White House." To think of revolution "in terms of violence and
+ destruction is to misinterpret and falsify the whole idea of it. In
+ practical application such a conception is bound to lead to disastrous
+ results." For what is there to destroy? "The wealth of the rich? Nay,
+ that is something we want the whole of society to enjoy." The means of
+ production are to be made "useful to the entire people" and "serve the
+ needs of all." Thus the aim of revolution is "to take over things for
+ the general benefit, not to destroy them. It is to reorganise
+ conditions for public welfare . . . to reconstruct and rebuild." [Op.
+ Cit., pp. 183-4]
Thus when anarchists like Bakunin speak of revolution as "destruction"
they mean that the idea of authority and obedience must be destroyed,
along with the institutions that are based on such ideas. We do not
- mean, as can be clearly seen, the destruction of people or possessions.
- Nor do we imply the glorification of violence -- quite the reserve, as
+ mean, as can be clearly seen, the destruction of people or wealth. Nor
+ do we imply the glorification of violence -- quite the reserve, as
anarchists seek to limit violence to that required for self-defence
against oppression and authority.
Therefore a social revolution may involve some violence. It may also
- mean no-violence at all. It depends on the revolution and how widely
+ mean no violence at all. It depends on the revolution and how widely
anarchist ideas are spread. One thing is sure, for anarchists social
revolution is not synonymous violence. Indeed, violence usually occurs
when the ruling class resists the action of the oppressed -- that is,
@@ -649,15 +708,15 @@ J.7.3 Doesn't revolution mean violence?
majority or near it, then defensive violence would likely succeed. For
example, "the people armed" crushed the fascist coup of July 19th, 1936
in Spain and resulted in one of the most important experiments in
- anarchism the world has ever seen. This should be contrasted with the
- aftermath of the factory occupations in Italy in 1920 and the fascist
- terror which crushed the labour movement. In other words, you cannot
- just ignore the state even if the majority are acting, you need to
- abolish it and organise self-defence against attempts to re-impose it
- or capitalism.
+ anarchism the world has ever seen (see [10]section A.5.6). This should
+ be contrasted with the aftermath of the factory occupations in Italy in
+ 1920 and the fascist terror which crushed the labour movement (see
+ [11]section A.5.5). In other words, you cannot just ignore the state
+ even if the majority are acting, you need to abolish it and organise
+ self-defence against attempts to re-impose it or capitalism.
We discuss the question of self-defence and the protection of the
- revolution in [6]section J.7.6.
+ revolution in [12]section J.7.6.
J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
@@ -675,12 +734,12 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
raise the moral level and the material conditions of the masses by
calling on them to provide, through their direct and conscious
action, for their own futures. Revolution is the organisation of all
- public services by those who in them in their own interest as well
- as the public's; Revolution is the destruction of all of coercive
- ties; it is the autonomy of groups, of communes, of regions;
- Revolution is the free federation brought about by a desire for
- brotherhood, by individual and collective interests, by the needs of
- production and defence; Revolution is the constitution of
+ public services by those who work in them in their own interest as
+ well as the public's; Revolution is the destruction of all of
+ coercive ties; it is the autonomy of groups, of communes, of
+ regions; Revolution is the free federation brought about by a desire
+ for brotherhood, by individual and collective interests, by the
+ needs of production and defence; Revolution is the constitution of
innumerable free groupings based on ideas, wishes, and tastes of all
kinds that exist among the people; Revolution is the forming and
disbanding of thousands of representative, district, communal,
@@ -688,21 +747,24 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
power, serve to make known and to co-ordinate the desires and
interests of people near and far and which act through information,
advice and example. Revolution is freedom proved in the crucible of
- facts -- and lasts so long as freedom lasts. . ." [Life and Ideas,
- p. 153]
+ facts -- and lasts so long as freedom lasts." [Errico Malatesta: His
+ Life and Ideas, p. 153]
This, of course, presents a somewhat wide vision of the revolutionary
process. We will need to give some more concrete examples of what a
social revolution would involve. However, before so doing, we stress
that these are purely examples drawn from previous revolutions and are
not written in stone. Every revolution creates its own forms of
- organisation and struggle. The next one will be no different. Just as
- we argued in [7]section I, an anarchist revolution will create its own
- forms of freedom, forms which may share aspects with previous forms but
- which are unique to themselves. All we do here is give a rough overview
- of what we expect (based on previous revolutions) to see occur in a
- social revolution. We are not predicting the future. As Kropotkin put
- it:
+ organisation and struggle. The next one will be no different. As we
+ argued in [13]section I.2, an anarchist revolution will create its own
+ forms of freedom, forms which will share features with organisations
+ generated in previous revolutions, but which are unique to this one.
+ Thus the Paris Commune of 1871 had mandated and recallable delegates as
+ did the Russian soviets of 1905 and 1917, but the first was based on
+ geographical delegation and the later on workplaces. All we do here is
+ give a rough overview of what we expect (based on previous revolutions)
+ to see occur in a future social revolution. We are not predicting the
+ future. As Kropotkin put it:
"A question which we are often asked is: 'How will you organise the
future society on Anarchist principles?' If the question were put to
@@ -713,112 +775,123 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
you what sort of organisation you choose.'" [Act for Yourselves, p.
32]
- And organise themselves they have. In each social revolution, the
- oppressed have organised themselves into many different self-managed
- organisations. These bodies include the Sections during the Great
- French Revolution, the workers councils ("soviets" or "rate") during
- the Russian and German revolutions, the industrial and rural
- collectives during the Spanish Revolution, the workers councils during
- the Hungarian revolution of 1956, assemblies and action committees
- during the 1968 revolt in France, and so on. These bodies were hardly
- uniform in nature and some were more anarchistic than others, but the
- tendency towards self-management and federation existing in them all.
- This tendency towards anarchistic solutions and organisation is not
- unsurprising, for, as Nestor Makhno argued, "[i]n carrying through the
- revolution, under the impulsion of the anarchism that is innate in
- them, the masses of humanity search for free associations. Free
- assemblies always command their sympathy. The revolutionary anarchist
- must help them to formulate this approach as best they can." [The
- Struggle Against the State and Other Essays, p. 85]
+ And organise themselves they have. In every social revolution, the
+ oppressed have created many different self-managed organisations. These
+ bodies include the directly democratic neighbourhood Sections of the
+ Great French Revolution, the neighbourhood clubs of the 1848 French
+ Revolution and the Paris Commune, the workers councils and factory
+ committees of the Russian and German revolutions, the industrial and
+ rural collectives of the Spanish Revolution, the workers councils of
+ the Hungarian revolution of 1956, assemblies and action committees of
+ the 1968 revolt in France, the neighbourhood assemblies and occupied
+ workplaces of the 2001 revolt in Argentina, and so on. These bodies
+ were hardly uniform in structure and some were more anarchistic than
+ others, but the tendency towards self-management and federation existed
+ in them all. This tendency towards anarchistic solutions and
+ organisation is not unsurprising, for, as Nestor Makhno argued, "[i]n
+ carrying through the revolution, under the impulsion of the anarchism
+ that is innate in them, the masses of humanity search for free
+ associations. Free assemblies always command their sympathy. The
+ revolutionary anarchist must help them to formulate this approach as
+ best they can." [The Struggle Against the State and Other Essays, p.
+ 85]
In addition, we must stress that we are discussing an anarchist social
- revolution in this section. As we noted in [8]section I.2.2, anarchists
- recognise that any revolution will take on different forms in different
- areas and develop in different ways and at different speeds. We leave
- it up to others to describe their vision of revolution (for Marxists,
- the creation of a "workers' state" and the seizure of power by the
- "proletarian" vanguard or party, and so on).
-
- So what would a libertarian social revolution involve? Firstly, a
- revolution "it is not the work of one day. It means a whole period,
- mostly lasting for several years, during which the country is in a
- state of effervescence; when thousands of formerly indifferent
- spectators take a lively part in public affairs . . [and] criticises
- and repudiates the institutions which are a hindrance to free
- development; when it boldly enters upon problems which formerly seemed
- insoluble." [Peter Kropotkin, Op. Cit., pp. 25-6] Thus, it would be a
- process in which revolutionary attitudes, ideas, actions and
- organisations spread in society until the existing system is overthrown
- and a new one takes its place. It does not come overnight. Rather it is
- an accumulative development, marked by specific events of course, but
- fundamentally it goes on in the fabric of society. For example, the
- real Russian revolution went on during the period between the 1917
- February and October insurrections when workers took over their
- workplaces, peasants seized their land and new forms of social life
+ revolution in this section. As we noted in [14]section I.2.2,
+ anarchists recognise that any revolution will take on different forms
+ in different areas and develop in different ways and at different
+ speeds. We leave it up to others to describe their vision of revolution
+ (for Marxists, the creation of a "workers' state" and the seizure of
+ power by the "proletarian" vanguard or party, and so on).
+
+ So what would a libertarian revolution involve?
+
+ Firstly, a revolution "is not the work of one day. It means a whole
+ period, mostly lasting for several years, during which the country is
+ in a state of effervescence; when thousands of formerly indifferent
+ spectators take a lively part in public affairs." It "criticises and
+ repudiates the institutions which are a hindrance to free development .
+ . . it boldly enters upon problems which formerly seemed insoluble."
+ [Kropotkin, Op. Cit., pp. 25-6] Thus, it would be a process in which
+ revolutionary attitudes, ideas, actions and organisations spread in
+ society until the existing system is overthrown and a new one takes its
+ place. It does not come overnight. Rather it is an accumulative
+ development, marked by specific events of course, but fundamentally it
+ goes on in the fabric of society.
