diff --git a/_queue/parodia_de_los_comunes.markdown b/_queue/parodia_de_los_comunes.markdown index 2cf9adb9154730e94b47a196d6c222bcc898507c..0e3240b97da82d46217f8a282f365bd9217353dc 100644 --- a/_queue/parodia_de_los_comunes.markdown +++ b/_queue/parodia_de_los_comunes.markdown @@ -429,29 +429,61 @@ transformación "parodia de los Comunes" en relación a lo que Benkler [-@benkler-2006] define como "tragedia de los Comunes". In 1968, Garret Hardin first introduced the concept of the tragedy of -the Commons referring to the degradation of a finite resource used by a -group of individuals who act independently and rationally on the basis of -their self-interest. If individuals agreed to assign private management -responsibility, which would implement a protection fence around the -resource against the “rational” behaviour of all, the resource would -be safe (Hardin 1968). Elinor Ostrom (1990) understates Hardin's approach -claiming that if those, who share a certain resource, belonged to a local -community, then they would adopt the optimal solutions to serve their -interests. In certain cases the aforementioned statement cannot apply, -because of a lack of confidence amongst community members due to the high -communication costs and/or because of the small benefit from the problem -solving. However, the criteria that Ostrom (1990) articulates are also immanent in Hardin's definition as a -matter of the rational behaviour of individuals. Ostrom (1990) correctly -denotes that the resource sustainability can be achieved by adopting best -practices without the need of privatisation. What eludes both Hardin and -Ostrom is that the best practices or the technical means are defined by -those in power. There is arguably almost no possibility of implementing -measures that would not enforce the established structure. The shared -resource may not become private, but the extraeconomic support of -other privatised means in the infrastructure of the common resource -(e.g. friendly policies toward activities regardless of business plan) -could gradually eradicate the resource. Once again, the ruling agenda -defines whether the technical means can be considered best practice. +the Commons referring to the degradation of a finite resource used by +a group of individuals who act independently and rationally on the +basis of their self-interest. If individuals agreed to assign private +management responsibility, which would implement a protection fence +around the resource against the “rational” behaviour of all, the +resource would be safe (Hardin 1968). Elinor Ostrom (1990) understates +Hardin's approach claiming that if those, who share a certain resource, +belonged to a local community, then they would adopt the optimal +solutions to serve their interests. In certain cases the aforementioned +statement cannot apply, because of a lack of confidence amongst +community members due to the high communication costs and/or because +of the small benefit from the problem solving. However, the criteria +that Ostrom (1990) articulates are also immanent in Hardin's definition +as a matter of the rational behaviour of individuals. Ostrom (1990) +correctly denotes that the resource sustainability can be achieved by +adopting best practices without the need of privatisation. What eludes +both Hardin and Ostrom is that the best practices or the technical means +are defined by those in power. There is arguably almost no possibility +of implementing measures that would not enforce the established +structure. The shared resource may not become private, but the +extraeconomic support of other privatised means in the infrastructure of +the common resource (e.g. friendly policies toward activities regardless +of business plan) could gradually eradicate the resource. Once again, +the ruling agenda defines whether the technical means can be considered +best practice. + +En 1968, Garret Hardin introdujo por primera vez el concepto de la +tragedia de los Comunes en referencia a la degradación de un recurso +finito al ser utilizado por individuos que actúan independiente y +racionalmente sobre la base del interés propio. Si los individuos +acuerdan asignar una responsabilidad administrativa privada, lo que +implementaría un vallado protectivo alrededor del recurso contra el +comportamiento "racional" de todos, el recurso estaría a salvo +[@hardin-1968]. Elinor Ostrom [-@ostrom-1990] minimiza el abordaje de +Hardin al decir que si aquellos que comparte un recurso determinado +pertenecen a una misma comunidad, entonces adoptarán las soluciones +óptimas para servir a sus intereses. En ciertos casos la declaración +anterior no puede aplicarse, por la falta de confianza entre los +miembros de la comunidad debido a los altos costos comunicacionales y/o +por el pequeño beneficio que otorga solucionar el problema. Sin +embargo, el criterio que Ostrom [-@ostrom-1990] articula son también +inmanentes a la definición de Hardin porque en ambos casos se trata de +la conducta racional de individuos. Ostrom [-@ostrom-1990] denota +correctamente que la sostenibilidad del recurso puede alcanzarse +mediante la adopción de buenas prácticas sin necesidad de privatización. +Lo que eluden tanto Hardin como Ostrom es que las buenas prácticas o los +medios técnicos son definidos por aquellos que tienen el poder. No hay +casi ninguna posibilidad de implementar medidas que no requieran la +aplicación de la estructura establecida. El recurso compartido no se +privatiza pero el soporte extraeconómico de otros medios privatizados en +la infraestructura del recurso común (por ejemplo las políticas +amistosas hacia actividades a pesar del plan de negocios) pueden llegar +a erradicarlo gradualmente. Una vez más, la agenda dominante define +cuáles medios técnicos pueden ser considerados buenas prácticas. + Hardin's (1968) position about salvation through privatisation has been claimed for forests. If forests get privatised, the manager's best interest would be to protect the wood from fire and the uncontrolled