+
+ So the real Russian revolution occurred during the period between the
+ 1917 February and October insurrections when workers took over their
+ workplaces, peasants seized their land, new forms of social life
(soviets, factory committees, co-operatives, etc.) were formed and
people lost their previous submissive attitudes to authority by using
- direct action to change their lives for the better (see The Unknown
- Revolution by Voline for more details and evidence of this
- revolutionary process in action). Similarly, the Spanish Revolution
- occurred after the 19th of July, 1936, when workers again took over
- their workplaces, peasants formed collectives and militias were
- organised to fight fascism (see Collectives in the Spanish Revolution
- by Gaston Leval for details).
+ direct action to change their lives for the better (see [15]section
+ A.5.4). Similarly, the Spanish Revolution occurred after the 19th of
+ July, 1936, when workers again took over their workplaces, peasants
+ formed collectives and militias were organised to fight fascism (see
+ [16]section A.5.6)
Secondly, "there must be a rapid modification of outgrown economical
and political institutions, an overthrow of the injustices accumulated
- by centuries past, a displacement of wealth and political power." [Op.
- Cit., p. 25]
-
- This aspect is the key one. Without the abolition of the state and
- capitalism, not real revolution has taken place. As Bakunin argued,
- "the program of social revolution" is "the abolition of all
- exploitation and all political or juridical as well as governmental and
- bureaucratic oppression, in other words, to the abolition of all
- classes through the equalisation of economic conditions, and the
- abolition of their last buttress, the state." That is, "the total and
- definitive liberation of the proletariat from economic exploitation and
- state oppression." [Statism and Anarchy, pp. 48-9]
+ by centuries past, a displacement of wealth and political power."
+ [Kropotkin, Op. Cit., p. 25] This aspect is the key one. Without the
+ abolition of the state and capitalism, no real revolution has taken
+ place. As Bakunin argued, "the program of social revolution" is "the
+ abolition of all exploitation and all political or juridical as well as
+ governmental and bureaucratic oppression, in other words, to the
+ abolition of all classes through the equalisation of economic
+ conditions, and the abolition of their last buttress, the state." That
+ is, "the total and definitive liberation of the proletariat from
+ economic exploitation and state oppression." [Statism and Anarchy, pp.
+ 48-9]
We should stress here that, regardless of what Marxists may say,
anarchists see the destruction of capitalism occurring at the same time
as the destruction of the state. We do not aim to abolish the state
- first, then capitalism as Engels asserted we did. This perspective of a
- simultaneous political and economic revolution is clearly seen when
- Bakunin wrote that a city in revolt would "naturally make haste to
- organise itself as best it can, in revolutionary style, after the
- workers have joined into associations and made a clean sweep of all the
- instruments of labour and every kind of capital and building; armed and
- organised by streets and quartiers, they will form the revolutionary
- federation of all the quartiers, the federative commune. . . All . .
- .the revolutionary communes will then send representatives to organise
- the necessary services and arrangements for production and exchange . .
- . and to organise common defence against the enemies of the
- Revolution." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, p. 179]
-
- As can be seen from Bakunin's comments just quoted that an essential
- part of a social revolution is the "expropriation of landowners and
- capitalists for the benefit of all." This would be done by workers
- occupying their workplaces and placing them under workers'
- self-management. Individual self-managed workplaces would then federate
- on a local and industrial basis into workers' councils to co-ordinate
- joint activity, discuss common interests and issues as well as ensuring
- common ownership and universalising self-management. "We must push the
- workers to take possession of the factories, to federate among
- themselves and work for the community, and similarly the peasants
- should take over the land and the produce usurped by the landlords, and
- come to an agreement with the industrial workers on the necessary
- exchange of goods." [Errico Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 198 and p. 165]
-
- In this way capitalism is replaced by new economic system based on
- self-managed work. The end of hierarchy in the economy, in other words.
- These workplace assemblies and local, regional, etc., federations would
- start to organise production to meet human needs rather than capitalist
- profit. While most anarchists would like to see the introduction of
- communistic relations begin as quickly as possible in such an economy,
- most are realistic enough to recognise that tendencies towards
- libertarian communism will be depend on local conditions. As Malatesta
- argued:
+ first, then capitalism as Engels asserted we did (see [17]section
+ H.2.4). This perspective of a simultaneous political and economic
+ revolution is clearly seen when Bakunin wrote that a city in revolt
+ would "naturally make haste to organise itself as best it can, in
+ revolutionary style, after the workers have joined into associations
+ and made a clean sweep of all the instruments of labour and every kind
+ of capital and building; armed and organised by streets and quartiers,
+ they will form the revolutionary federation of all the quartiers, the
+ federative commune" All "the revolutionary communes will then send
+ representatives to organise the necessary services and arrangements for
+ production and exchange . . . and to organise common defence against
+ the enemies of the Revolution." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, p.
+ 179]
+
+ As can be seen, an essential part of a social revolution is the
+ "expropriation of landowners and capitalists for the benefit of all."
+ [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 198] This would be done by workers occupying
+ their workplaces and placing them under workers' self-management. As
+ Voltairine de Cleyre argued in 1910 "the weapon of the future will be
+ the general strike" and its it not clear that "it must be the strike
+ which will stay in the factory, not go out? which will guard the
+ machines and allow no scab to touch them? which will organise, not to
+ inflict deprivation on itself, but on the enemy? which will take over
+ industry and operate it for the workers, not for franchise holder,
+ stockholders, and officeholders?" ["A Study of the General Strike in
+ Philadelphia", pp. 307-14, Anarchy! An Anthology of Emma Goldman's
+ Mother Earth, Peter Glassgold (ed.), p. 311] Individual self-managed
+ workplaces would then federate on a local and industrial basis into
+ workers' councils to co-ordinate joint activity, discuss common
+ interests and issues as well as ensuring common ownership and
+ universalising self-management: "We must push the workers to take
+ possession of the factories, to federate among themselves and work for
+ the community, and similarly the peasants should take over the land and
+ the produce usurped by the landlords, and come to an agreement with the
+ industrial workers on the necessary exchange of goods." [Malatesta, Op.
+ Cit., p. 165]
+
+ In this way capitalism is replaced by new economic system based the end
+ of hierarchy, on self-managed work. These workplace assemblies and
+ local, regional, etc., federations would start to organise production
+ to meet human needs rather than capitalist profit. While most
+ anarchists would like to see the introduction of communistic relations
+ begin as quickly as possible in such an economy, most are realistic
+ enough to recognise that tendencies towards libertarian communism will
+ be depend on local conditions. As Malatesta argued:
"It is then that graduation really comes into operation. We shall
have to study all the practical problems of life: production,
@@ -838,28 +911,27 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
complexity of life, and the needs of social living, will push a social
revolution towards anarchism. "Unavoidably," argued Kropotkin, "the
Anarchist system of organisation -- free local action and free grouping
- -- will come into play." [Op. Cit., p. 72] Without this local action
- and the free agreement between local groups to co-ordinate activity, a
- revolution would be dead in the water and fit only to produce a new
- bureaucratic class structure, as the experience of the Russian
- Revolution proves. Unless the economy is transformed from the bottom up
- by those who work within it, socialism is impossible. If it is
- re-organised from the top-down by a centralised body all that will be
- achieved is state capitalism and rule by bureaucrats instead of
- capitalists.
+ -- will come into play." [Op. Cit., p. 72] Unless the economy is
+ transformed from the bottom up by those who work within it, socialism
+ is impossible. If it is re-organised from the top-down by a centralised
+ body all that will be achieved is state capitalism and rule by
+ bureaucrats instead of capitalists. Without local action and free
+ agreement between local groups to co-ordinate activity, a revolution
+ would be dead in the water and fit only to produce a new bureaucratic
+ class structure, as the experience of the Russian Revolution proves
+ (see [18]section H.6).
Therefore, the key economic aspect of a social revolution is the end of
capitalist oppression by the direct action of the workers themselves
and their re-organisation of their work and the economy by their own
- actions, organisations and initiative from the bottom-up. As Malatesta
- argued:
+ actions, organisations and initiative from the bottom-up:
"To destroy radically this oppression without any danger of it
re-emerging, all people must be convinced of their right to the
means of production, and be prepared to exercise this basic right by
expropriating the landowners, the industrialists and financiers, and
- putting all social wealth at the disposal of the people." [Op. Cit.,
- p. 167]
+ putting all social wealth at the disposal of the people."
+ [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 167]
However, the economic transformation is but part of the picture. As
Kropotkin argued, "throughout history we see that each change in the
@@ -869,42 +941,46 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
it must be prepared for a new departure in what is called political
organisation." [Op. Cit., p. 39] Thus the anarchist social revolution
also aims to abolish the state and create a confederation of
- self-governing communes to ensure its final elimination. To really
- destroy something you must replace it with something better. Hence
- anarchism will destroy the state by a confederation of self-managed,
- free communities (or communes).
-
- This destruction of the state is essential. This is because "those
- workers who want to free themselves, or even only to effectively
- improve their conditions, will be forced to defend themselves from the
- government . . . which by legalising the right to property and
- protecting it with brute force, constitutes a barrier to human
- progress, which must be beaten down . . . if one does not wish to
- remain indefinitely under present conditions or even worse." Therefore,
- "[f]rom the economic struggle one must pass to the political struggle,
- that is to the struggle against government." [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p.
- 195]
+ self-governing communes to ensure its final elimination. This
+ destruction of the state is essential as "those workers who want to
+ free themselves, or even only to effectively improve their conditions,
+ will be forced to defend themselves from the government . . . which by
+ legalising the right to property and protecting it with brute force,
+ constitutes a barrier to human progress, which must be beaten down . .
+ . if one does not wish to remain indefinitely under present conditions
+ or even worse." Therefore, "[f]rom the economic struggle one must pass
+ to the political struggle, that is to the struggle against government."
+ [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 195]
Thus a social revolution will have to destroy the state bureaucracy and
- the states forces of violence and coercion (the police, armed forces,
+ its forces of violence and coercion (the police, armed forces,
intelligence agencies, and so on). If this is not done then the state
- will come back and crush the revolution. Such a destruction of the
- state does not involve violence against individuals, but rather the end
- of hierarchical organisations, positions and institutions. It would
- involve, for example, the disbanding of the police, army, navy, state
- officialdom etc. and the transformation of police stations, army and
- naval bases, state bureaucracy's offices into something more useful
- (or, as in the case of prisons, their destruction). Town halls would be
- occupied and used by community and industrial groups, for example.
- Mayors' offices could be turned into creches, for example. Police
- stations, if they have not been destroyed, could, perhaps, be turned
- into storage centres for goods. In William Morris' utopian novel, News
- from Nowhere, the Houses of Parliament were turned into a manure
- storage facility. And so on. Those who used to work in such occupations
- would be asked to pursue a more fruitful way of life or leave the
- community. In this way, all harmful and useless institutions would be
- destroyed or transformed into something useful and of benefit to
- society.
+ will come back and crush the revolution. As the CNT newspaper put it in
+ the 1930s, the "first step in the social revolution is to take control
+ of Town Hall and proclaim the free commune. Once this occurs,
+ self-management spreads to all areas of life and the people exercise
+ their sovereign executive power through the popular assembly." This
+ free commune "is the basic unit of libertarian communism . . . and,
+ federated, it provides the basic structure of the new society in all
+ its aspects: administrative, economic and political." [quoted by Abel
+ Paz, Durrutu in the Spanish Revolution, p. 312]
+
+ Such a destruction of the state does not involve violence against
+ individuals, but rather the end of hierarchical organisations,
+ positions and institutions. It would involve, for example, the
+ disbanding of the police, army, navy, state officialdom, etc. It would
+ mean the transformation of police stations, military bases, the offices
+ used by the bureaucracy into something more useful (or, as in the case
+ of prisons, their destruction). Town halls would be occupied and used
+ by community and industrial groups, for example. Offices of the mayor
+ could be turned into cr�ches. Police stations, if they have not been
+ destroyed, could be turned into storage centres for goods (William
+ Morris, in his utopian novel News from Nowhere, imagined the Houses of
+ Parliament being turned into a manure storage facility). And so on.
+ Those who used to work in such occupations would be asked to pursue a
+ more fruitful way of life or leave the community. In this manner, all
+ harmful and useless institutions would be destroyed or transformed into
+ something of benefit to society.
In addition, as well as the transformation/destruction of the buildings
associated with the old state, the decision making process for the
@@ -917,11 +993,11 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
society and government finally eliminated in favour of freedom (both
individual and collective).
- Ultimately, anarchism means creating positive alternatives to existing
- institutions which provide some useful function. For example, we
- propose self-management as an alternative to capitalist production. We
- propose self-governing communes to organise social life instead of the
- state. "One only destroys, and effectively and permanently," argued
+ Ultimately, anarchism means creating positive alternatives to those
+ existing institutions which provide some useful function. For example,
+ we propose self-management as an alternative to capitalist production.
+ We propose self-governing communes to organise social life instead of
+ the state. "One only destroys, and effectively and permanently," argued
Malatesta, "that which one replaces by something else; and to put off
to a later date the solution of problems which present themselves with
the urgency of necessity, would be to give time to the institutions one
@@ -929,7 +1005,9 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
themselves, perhaps under other names, but certainly with the same
structure." [Op. Cit., p. 159] This was the failure of the Spanish
Revolution, which ignored the state rather than abolish it via new,
- self-managed organisations (see [9]section I.8).
+ self-managed organisations (see [19]section I.8.13). It must be
+ stressed that this was not due to anarchist theory (see [20]section
+ I.8.11).
Hence a social revolution would see the "[o]rganisation of social life
by means of free association and federations of producers and
@@ -937,10 +1015,41 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
members, guided by science and experience, and free from any kind of
imposition which does not spring from natural needs, to which everyone,
convinced by a feeling of overriding necessity, voluntarily submits."
- [Errico Malatesta, Life and Ideas, p. 184]
-
- These organisations, we must stress, are usually products of the
- revolution and the revolutionary process itself:
+ [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 184] A revolution organises itself from the
+ bottom up, in a self-managed way. As Bakunin summarised:
+
+ "the federative Alliance of all working men's associations . . .
+ will constitute the Commune . . . The Commune will be organised by
+ the standing federation of the Barricades and by the creation of a
+ Revolutionary Communal Council composed of one or two delegates from
+ each barricade . . . vested with plenary but accountable and
+ removable mandates . . . all provinces, communes and associations .
+ . . reorganising on revolutionary lines . . . [would send] their
+ representatives to an agreed meeting place . . . vested with similar
+ mandates to constitute the federation of insurgent associations,
+ communes and provinces in the name of the same principles and to
+ organise a revolutionary force capable of defeating reaction . . .
+ it is the very fact of the expansion and organisation of the
+ revolution for the purpose of self-defence among the insurgent areas
+ that will bring about the triumph of the revolution . . . There can
+ no longer be any successful revolution unless the political
+ revolution is transformed into social revolution . . . Since
+ revolution everywhere must be created by the people, and supreme
+ control must always belong to the people organised in a free
+ federation of agricultural and industrial associations . . .
+ organised from the bottom upwards by means of revolutionary
+ delegation." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, pp. 170-2]
+
+ Thus we have a dual framework of revolution, the federation of
+ self-managed workplace and community assemblies based on mandated and
+ recallable delegates. "Through its class organisations," Makhno argued,
+ "the people yearned to lay the foundations of a new, free society
+ intended, as it develops without interference, to eliminate from the
+ body of society all the parasites and all the power exercised by some
+ over others, these being deemed by the toilers to be stupid and
+ harmful." [Op. Cit., p. 79] These organisations, as we stressed in
+ [21]section I.2.3, are the products of the social struggle and
+ revolution themselves:
"Assembly and community must arise from within the revolutionary
process itself; indeed, the revolutionary process must be the
@@ -952,40 +1061,40 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
come -- will stand on a higher social level than all the present-day
committees, syndicates, parties and clubs adorned by the most
resounding 'revolutionary' titles. They will be the living nuclei of
- utopia in the decomposing body of bourgeois society" In this way,
- the "specific gravity of society . . . [will] be shifted to its base
- -- the armed people in permanent assembly." [Post-Scarcity
- Anarchism, pp. 167-8 and pp. 168-9]
-
- Such organisations are required because, in the words of Murray
- Bookchin, "[f]reedom has its forms . . . a liberatory revolution always
- poses the question of what social forms will replace existing ones. At
- one point or another, a revolutionary people must deal with how it will
- manage the land and the factories from which it requires the means of
- life. It must deal with the manner in which it will arrive at decisions
- that affect the community as a whole. Thus if revolutionary thought is
- to be taken at all seriously, it must speak directly to the problems
- and forms of social management." [Op. Cit., p. 143] If this is not
- done, capitalism and the state will not be destroyed and the social
- revolution will fail. Only be destroying hierarchical power by
- abolishing state and capitalism by self-managed organisations can
- individuals free themselves and society.
+ utopia in the decomposing body of bourgeois society . . . The
+ specific gravity of society . . . must be shifted to its base -- the
+ armed people in permanent assembly." [Murray Bookchin, Post-Scarcity
+ Anarchism, pp. 104-5]
+
+ Such organisations are required because "[f]reedom has its forms . . .
+ a liberatory revolution always poses the question of what social forms
+ will replace existing ones. At one point or another, a revolutionary
+ people must deal with how it will manage the land and the factories
+ from which it requires the means of life. It must deal with the manner
+ in which it will arrive at decisions that affect the community as a
+ whole. Thus if revolutionary thought is to be taken at all seriously,
+ it must speak directly to the problems and forms of social management."
+ [Bookchin, Op. Cit., p. 86] If this is not done, capitalism and the
+ state will not be destroyed and the social revolution will fail. Only
+ by destroying hierarchical power, by abolishing state and capitalism by
+ self-managed organisations, can individuals free themselves and
+ society.
As well as these economic and political changes, there would be other
- changes as well -- far too many to chronicle here. For example, "[w]e
+ changes as well -- far too many to chronicle here. For example: "We
will see to it that all empty and under-occupied houses are used so
that no one will be without a roof over his [or her] head. We will
hasten to abolish banks and title deeds and all that represents and
guarantees the power of the State and capitalist privilege. And we will
try to reorganise things in such a way that it will be impossible for
bourgeois society to be reconstituted." [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 165]
- Similarly, free associations will spring up on a whole range of issues
- and for a whole range of interests and needs. Social life will become
- transformed, as will many aspects of personal life and personal
- relationships. We cannot say in which way, bar there will be a general
- libertarian movement in all aspects of life as women resist and
- overcome sexism, gays resist and end homophobia, the young will expect
- to be treated as individuals, not property, and so on.
+ Similarly, free associations will spring up on a whole range of issues,
+ interests and needs. Social life will become transformed, as will many
+ aspects of personal life and personal relationships. We cannot say in
+ which way, bar there will be a general libertarian movement in all
+ aspects of life as women resist and overcome sexism, gays resist and
+ end homophobia, the young will expect to be treated as individuals, not
+ property, and so on.
Society will become more diverse, open, free and libertarian in nature.
And, hopefully, it and the struggle that creates it will be fun --
@@ -994,39 +1103,43 @@ J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
incongruity in conducting serious business and having fun. We are sure
this will piss off the "serious" Left no end. The aim of revolution is
to emancipate individuals not abstractions like "the proletariat,"
- "society," "history" and so on. And having fun is part and parcel of
- that liberation. As Emma Goldman said, "If I can't dance, it's not my
- revolution." Revolutions should be "festivals of the oppressed" -- we
- cannot "resolve the anarchic, intoxicating phase that opens all the
- great revolutions of history merely into an expression of class
- interest and the opportunity to redistribute social wealth." [Murray
- Bookchin, Op. Cit., p. 277f]
+ "society," "history" and so on. Having fun is part and parcel of that
+ liberation. As Emma Goldman argued (and was paraphrased in the 1970s to
+ "If I cannot dance, it is not my revolution!"), anarchism stands for
+ "release and freedom from conventions and prejudice" and so she could
+ "not believe" that it "should demand the denial of life and joy" ("If
+ it meant that, I did not want it"): "I want freedom, the right to
+ self-expression, everybody's right to beautiful, radiant things."
+ [Living My Life, vol. 1, p. 56] As Bookchin suggested: "Can we resolve
+ the anarchic, intoxicating phase that opens all the great revolutions
+ of history merely into an expression of class interest and the
+ opportunity to redistribute social wealth?" [Bookchin, Op. Cit., p.
+ 189f]
Therefore a social revolution involves a transformation of society from
the bottom up by the creative action of working class people. This
transformation would be conducted through self-managed organisations
- which will be the basis for abolishing hierarchy, state and capitalism.
+ which will be the basis for abolishing hierarchy, state and capitalism:
"There can be no separation of the revolutionary process from the
revolutionary goal. A society based on self-administration must be
- achieved by means of self-administration. . . . If we define 'power' as
+ achieved by means of self-administration . . . If we define 'power' as
the power of man over man, power can only be destroyed by the very
process in which man acquires power over his own life and in which he
not only 'discovers' himself, but, more meaningfully, formulates his
- selfhood in all its social dimensions." [Murray Bookchin, Op. Cit., p.
- 167]
+ selfhood in all its social dimensions." [Bookchin, Op. Cit., p. 104]
J.7.5 What is the role of anarchists in a social revolution?
All the great social revolutions have been spontaneous. Indeed, it is
- cliche that the revolutionaries are usually the most surprised when a
+ clich� that the revolutionaries are usually the most surprised when a
revolution breaks out. Nor do anarchists assume that a revolution will
- initially be libertarian in nature. All we assume is that there will be
- libertarian tendencies which anarchists are work within and try and
+ initially be totally libertarian in nature. All we assume is that there
+ will be libertarian tendencies which anarchists work within to try and
strengthen. Therefore the role of anarchists and anarchist
- organisations is to try and push a revolution towards a social
- revolution by encouraging the tendencies we discussed in the [10]last
- section and by arguing for anarchist ideas and solutions. In the words
- of Vernon Richards:
+ organisations is to push a revolution towards a social revolution by
+ encouraging the tendencies we discussed in the [22]last section and by
+ arguing for anarchist ideas and solutions. In the words of Vernon
+ Richards:
"We do not for one moment assume that all social revolutions are
necessarily anarchist. But whatever form the revolution against
@@ -1035,7 +1148,7 @@ J.7.5 What is the role of anarchists in a social revolution?
through which it exercises its power for the exploitation of the
majority by a minority." [Lessons of the Spanish Revolution, p. 44]
- For anarchists, their role in a social revolution is clear. They try to
+ For anarchists, our role in a social revolution is clear -- we try to
spread anarchist ideas and encourage autonomous organisation and
activity by the oppressed. For example, during the Russian Revolution
anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists played a key role in the factory
@@ -1043,40 +1156,44 @@ J.7.5 What is the role of anarchists in a social revolution?
Bolshevik attempts to substitute state control for workers'
self-management and encouraged workplace occupations and federations of
factory committees (see Maurice Brinton's The Bolsheviks and Workers'
- Control for a good introduction to the movement for workers'
- self-management during the Russian Revolution and Bolshevik hostility
- to it). Similarly, they supported the soviets (councils elected by
- workers in their workplaces) but opposed their transformation from
- revolutionary bodies into state organs (and so little more than organs
- of the Communist Party and so the enemies of self-management). The
- anarchists tried to "work for their conversion from centres of
- authority and decrees into non-authoritarian centres, regulating and
- keeping things in order but not suppressing the freedom and
- independence of local workers' organisations. They must become centres
- which link together these autonomous organisations." [G. P. Maksimov in
- Paul Avrich (ed.) The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution, p. 105]
-
- Therefore, the anarchist role, as Murray Bookchin puts it, is to
+ Control for a good introduction to this movement and Bolshevik
+ hostility to it). Similarly, they supported the soviets (councils
+ elected by workers in their workplaces) but opposed their
+ transformation from revolutionary bodies into state organs (and so
+ little more than organs of the Communist Party, rubber-stamping the
+ decisions of the party leadership). The anarchists tried to "work for
+ their conversion from centres of authority and decrees into
+ non-authoritarian centres, regulating and keeping things in order but
+ not suppressing the freedom and independence of local workers'
+ organisations. They must become centres which link together these
+ autonomous organisations." [G. P. Maksimov, The Anarchists in the
+ Russian Revolution, p. 105]
+
+ Therefore, the role of anarchists, as Murray Bookchin put it, is to
"preserve and extend the anarchic phase that opens all the great social
revolutions" by working "within the framework of the forms created by
the revolution, not within the forms created by the party. What this
means is that their commitment is to the revolutionary organs of
- self-management . . . to the social forms, not the political forms.
- Anarcho-communists [and other revolutionary anarchists] seek to
- persuade the factory committees, assemblies or soviets to make
- themselves into genuine organs of popular self-management, not to
- dominate them, manipulate them, or hitch them to an all-knowing
- political party." [Post-Scarcity Anarchism, p. 215 and p. 217]
+ self-management . . . to the social forms, not the political forms."
+ Revolutionary anarchists "seek to persuade the factory committees,
+ assemblies or soviets to make themselves into genuine organs of popular
+ self-management, not to dominate them, manipulate them, or hitch them
+ to an all-knowing political party," to organise to "propagate ideas
+ systematically . . . ideas which promote the concept of
+ self-management." The revolutionary organisation "presents the most
+ advanced demands" and "formulate[s] -- in the most concrete fashion --
+ the immediate task that should be performed to advance the
+ revolutionary process. It provides the boldest elements in action and
+ in the decision-making organs of the revolution." [Post-Scarcity
+ Anarchism, pp. 139-140]
Equally as important, "is that the people, all people, should lose
- their sheeplike instincts and habits with which their minds have been
+ their sheep-like instincts and habits with which their minds have been
inculcated by an age-long slavery, and that they should learn to think
and act freely. It is to this great task of spiritual liberation that
- anarchists must especially devote their attention." [Malatesta, Op.
- Cit., pp. 160-1] Unless people think and act for themselves, no social
- revolution is possible and anarchy will remain just a tendency with
- authoritarian societies.
-
+ anarchists must especially devote their attention." Unless people think
+ and act for themselves, no social revolution is possible and anarchy
+ will remain just an opposition tendency within authoritarian societies.
Practically, this means the encouragement of self-management and direct
action. Anarchists thus "push the people to expropriate the bosses and
put all goods in common and organise their daily lives themselves,
@@ -1084,111 +1201,204 @@ J.7.5 What is the role of anarchists in a social revolution?
from outside and refusing to nominate or recognise any government or
constituted body in whatever guise . . . even in a provisional
capacity, which ascribes to itself the right to lay down the law and
- impose with force its will on others." [Malatesta, Op. Cit., p. 197]
- This is because, to quote Bakunin, anarchists do "not accept, even in
- the process of revolutionary transition, either constituent assemblies,
- provisional governments or so-called revolutionary dictatorships;
- because we are convinced that revolution is only sincere, honest and
- real in the hands of the masses, and that when it is concentrated in
- those of a few ruling individuals it inevitably and immediately becomes
- reaction." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, p. 237]
-
- As the history of every revolution shows, "revolutionary government" is
- a contradiction in terms. Government bodies mean "the transferring of
- initiative from the armed workers to a central body with executive
- powers. By removing the initiative from the workers, the responsibility
- for the conduct of the struggle and its objectives [are] also
- transferred to a governing hierarchy, and this could have no other than
- an adverse effect on the morale of the revolutionary fighters." [Vernon
- Richards, Lessons of the Spanish Revolution, pp. 42-3] Such a
- centralisation of power means the suppression of local initiatives, the
- replacing of self-management with bureaucracy and the creation of a
- new, exploitative and oppressive class of officials and party hacks.
- Only when power rests in the hands of everyone can a social revolution
- exist and a free society created. If this is not done, if the state
- replaces the self-managed associations of a free people, all that
- happens is the replacement of one class system by another. This is
- because the state is an instrument of minority rule -- it can never
- become an instrument of majority rule, its centralised, hierarchical
- and authoritarian nature excludes such a possibility (see [11]section
- H.3.7 for more discussion on this issue).
+ impose with force its will on others." [Malatesta, Errico Malatesta:
+ His Life and Ideas, pp. 160-1 and p. 197] This is because, to quote
+ Bakunin, anarchists do "not accept, even in the process of
+ revolutionary transition, either constituent assemblies, provisional
+ governments or so-called revolutionary dictatorships; because we are
+ convinced that revolution is only sincere, honest and real in the hands
+ of the masses, and that when it is concentrated in those of a few
+ ruling individuals it inevitably and immediately becomes reaction."
+ [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, p. 237]
+
+ The history of every revolution confirms Kropotkin (who echoed
+ Proudhon) that "revolutionary government" is a contradiction in terms.
+ Government bodies mean "the transferring of initiative from the armed
+ workers to a central body with executive powers. By removing the
+ initiative from the workers, the responsibility for the conduct of the
+ struggle and its objectives [are] also transferred to a governing
+ hierarchy, and this could have no other than an adverse effect on the
+ morale of the revolutionary fighters." [Richards, Op. Cit., pp. 42-3]
+ Such a centralisation of power means the suppression of local
+ initiatives, the replacing of self-management with bureaucracy and the
+ creation of a new, exploitative and oppressive class of officials and
+ party hacks. Only when power rests in the hands of everyone can a
+ social revolution exist and a free society created. If this is not
+ done, if the state replaces the self-managed associations of a free
+ people, all that happens is the replacement of one class system by
+ another. This is because the state is an instrument of minority rule --
+ it can never become an instrument of majority empowerment as its
+ centralised, hierarchical and authoritarian nature excludes such a
+ possibility (see [23]section H.3.7 for more discussion on this issue).
Therefore an important role of anarchists is to undermine hierarchical
organisation by creating self-managed ones, by keeping the management
and direction of a struggle or revolution in the hands of those
actually conducting it. It is their revolution, not a party's and so
they should control and manage it. They are the ones who have to live
- with the consequences of it. "The revolution is safe, it grows and
- becomes strong," correctly argues Alexander Berkman, "as long as the
- masses feel that they are direct participants in it, that they are
- fashioning their own lives, that they are making the revolution, that
- they are the revolution. But the moment that their activities are
- usurped by a political party or are centred in some special
- organisation, revolutionary effort becomes limited to a comparatively
- small circle from the which the large masses are practically excluded.
- The natural result of that [is that] popular enthusiasm is dampened,
+ with the consequences of it. As Bakunin argued, social revolution
+ "should not only be made for the people's sake; it should also be made
+ by the people." [No Gods, No Masters, vol. 1, p. 141] "The revolution
+ is safe, it grows and becomes strong," correctly argued Alexander
+ Berkman, "as long as the masses feel that they are direct participants
+ in it, that they are fashioning their own lives, that they are making
+ the revolution, that they are the revolution. But the moment that their
+ activities are usurped by a political party or are centred in some
+ special organisation, revolutionary effort becomes limited to a
+ comparatively small circle from which the large masses are practically
+ excluded. The natural result is that popular enthusiasm is dampened,
interest gradually weakens, initiative languishes, creativeness wanes,
and the revolution becomes the monopoly of a clique which presently
- turns dictator." [Op. Cit., p. 65]
-
- The history of every revolution proves this point, we feel, and so the
- role of anarchists (like those described in [12]section J.3) is clear
- -- to keep a revolution revolutionary by encouraging libertarian ideas,
- organisation, tactics and activity. To requote Emma Goldman:
-
- "No revolution can ever succeed as factor of liberation unless the
- MEANS used to further it be identical in spirit and tendency with
- the PURPOSE to be achieved." [Patterns of Anarchy, p. 113]
-
- Anarchists, therefore, aim to keep the means in line with the goal and
- their role in any social revolution is to combat authoritarian
- tendencies and parties while encouraging working class
- self-organisation, self-activity and self-management and the spreading
- of libertarian ideas and values within society.
+ turns dictator." [What is Anarchism?, p. 213] The history of every
+ revolution proves this point, we feel, and so the role of anarchists is
+ clear -- to keep a revolution revolutionary by encouraging libertarian
+ ideas, organisation, tactics and activity.
+
+ Anarchists, therefore, organise to influence social struggle in a
+ libertarian manner and our role in any social revolution is to combat
+ authoritarian tendencies and parties while encouraging working class
+ self-organisation, self-activity and self-management (how we organise
+ to achieve this is described in [24]section J.3). Only by the spreading
+ of libertarian ideas and values within society, encouraging libertarian
+ forms of social organisation (i.e., self-management, decentralisation,
+ federalism, etc.) and continually warning against centralising power
+ into a few hands can a revolution become more than a change of masters.
J.7.6 How could an anarchist revolution defend itself?
To some, particularly Marxists, this section may seem in contradiction
- with anarchist ideas. After all, did Marx not argue in a diatribe
- against Proudhon that anarchist "abolishing the state" implies the
- "laying down of arms" by the working class? However, as will become
- very clear nothing could be further from the truth. Anarchists have
- always argued for defending a revolution -- by force, if necessary.
- Anarchists do not think that abolishing the state involves "laying down
- arms." We argue that Marx (and Marxists) confuse self-defence by "the
- people armed" with the state, a confusion which has horrific
- implications (as the history of the Russian Revolution shows -- see the
- appendix on [13]"What happened during the Russian Revolution?" for
- details).
+ with anarchist ideas. As we discussed in [25]section H.2.1, Marxists
+ tend to assume, incorrectly, that anarchists are either against
+ defending a revolution or see no need to. However, as will become very
+ clear, nothing could be further from the truth. Anarchists have always
+ argued for defending a revolution -- by force, if necessary. Anarchists
+ argue that Marx (and Marxists) confuse self-defence by "the people
+ armed" with the state, a confusion which has horrific implications (as
+ the history of the Russian Revolution shows).
So how would an anarchist revolution (and by implication, society)
defend itself? Firstly, we should note that it will not defend itself
by creating a centralised body, a new state. If it did this then the
revolution will have failed and a new class society would have been
created (a society based on state bureaucrats and oppressed workers as
- in the Soviet Union). Thus we reject Marx's notion of "a revolutionary
- and transitory form" of state as confused in the extreme. [Marx quoted
- by Lenin, Essential Works of Lenin, p. 315] Rather, we seek libertarian
- means to defend a libertarian revolution. What would these libertarian
- means be?
-
- History, as well as theory, points to them. In all the major
- revolutions of this century which anarchists took part in they formed
- militias to defend freedom. For example, anarchists in many Russian
- cities formed "Black Guards" to defend their expropriated houses and
- revolutionary freedoms. In the Ukraine, Nestor Makhno helped organise a
- peasant-worker army to defend the social revolution against
- authoritarians of right and left. In the Spanish Revolution, the C.N.T.
- and F.A.I. organised militias to free those parts of Spain under
- fascist rule after the military coup in 1936.
-
- (As an aside, we must point out that these militias had nothing in
- common -- bar the name -- with the present "militia movement" in the
- United States. The anarchist militias were organised in a libertarian
- manner and aimed to defend an anti-statist, anti-capitalist revolution
- from pro-state, pro-capitalist forces. In contrast, the US "militia
- movement" is organised in a military fashion, defend property rights
- and want to create their own governments.)
+ in the Soviet Union). Thus we reject the Marxist notion of a so-called
+ "workers" or "revolutionary" state as confused in the extreme (as
+ should be obvious from our analysis in [26]section H). Rather, we seek
+ libertarian means to defend a libertarian revolution. What would these
+ libertarian means be?
+
+ In short, this would involve the "creation of a voluntary militia,
+ without powers to interfere as militia in the life of the community,
+ but only to deal with any armed attacks by the forces of reaction to
+ re-establish themselves, or to resist outside intervention by countries
+ as yet not in a state of revolution." The creation of a free militia
+ would be part of the general social transformation as the "most
+ powerful means for defending the revolution remains always that of
+ taking away from the bourgeois the economic means on which their power
+ rests, and of arming everybody (until such time as one will have
+ managed to persuade everybody to throw away their arms as useless and
+ dangerous toys), and of interesting the mass of the population in the
+ victory of the revolution." [Malatesta, Errico Malatesta: His Life and
+ Ideas, p. 166 and p. 173] As Bakunin stressed:
+
+ "let us suppose . . . it is Paris that starts [the revolution] . . .
+ Paris will naturally make haste to organise itself as best it can,
+ in revolutionary style, after the workers have joined into
+ associations and made a clean sweep of all the instruments of
+ labour, every kind of capital and building; armed and organised by
+ streets and quartiers, they will form the revolutionary federation
+ of all the quartiers, the federative commune . . . All the French
+ and foreign revolutionary communes will then send representatives to
+ organise the necessary common services . . . and to organise common
+ defence against the enemies of the Revolution, together with
+ propaganda, the weapon of revolution, and practical revolutionary
+ solidarity with friends in all countries against enemies in all
+ countries." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, pp. 178-9]
+
+ So anarchists have always seen the necessity to defend a revolution.
+ There is no theoretical contradiction implied by this for while
+ anarchism "is opposed to any interference with your liberty" and
+ "against all invasion and violence", it recognises that when "any one
+ attacks you, then it is he who is invading you, he who is employing
+ violence against you. You have a right to defend yourself. More than
+ that, it is your duty, as an anarchist to protect your liberty, to
+ resist coercion and compulsion . . . In other words, the social
+ revolution will attack no one, but it will defend itself against
+ invasion from any quarter." [Alexander Berkman, What is Anarchism?, p.
+ 231] These militias, in other words, do not seek to impose a
+ revolution, for you cannot impose freedom or force people to be free
+ against their will: "The power of the people in arms can only be used
+ in the defence of the revolution and the freedoms won by their
+ militancy and their sacrifices." [Vernon Richards, Lessons of the
+ Spanish Revolution, p. 44]
+
+ Such activity, Berkman stressed, "must be in consonance with th[e]
+ spirit [of anarchism]. Self-defence excludes all acts of coercion, of
+ persecution or revenge. It is concerned only with repelling attack and
+ depriving the enemy of opportunity to invade you." Any defence would be
+ based on "the strength of the revolution . . . First and foremost, in
+ the support of the people . . . If they feel that they themselves are
+ making the revolution, that they have become masters of their lives,
+ that they have gained freedom and are building up their welfare, then
+ in that very sentiment you have the greatest strength of the revolution
+ . . . Let them believe in the revolution, and they will defend it to
+ the death." Thus the "armed workers and peasants are the only effective
+ defence of the revolution." [Op. Cit., pp. 231-2] Malatesta stressed
+ that a government is not required to defend freedom:
+
+ "But, by all means, let us admit that the governments of the still
+ unemancipated countries were to want to, and could, attempt to
+ reduce free people to a state of slavery once again. Would this
+ people require a government to defend itself? To wage war men are
+ needed who have all the necessary geographical and mechanical
+ knowledge, and above all large masses of the population willing to
+ go and fight. A government can neither increase the abilities of the
+ former nor the will and courage of the latter. And the experience of
+ history teaches us that a people who really want to defend their own
+ country are invincible: and in Italy everyone knows that before the
+ corps of volunteers (anarchist formations) thrones topple, and
+ regular armies composed of conscripts or mercenaries disappear."
+ [Anarchy, p. 42]
+
+ As can be seen, anarchist theory has always addressed the necessity of
+ defending a social revolution and proposed a solution -- the voluntary,
+ self-managed militia organised by the free communes and federations of
+ workers' associations. The militias would be unified and co-ordinated
+ by federations of communes while delegates from each militia unit would
+ co-ordinate the actual fighting. In times of peace the militia members
+ would be living and working among the rest of the populace, and, thus,
+ they would tend to have the same outlook and interests as their
+ fellows. Moreover, in the case of foreign intervention, the importance
+ of international solidarity is important ("a social revolution cannot
+ be a revolution in one nation alone. It is by nature an international
+ revolution." [Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 49]). Thus any foreign intervention
+ would face the problems of solidarity actions and revolts on its own
+ doorstep and not dare send its troops abroad for long, if at all.
+ Ultimately, the only way to support a revolution is to make your own.
+
+ Within the revolutionary area, it is the actions of liberated people
+ than will defend it. Firstly, the population would be armed and so
+ counter-revolutionaries would face stiff opposition to their attempts
+ to recreate authority. Secondly, they would face liberated individuals
+ who would reject and resist their attempts Thus, as we discuss in
+ [27]section I.5.11, any authoritarian would face the direct action of a
+ free people, of free individuals, who would refuse to co-operate with
+ the would-be authorities and join in solidarity with their friends and
+ fellow workers to resist them. The only way a counter-revolution could
+ spread internally is if the mass of the population had become alienated
+ from the revolution and this is impossible in an anarchist revolution
+ as power remains in their hands. A free society need not fear internal
+ counter-revolutionaries gaining support.
+
+ History, as well as theory, points to such libertarian forms of
+ self-defence. In all the major revolutions which anarchists took part
+ in they formed militias to defend freedom. For example, anarchists in
+ many Russian cities formed "Black Guards" to defend their expropriated
+ houses and revolutionary freedoms. In the Ukraine, Nestor Makhno helped
+ organise a peasant-worker army to defend the social revolution against
+ authoritarians of right and left. In the Spanish Revolution, the CNT
+ organised militias to free those parts of Spain under fascist rule
+ after the military coup in 1936.
These anarchist militias were as self-managed as possible, with any
"officers" elected and accountable to the troops and having the same
@@ -1202,7 +1412,7 @@ J.7.6 How could an anarchist revolution defend itself?
"The freedom of the workers and the peasants is their own, and not
subject to any restriction. It is up to the workers and peasants to
act, to organise themselves, to agree among themselves in all
- aspects of their lives, as they themselves see fit and desire. . .
+ aspects of their lives, as they themselves see fit and desire . . .
The Makhnovists can do no more than give aid and counsel . . . In no
circumstances can they, nor do they wish to, govern." [quoted by
Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible, p. 473]
@@ -1214,26 +1424,20 @@ J.7.6 How could an anarchist revolution defend itself?
every toiler and any gesture contrary to that freedom constitutes an
act of counter-revolution." [No Gods, No Masters, vol. 2, pp. 157-8]
The Makhnovists also organised regional congresses of peasants and
- workers to discuss revolutionary and social issues (a fact that annoyed
- the Bolsheviks, leading to Trotsky trying to ban one congress and
- arguing that "participation in said congress will be regarded as an act
- of high treason." [Op. Cit., p. 151] Little wonder workers' democracy
- withered under the Bolsheviks!).
-
- The Makhnovists declared principles were voluntary enlistment, the
- election of officers and self-discipline according to the rules adopted
- by each unit themselves. Remarkably effective, the Makhnovists were the
- force that defeated Denikin's army and helped defeat Wrangel. After the
- Whites were defeated, the Bolsheviks turned against the Makhnovists and
- betrayed them. However, while they existed the Makhnovists defended the
- freedom of the working class to organise themselves against both right
- and left statists. See Voline's The Unknown Revolution and Peter
- Arshinov's History of the Makhnovist Movement for more information or
- the appendix on [14]"Why does the Makhnovist movement show there is an
- alternative to Bolshevism?" of this FAQ.
-
- A similar situation developed in Spain. After defeating the
- military/fascist coup on 19th of July, 1936, the anarchists organised
+ workers to discuss revolutionary and social issues. The army's declared
+ principles were voluntary enlistment, the election of officers and
+ self-discipline according to the rules adopted by each unit themselves.
+ Remarkably effective, the Makhnovists were the force that defeated
+ Denikin's army and helped defeat Wrangel. After the Whites were
+ defeated, the Bolsheviks turned against the Makhnovists and betrayed
+ them. However, while they existed the Makhnovists defended the freedom
+ of the working class to organise themselves against both right and left
+ statists (see Voline's The Unknown Revolution, Peter Arshinov's History
+ of the Makhnovist Movement or Alexandre Skirda's Nestor Makhno
+ Anarchy's Cossack for more information).
+
+ A similar situation developed in Spain. After defeating the fascist
+ military coup on 19th of July, 1936, the anarchists organised
self-managed militias to liberate those parts of Spain under Franco.
These groups were organised in a libertarian fashion from the bottom
up:
@@ -1244,166 +1448,138 @@ J.7.6 How could an anarchist revolution defend itself?
Ten such groups together make up one centuria, which appoints a
delegate to represent it. Thirty centurias make up one column, which
is directed by a war committee, on which the delegates from the
- centurias have their say. . . although every column retains its
+ centurias have their say . . . although every column retains its
freedom of action, we arrive at co-ordination of forces, which is
- not the same thing as unity of command." [No Gods, No Masters, vol.
- 2, pp. 256-7]
+ not the same thing as unity of command." [Op. Cit., pp. 256-7]
Like the Makhnovists, the anarchist militias in Spain were not only
fighting against reaction, they were fighting for a better world. As
- Durruti argued, "Our comrades on the front know for whom and for what
+ Durruti argued: "Our comrades on the front know for whom and for what
they fight. They feel themselves revolutionaries and they fight, not in
defence of more or less promised new laws, but for the conquest of the
world, of the factories, the workshops, the means of transportation,
- their bread and the new culture." [Op. Cit., p. 248]
-
- When they liberated towns and villages, the militia columns urged
- workers and peasants to collectivise the land and means of production,
- to re-organise life in a libertarian fashion. All across anti-Fascist
- Spain workers and peasants did exactly that (see [15]section I.8 for
- more information). The militias only defended the workers' and
- peasants' freedom to organise their own lives as they saw fit and did
- not force them to create collectives or dictate their form.
-
- Unfortunately, like the Makhnovists, the C.N.T. militias were betrayed
- by their so-called allies on the left. The anarchist troops were not
- given enough arms and were left on the front to rot in inaction. The
- "unified" command by the Republican State preferred not to arm
- libertarian troops as they would use these arms to defend themselves
- and their fellow workers against the Republican and Communist led
- counter-revolution. Ultimately, the "people in arms" won the revolution
- and the "People's army" which replaced it lost the war. See Abel Paz's
- Durruti: The People Armed, Vernon Richards Lessons of the Spanish
- Revolution and George Orwell's Homage to Catalonia for more
- information.
+ their bread and the new culture." [Op. Cit., p. 248] When they
+ liberated towns and villages, the militia columns urged workers and
+ peasants to collectivise the land and means of production, to
+ re-organise life in a libertarian fashion. All across anti-Fascist
+ Spain workers and peasants did exactly that. The militias only defended
+ the workers' and peasants' freedom to organise their own lives as they
+ saw fit and did not force them to create collectives or dictate their
+ form.
+
+ In this, the CNT was not only following the suggestions of the likes of
+ Bakunin and Malatesta, it was implementing its own stated policies.
+ Thus before the revolution we find leading FAI member D. A. Santillan
+ arguing that the "local Council of Economy will assume the mission of
+ defence and raise voluntary corps for guard duty and if need be, for
+ combat" in the "cases of emergency or danger of a counter-revolution."
+ These Local Councils would be a federation of workplace councils and
+ would be members of the Regional Council of the Economy which, like the
+ Local Council, would be "constitute[d] by delegations or through
+ assemblies." [After the Revolution, p. 80 and pp. 82-83] Thus defence
+ of a free society is based on the federation of workers' councils and
+ so directly controlled by the revolutionary population. This can also
+ be seen in the Spanish CNT's 1936 resolution on Libertarian Communism
+ in the section entitled "Defence of the Revolution":
+
+ "We acknowledge the necessity to defend the advances made through
+ the revolution . . . So . . . the necessary steps will be taken to
+ defend the new regime, whether against the perils of a foreign
+ capitalist invasion . . . or against counter-revolution at home. It
+ must be remembered that a standing army constitutes the greatest
+ danger for the revolution, since its influence could lead to
+ dictatorship, which would necessarily kill off the revolution . . .
+ The people armed will be the best assurance against any attempt to
+ restore the system destroyed from either within or without . . . Let
+ each Commune have its weapons and means of defence . . . the people
+ will mobilise rapidly to stand up to the enemy, returning to their
+ workplaces as soon as they may have accomplished their mission of
+ defence. . . .
+
+ "1. The disarming of capitalism implies the surrender of weaponry to
+ the communes which be responsible for ensuring defensive means are
+ effectively organised nationwide.
+
+ "2. In the international context, we shall have to mount an
+ intensive propaganda drive among the proletariat of every country so
+ that it may take an energetic protest, calling for sympathetic
+ action against any attempted invasion by its respective government.
+ At the same time, our Iberian Confederation of Autonomous
+ Libertarian Communes will render material and moral assistance to
+ all the world's exploited so that these may free themselves forever
+ from the monstrous control of capitalism and the State." [quoted by
+ Jose Peirats, The CNT in the Spanish Revolution, vol. 1, p. 110]
+
+ Which was precisely what the CNT did do in July 1936 when faced with
+ the fascist coup. Unfortunately, like the Makhnovists, the CNT militias
+ were betrayed by their so-called allies on the left. The anarchist
+ troops were not given enough arms and were left on the front to rot in
+ inaction. The "unified" command by the Republican State preferred not
+ to arm libertarian troops as they would use these arms to defend
+ themselves and their fellow workers against the Republican and
+ Communist led counter-revolution. Ultimately, the "people in arms" won
+ the revolution and the "People's Army" which replaced it lost the war
+ (see Jose Peirats' The CNT in the Spanish Revolution, Abel Paz's
+ Durruti in the Spanish Revolution, Vernon Richard's Lessons of the
+ Spanish Revolution or Noam Chomsky's Objectivity and Liberal
+ Scholarship).
While the cynic may point out that, in the end, these revolutions and
militias were defeated, it does not mean that their struggle was in
vain or a future revolution will not succeed. That would be like
- arguing in 1940 that democracy is inferior to fascism because the
- majority of democratic states had been (temporarily) defeated by
- fascism or fascist states. It does not mean that these methods will
- fail in the future or that we should embrace apparently more
- "successful" approaches which end in the creation of a society the
- total opposite of what we desire (means determine ends, after all, and
- statist means will create statist ends and apparent "successes" -- like
- Bolshevism -- are the greatest of failures in terms of our ideas and
- ideals). All we are doing here is pointing how anarchists have defended
- revolutions in the past and that these methods were successful for a
- long time in face of tremendous opposition forces.
-
- Thus, in practice, anarchists have followed Malatesta's argument for
- the "creation of a voluntary militia, without powers to interfere as
- militia in the life of the community, but only to deal with any armed
- attacks by the forces of reaction to re-establish themselves, or to
- resist outside intervention by countries as yet not in a state of
- revolution." [Op. Cit., p. 166] This militia would be based on an armed
- population and "[t]he power of the people in arms can only be used in
- the defence of the revolution and the freedoms won by their militancy
- and their sacrifices." [Vernon Richards, Lessons of the Spanish
- Revolution, p. 44] It does not seek to impose a revolution, for you
- cannot impose freedom or force people to be free against their will.
-
- Hence anarchists would seek to defend a revolution because, while
- anarchism "is opposed to any interference with your liberty . . . [and]
- against all invasion and violence" it recognises that when "any one
- attacks you, then it is he who is invading you, he who is employing
- violence against you. You have a right to defend yourself. More than
- that, it is your duty, as an anarchist to protect your liberty, to
- resist coercion and compulsion. . . In other words, the social
- revolution will attack no one, but it will defend itself against
- invasion from any quarter." [Alexander Berkman, ABC of Anarchism, p.
- 81]
-
- As Berkman stresses, this revolutionary defence "must be in consonance
- with th[e] spirit [of anarchism]. Self-defence excludes all acts of
- coercion, of persecution or revenge. It is concerned only with
- repelling attack and depriving the enemy of opportunity to invade you."
- Any defence would be based on "the strength of the revolution . . .
- First and foremost, in the support of the people . . . If they feel
- that they themselves are making the revolution, that they have become
- masters of their lives, that they have gained freedom and are building
- up their welfare, then in that very sentiment you have the greatest
- strength of the revolution. . . Let them believe in the revolution, and
- they will defend it to the death." Thus the "armed workers and peasants
- are the only effective defence of the revolution." [Op. Cit., pp.
- 81-81]
-
- Part of this strength lies in liberty, so no attempt would be made to
- "defend" the revolution against mere talk, against the mere expression
- of an opinion. To "suppress speech and press is not only a theoretical
- offence against liberty; it is a direct blow at the very foundations of
- the revolution. . . It would generate fear and distrust, would hatch
- conspiracies, and culminate in a reign of terror which has always
- killed revolution in the pass." [Op. Cit., p. 83]
-
- Moreover, in the case of foreign intervention, the importance of
- international solidarity is important. As Bakunin argued, "a social
- revolution cannot be a revolution in one nation alone. It is by nature
- an international revolution." [Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, p.
- 49] Thus any foreign intervention would face the problems of solidarity
- actions and revolts on its own doorstep and not dare send its troops
- abroad for long, if at all. Ultimately, the only way to support a
- revolution is to make your own.
-
- Within the revolutionary area, it is the actions of liberated people
- than will defend it. Firstly, the population would be armed and so
- counter-revolutionaries would face stiff opposition to their attempts
- to recreate authority. Secondly, they would face liberated individuals
- who would reject their attempts:
-
- "The only way in which a state of Anarchy can be obtained is for
- each man [or woman] who is oppressed to act as if he [or she] were
- at liberty, in defiance of all authority to the contrary . . . In
- practical fact, territorial extension is necessary to ensure
- permanency to any given individual revolution. In speaking of the
- Revolution, we signify the aggregate of so many successful
- individual and group revolts as will enable every person within the
- revolutionised territory to act in perfect freedom . . . without
- having to constantly dread the prevention or the vengeance of an
- opposing power upholding the former system . . . Under these
- circumstance it is obvious that any visible reprisal could and would
- be met by a resumption of the same revolutionary action on the part
- of the individuals or groups affected, and that the maintenance of a
- state of Anarchy in this manner would be far easier than the gaining
- of a state of Anarchy by the same methods and in the face of
- hitherto unshaken opposition." [Kropotkin, Op. Cit., pp. 87-8]
-
- Thus any authoritarian would face the direct action of a free people,
- of free individuals, who would refuse to co-operate with the would-be
- authorities and join in solidarity with their friends and fellow
- workers to resist them. The only way a counter-revolution could spread
- internally is if the mass of the population can become alienated from
- the revolution and this is impossible in an anarchist revolution as
- power remains in their hands. If power rests in their hands, there is
- no danger from counter-revolutionaries.
-
- In the end, an anarchist revolution can be defended only by applying
- its ideas as widely as possible. Its defence rests in those who make
- it. If the revolution is an expression of their needs, desires and
- hopes then it will be defended with the full passion of a free people.
- Such a revolution may be defeated by superior force, who can tell? But
- the possibility is that it will not and that is what makes it worth
- trying. To not act because of the possibility of failure is to live
- half a life. Anarchism calls upon everyone to live the kind of life
- they deserve as unique individuals and desire as human beings.
- Individually we can make a difference, together we can change the
- world.
+ arguing in 1940 that democracy is inferior to fascism because most
+ democratic states had been (temporarily) defeated by the Axis powers.
+ It does not mean that these methods will fail in the future or that we
+ should embrace apparently more "successful" approaches which end in the
+ creation of a society the total opposite of what we desire (means
+ determine ends, after all, and statist means will create statist ends
+ and apparent "successes" -- like Bolshevism -- are the greatest of
+ failures in terms of our ideas and ideals). All we are doing here is
+ pointing how anarchists have defended revolutions in the past and that
+ these methods were successful for a long time in face of tremendous
+ opposition forces.
+
+ Thus, in practice, anarchists have followed libertarian theory and
+ created self-managed forms of self-defence against attempts to
+ re-enslave a free people. In the end, an anarchist revolution can be
+ defended only by applying its ideas as widely as possible. Its defence
+ rests in those who make it. If the revolution is an expression of their
+ needs, desires and hopes then it will be defended with the full passion
+ of a free people. Such a revolution may be defeated by superior force,
+ who can tell? But the possibility is that it will not and that is what
+ makes it worth trying. To not act because of the possibility of failure
+ is to live half a life.
+
+ Anarchism calls upon everyone to live the kind of life they deserve as
+ unique individuals and desire as human beings. Individually we can make
+ a difference, together we can change the world.
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj74
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj76
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secIcon.html
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci22
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ77.html#secj74
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secH3.html#sech37
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append41.html
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/append46.html
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI8.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech33
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj74
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj57
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH4.txt#sech47
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca56
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca55
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj76
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci22
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca54
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt#seca56
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech24
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH6.txt
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci813
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI8.txt#seci811
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj74
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH3.txt#sech37
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secH2.txt#sech21
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secHcon.txt
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI5.txt#seci511
diff --git a/txt/secJcon.txt b/txt/secJcon.txt
index 46f73022f6d94119287b1ff90366f2d58902b764..924c30f1004f09f7fb69f6e0580724b1bd8fb7a1 100644
--- a/txt/secJcon.txt
+++ b/txt/secJcon.txt
@@ -52,133 +52,118 @@
[35]J.4.6 What are implications of anti-government and anti-big
business feelings?
[36]J.4.7 What about the communications revolution?
- [37]J.4.8 What is the significance of the accelerating rate of
- change and the information explosion?
- [38]J.4.9 What are Netwars?
-
-[39]J.5 What alternative social organisations do anarchists create?
-
- [40]J.5.1 What is community unionism?
- [41]J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
- [42]J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
- [43]J.5.4 What are industrial networks?
- [44]J.5.5 What forms of co-operative credit do anarchists support?
- [45]J.5.6 What are the key features of mutual credit schemes?
- [46]J.5.7 Do most anarchists think mutual credit is sufficient to
+
+[37]J.5 What alternative social organisations do anarchists create?
+
+ [38]J.5.1 What is community unionism?
+ [39]J.5.2 Why do anarchists support industrial unionism?
+ [40]J.5.3 What attitude do anarchists take to existing unions?
+ [41]J.5.4 What are industrial networks?
+ [42]J.5.5 What forms of co-operative credit do anarchists support?
+ [43]J.5.6 Why are mutual credit schemes important?
+ [44]J.5.7 Do most anarchists think mutual credit is sufficient to
abolish capitalism?
- [47]J.5.8 What would a modern system of mutual banking look like?
- [48]J.5.9 How does mutual credit work?
- [49]J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
- [50]J.5.11 If workers really want self-management, why aren't there
- more producer co-operatives?
- [51]J.5.12 If self-management is more efficient, surely capitalist
- firms will be forced to introduce it by the market?
- [52]J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
- [53]J.5.14 What is Libertarian Municipalism?
- [54]J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
- [55]J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective
+ [45]J.5.8 What would a modern system of mutual banking look like?
+ [46]J.5.9 How does mutual credit work?
+ [47]J.5.10 Why do anarchists support co-operatives?
+ [48]J.5.11 If workers really want self-management then why are
+ there so few co-operatives?
+ [49]J.5.12 If self-management were more efficient then surely the
+ market would force capitalists to introduce it?
+ [50]J.5.13 What are Modern Schools?
+ [51]J.5.14 What is Libertarian Municipalism?
+ [52]J.5.15 What attitude do anarchists take to the welfare state?
+ [53]J.5.16 Are there any historical examples of collective
self-help?
-[56]J.6 What methods of child rearing do anarchists advocate?
-
- [57]J.6.1 What are the main principles of raising free children and
- the main obstacles to implementing those principles?
- [58]J.6.2 What are some examples of libertarian child-rearing
- methods applied to the care of newborn infants
- [59]J.6.3 What are some examples of libertarian child-rearing
- methods applied to the care of young children?
- [60]J.6.4 If children have nothing to fear, how can they be good?
- [61]J.6.5 But how can children learn ethics if they are not given
- punishments, prohibitions, and religious instruction?
- [62]J.6.6 But how will a free child ever learn unselfishness?
- [63]J.6.7 Isn't what you call "libertarian child-rearing" just
- another name for spoiling the child?
- [64]J.6.8 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual
+[54]J.6 What methods of child rearing do anarchists advocate?
+
+ [55]J.6.1 What are the main obstacles to raising free children?
+ [56]J.6.2 What are some examples of libertarian child-rearing
+ methods?
+ [57]J.6.3 If children have nothing to fear, how can they be good?
+ [58]J.6.4 Isn't "libertarian child-rearing" just another name for
+ spoiling the child?
+ [59]J.6.5 What is the anarchist position on teenage sexual
liberation?
- [65]J.6.9 But isn't this concern with teenage sexual liberation
- just a distraction from issues that should be of more concern to
- anarchists, like restructuring the economy?
+ [60]J.6.6 But isn't this concern with sexual liberation just a
+ distraction from revolution?
-[66]J.7 What do anarchists mean by social revolution?
+[61]J.7 What do anarchists mean by social revolution?
- [67]J.7.1 Are all anarchists revolutionaries?
- [68]J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
- [69]J.7.3 Doesn't revolution mean violence?
- [70]J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
- [71]J.7.5 What is the role of anarchists in a social revolution?
- [72]J.7.6 How could an anarchist revolution defend itself?
+ [62]J.7.1 Why are most anarchists revolutionaries?
+ [63]J.7.2 Is social revolution possible?
+ [64]J.7.3 Doesn't revolution mean violence?
+ [65]J.7.4 What would a social revolution involve?
+ [66]J.7.5 What is the role of anarchists in a social revolution?
+ [67]J.7.6 How could an anarchist revolution defend itself?
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJint.html
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html
- 3. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html#secj11
- 4. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html#secj12
- 5. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html#secj13
- 6. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html#secj14
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ1.html#secj15
- 8. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html
- 9. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj21
- 10. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj22
- 11. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj23
- 12. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj24
- 13. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj25
- 14. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj26
- 15. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj27
- 16. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj28
- 17. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj29
- 18. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ2.html#secj210
- 19. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html
- 20. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj31
- 21. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj32
- 22. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj33
- 23. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj34
- 24. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj35
- 25. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj36
- 26. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj37
- 27. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj38
- 28. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ3.html#secj39
- 29. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html
- 30. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj41
- 31. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj42
- 32. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj43
- 33. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj44
- 34. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj45
- 35. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj46
- 36. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj47
- 37. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj48
- 38. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ4.html#secj49
- 39. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html
- 40. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj51
- 41. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj52
- 42. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj53
- 43. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj54
- 44. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj55
- 45. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj56
- 46. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj57
- 47. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj58
- 48. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj59
- 49. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj510
- 50. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj511
- 51. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj512
- 52. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj513
- 53. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj514
- 54. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj515
- 55. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ5.html#secj516
- 56. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html
- 57. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj61
- 58. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj62
- 59. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj63
- 60. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj64
- 61. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj65
- 62. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj66
- 63. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj67
- 64. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj68
- 65. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ6.html#secj69
- 66. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html
- 67. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj71
- 68. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj72
- 69. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj73
- 70. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj74
- 71. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj75
- 72. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secJ7.html#secj76
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJint.txt
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt
+ 3. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj11
+ 4. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj12
+ 5. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj13
+ 6. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj14
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ1.txt#secj15
+ 8. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt
+ 9. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj21
+ 10. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj22
+ 11. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj23
+ 12. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj24
+ 13. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj25
+ 14. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj26
+ 15. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj27
+ 16. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj28
+ 17. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj29
+ 18. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ2.txt#secj210
+ 19. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt
+ 20. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj31
+ 21. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj32
+ 22. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj33
+ 23. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj34
+ 24. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj35
+ 25. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj36
+ 26. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj37
+ 27. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj38
+ 28. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ3.txt#secj39
+ 29. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt
+ 30. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj41
+ 31. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj42
+ 32. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj43
+ 33. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj44
+ 34. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj45
+ 35. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj46
+ 36. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ4.txt#secj47
+ 37. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt
+ 38. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj51
+ 39. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj52
+ 40. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj53
+ 41. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj54
+ 42. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj55
+ 43. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj56
+ 44. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj57
+ 45. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj58
+ 46. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj59
+ 47. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj510
+ 48. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj511
+ 49. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj512
+ 50. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj513
+ 51. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj514
+ 52. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj515
+ 53. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ5.txt#secj516
+ 54. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt
+ 55. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj61
+ 56. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj62
+ 57. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj63
+ 58. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj64
+ 59. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj65
+ 60. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ6.txt#secj66
+ 61. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt
+ 62. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj71
+ 63. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj72
+ 64. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj73
+ 65. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj74
+ 66. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj75
+ 67. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secJ7.txt#secj76
diff --git a/txt/secJint.txt b/txt/secJint.txt
index 45f714c85605fd8b760636058d695bc505b508ea..56da97697d0b80b4ec4960675c403fc253449709 100644
--- a/txt/secJint.txt
+++ b/txt/secJint.txt
@@ -158,5 +158,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secI2.html#seci23
- 2. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secE5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secI2.txt#seci23
+ 2. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secE5.txt
diff --git a/txt/translations.txt b/txt/translations.txt
index 5793891bba3fd8347b215b2f3bfd7d687abf2426..651400bbb85981a2e0bdfe8f9ba59705c00553b9 100644
--- a/txt/translations.txt
+++ b/txt/translations.txt
@@ -27,4 +27,4 @@ References
4. http://faqanar.free.fr/
5. http://www.geocities.com/projetoperiferia2/indice.htm
6. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/anarchy/anarchy/faq/
- 7. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/index.html
+ 7. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/index.txt
diff --git a/txt/vol1intro.txt b/txt/vol1intro.txt
index e25c83bff02e14e46218f73fd315df699ca929e0..c6ad3bdb1db6dcc361b86214904490acb329ae86 100644
--- a/txt/vol1intro.txt
+++ b/txt/vol1intro.txt
@@ -279,5 +279,5 @@
References
- 1. file://localhost/home/mauro/baku/debianize/maint/anarchy/secA5.html
+ 1. //usr/share/doc/anarchism/txt/secA5.txt
2. http://www.anarchistfaq.org/